Mehrnaz Amini-Harandi , Mehdi Rahimmalek , Maryam Haghighi , Mohammad R. Sabzalian , Antoni Szumny
{"title":"Phytochemical, physiological and morphological alterations in Hyssopus officinalis L. as affected by light emitting diodes (LEDs) and water deficit","authors":"Mehrnaz Amini-Harandi , Mehdi Rahimmalek , Maryam Haghighi , Mohammad R. Sabzalian , Antoni Szumny","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study the effect of different light emitting diodes (LEDs) was investigated on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of hyssop (<em>Hyssopus officinalis</em> L.) under different irrigation regiems. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. The different treatments included the natural light of the greenhouse (C), 100 % white (W), 100 % red (R), 100 % blue (B), and 75 % red + 25 % blue light (RB). Two levels of 90 % field capacity irrigation (control) and 70 % field capacity irrigation (low irrigation) were also used in this research. The results indicated that low irrigation led to a reduction in the wet and dry weight of shoots, canopy area, and relative water content (RWC) as compared with control irrigation. Photosynthetic pigments and most of the physiological traits, along with electrolyte leakage (EL), increased under low irrigation. Among various LED light spectra, R-light and B-light exhibited the highest shoot length and leaf width, respectively. The RB-light enhanced most of the investigated traits, such as developmental and physiological traits, and the percentage of essential oil under low irrigation compared with other light spectra. The RB-light significantly increased phenol and flavonoid content by 92 % and 121 %, respectively, compared with C-light and resulted in a 2.5 times increase in essential oil percentage. Based on GC-MS analysis, 3-pinanone, caryophyllene, germacrene-D, elemol were the most abundant components. Elemol showed the highest amount (45 %) in RB-light condition. It appears that the RB-light could elevate plant resistance to low irrigation, improve plant performance, and increase the plant essential oil production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121432"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of smart food packaging from bread waste-derived starch and carbon quantum dots","authors":"Zeinab Qazanfarzadeh , Hélder Baptista , Cláudia Nunes , Vignesh Kumaravel","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores an innovative approach to transforming leftover bread, a major source of food waste, into eco-friendly packaging materials. Using the ultrasound-assisted hydrothermal method and a chemical-free approach, carbon quantum dots (QDs) and starch (ST) were derived from leftover bread. Smart films were then developed by blending ST, glycerol, and QDs (1 % or 3 wt% of ST) and alizarin (AL), using solvent casting. QDs exhibited UV-barrier, photoluminescent, antioxidant activity (79.13 % DPPH radical scavenging), and low toxicity to murine fibroblasts below 200 µg/mL. Their inclusion improved film plasticity, increased elongation by 59 %, enhanced the water vapor barrier, and raised surface hydrophobicity. The films showed antibacterial effects, inhibiting <em>E. coli</em> by 47.77 % and <em>S. aureus</em> by 97.82 %. Interactions between QDs and AL led to a reduced visual color change in the colorimetric films in response to ammonia and acetic acid vapors; however, they enhanced the films' fluorescent properties. This study introduces a sustainable biorefinery strategy to upcycle bread waste into smart packaging, reducing waste and contributing to food spoilage monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121426"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144513942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eco-friendly geopolymer bricks synthesized from alkali-activated sugarcane bagasse ash and rice husk ash","authors":"Mahapara Abbass , Shalom Akhai","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The experimental research conducted involved the use of industrial crop residues as raw materials, specifically rice husk ash (RH) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SB) aimed at examining potential applications in sustainable building materials. Some of the crucial properties recognized are porosity, resistance to acids, water absorption at normal and high temperatures, bulk density, and compressive strength. Since the alumina content of RH is very less it was essential to replace it with SB in order to balance it with aluminates. Specimens of geopolymer brick were prepared with different concentrations of NaOH and cured for 7, 28, and 90 days. The highest strength in compression was found at a concentration of 16 M NaOH. The casted specimens then went into testing and characterizing various Si/Al ratios. It has been known that alumina has a positive effect on the grain boundary; however, it reduces the compressive strength. Specimens with a Si/Al ratio of 2:1 showed higher compressive strength after 90 curing days compared with the samples that had ratios of 3:1 and 1:1. These crop-based geopolymer bricks, using crop-derived ash materials, comply with ASTM C62 and Egyptian standards. These might be excellent sustainable industrial alternatives in the construction materials, aligning to SDG 9 and 11, industry, innovation, infrastructure, and climate action. This study promotes the eco-friendly industrial applications of agricultural byproducts, leading to innovation and contributing to climate action by reducing cement consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121410"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144513940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Siyu Zhou , Wanni Liu , Dongqi Liu , Xian Shi , Kai Huang , Feng Jiang , Hui Gao , Haian Xia , Ying Guan , Siquan Xu
{"title":"Promoting 5-hydroxymethylfurfural production from cellulose and wheat straw via sulfonic acid group-grafted SBA-15 mesoporous silica embedded with iron phosphate","authors":"Siyu Zhou , Wanni Liu , Dongqi Liu , Xian Shi , Kai Huang , Feng Jiang , Hui Gao , Haian Xia , Ying Guan , Siquan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient catalytic conversion of cellulose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) remains challenging and arouses concern. In this study, iron phosphate (FePO<sub>4</sub>) was embedded into the SBA-15 mesoporous silica matrix as an available active phase via ultrasound-assisted implantation, and then the abundant silanol nests were utilized to graft sulfonic acid groups to construct an innovative FeP@SBA-15-S catalyst. Through a systematic analysis of the characteristics of crystal, texture, element valence, acidity, hydrophilicity, etc., it was reflected that FeP@SBA-15-S catalyst gave the active FePO<sub>4</sub> component porosity and exhibited bifunctional acidity. Without pretreatment and other acid additives, FeP@SBA-15-S catalyzed cellulose under optimal conditions provided a desired HMF yield of 52 %. More meaningfully, the cellulose and hemicellulose components in native wheat straw could be catalyzed simultaneously by FeP@SBA-15-S catalyst, yielding 61 % HMF and 60 % furfural in one-pot. The cyclability evaluation showed that the FeP@SBA-15-S catalyst still had considerable activity after six continuous runs, with a slight loss in activity attributed to the leaching of active components and pore coverage. A clear catalytic pathway was summarized by GC-MS and <sup>13</sup>C NMR spectrum as cellulose undergoing glucose monomer ring opening, isomerization to fructose, fructose ring closure and final dehydration, and the by-products were also detected as mainly C<sub>3</sub>-C<sub>23</sub> fragments and oligomers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121425"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144513941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yibo Li , Jieying Yuan , Hanxing Wang , Shulei Li , Zheyun Liu , Yunjing Lu , Jiaxing Zhang , Yao Yi , Junyou Shi , Haitang Wu , Jie Chu
{"title":"Enhanced wood protection and sustainability via nano-modified raw lacquer coatings: Preparation, properties, and performance evaluation","authors":"Yibo Li , Jieying Yuan , Hanxing Wang , Shulei Li , Zheyun Liu , Yunjing Lu , Jiaxing Zhang , Yao Yi , Junyou Shi , Haitang Wu , Jie Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Raw lacquer is a natural polymer-based anticorrosive coating. However, the long curing time, poor acid and alkali resistance, and insufficient mechanical strength of raw lacquer limit its application in the coating field. In this study, nanocomposite coatings for wood surfaces were developed using raw lacquer as the matrix, which incorporated nano-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs) and redispersible cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) as nanofillers. The results revealed that the composite coating improved the moisture resistance and aging resistance of wood. The modified Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NP/lacquer (QA) and modified CNF/lacquer (QF) coatings improved the hardness (6 H) and gloss of the wood. Particularly, the QA- and QF-coated wood achieved gloss values of 6.9 and 5.1 GU, respectively. The addition of NPs reduced the drying time of QA and QF coatings by 27.8 % and 66.7 %, respectively, compared with raw lacquer (Q) coating. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared analysis confirmed that NP incorporation enhanced the polymerization of the paint film. Consequently, QA- and QF-coated wood exhibited higher moisture and aging resistance than Q-coated wood, which reduced water absorption rates by 13.73 % and 6.6 %, respectively. In a humid environment, QF-coated wood exhibited the highest dimensional stability. Moreover, the QA-coated wood surface exhibited the highest resistance to UV-induced discoloration, with a 37.07 % improvement in aging resistance. This study provides a green and simple approach for improving the outdoor performance of raw lacquer as a wood coating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121417"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yong Zhao , Rui Luo , Huibo Zhao , Guorui Li , Jianjun Di , Li Wen , Pei Lei , Ximei Ji , Fanjuan Meng , Guibin Xue , Fenglan Huang
{"title":"The RcBSK7 gene positively regulates drought tolerance in castor (Ricinus communis L.)","authors":"Yong Zhao , Rui Luo , Huibo Zhao , Guorui Li , Jianjun Di , Li Wen , Pei Lei , Ximei Ji , Fanjuan Meng , Guibin Xue , Fenglan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drought stress limits the growth, development, and yield of castor. Brassinosteroid (BR)-signalling kinases (BSKs) play important roles in plant responses to abiotic stress. However, it is not yet clear which BSK gene is involved in the response of castor to drought stress. This study conducted an iTRAQ analysis of castor plant roots under 15 % PEG-6000-induced stress conditions and showed that <em>RcBSK7</em> is a drought stress-responsive gene. Therefore, the function of the <em>RcBSK7</em> gene in drought resistance was further investigated. Transgenic <em>RcBSK7</em>-overexpressing <em>Arabidopsis</em> and castor plants exhibited increased drought tolerance and antioxidant activity. Additionally, <em>RcBSK7</em> overexpression under mannitol and abscisic acid (ABA) stress conditions promoted an increase in the number of <em>Arabidopsis</em> roots. Yeast two-hybrid assays and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis revealed that RcBSK7 interacts with RcSAP3 and that RcSAP3, upon interaction with RcBSK7, positively influences drought resistance. Under drought stress, RcBSK7-overexpressing castor plants showed significantly increased expression of the key ABA biosynthetic enzymes <em>NCED</em> and <em>AAO</em>, leading to enhanced ABA accumulation<em>.</em> This study suggests that <em>RcBSK7</em> positively regulates drought resistance by modulating the ABA signalling pathway, thereby increasing drought tolerance in plants. These findings reveal potential candidate genes for the molecular breeding of castor in response to drought stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121408"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Utilization and validation of the polynomial models to predict insecticidal synergy in the essential oils of Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus zygis L. against Musca domestica L.","authors":"Junho Yoon , Jun-Hyung Tak","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the applicability of mixture experimental design-based modeling approach to analyze insecticidal activity of thyme essential oils, particularly focusing on the synergistic interaction of their major constituents against <em>Musca domestica</em>. Chemical compositions of twelve commercially available thyme oils were analyzed using GC-MS, revealing their major constituents to be α-pinene, <em>p</em>-cymene, γ-terpinene, linalool, thymol, and undecanoic acid methyl ester. Cox’s component effect analysis pinpointed <em>p</em>-cymene, γ-terpinene, and thymol, as the active ingredients in the oils. Using these compounds, the response surface of mortality in terms of the composition was constructed at a given dosage. The quadratic model better fitted the data than the linear one, indicating synergistic interactions among all binary mixtures of <em>p</em>-cymene, γ-terpinene, and thymol. Subsequent optimization using quadratic programming algorithms facilitated the determination of optimal ratios for maximizing thyme oil's insecticidal activity at a predetermined dosage. The algorithm identified the optimal ratio of <em>p</em>-cymene:γ-terpinene:thymol to 32:23:45, resulting in the highest mortality of 87.5 %. Mixing the three least toxic oils (mortality of 36.7, 40.0, and 3.3 %) using the algorithm also presented viable solutions, suggesting its utility in quality control. This study demonstrates the potential of model-based strategies for utilizing botanical insecticides, offering efficient and accurate ways to identify the active ingredients and their synergistic interactions. This unexplored approach could provide an opportunity for boosting the commercialization of botanical insecticides by maximizing and ensuring their efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121405"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shenghuang Lin , Chengxu Sun , Li’an Luo , Mengxing Huang , Hongxing Cao , Jinyue Hu , Zhiming Bai , Yu Zhang , Jing Chen
{"title":"The observation of internal structure changes and survival prediction modeling of mature coconut during germination based on computed tomography imaging","authors":"Shenghuang Lin , Chengxu Sun , Li’an Luo , Mengxing Huang , Hongxing Cao , Jinyue Hu , Zhiming Bai , Yu Zhang , Jing Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the unique structure of the coconut, the internal changes in the early process of coconut germination cannot be observed without damage. With the development of imaging technology, computed tomography (CT) has gradually become a non-invasive tool to observe the internal structure of plants. In this study, the growth of haustorium, bud and roots, as well as the density and morphological changes of the internal structure of 100 coconuts from picking to germination were noninvasive observed based on CT imaging for 15 months, to explore the internal development process of coconuts and the factors affecting the planting survival. The results showed that the minor axis of coconut and major axis of coconut increased with time, and the thickness and density of mesocarp and endocarp, weight and liquid endosperm volume decreased with time. Haustorium first appeared in coconut, then appeared bud, and finally formed roots. Mesocarp thickness, endocarp thickness and the presence of haustorium, bud and roots can be used as key factors to predict the survival of coconut. The predictive performance was obtained with an AUC of 0.818 (95 %CI: 0.724–0.912) by binary regression modeling based on the above factors. The CT images can help people understand the internal changes in the process of coconut germination and guide the process of coconut cultivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121396"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mengyu Wu , Mingjie Guan , Pulin Che , Yujia Li , Yanjun Li , Xinzhou Wang , Fei Xiao , Jiarong She
{"title":"Enhanced hydrophobicity, dimensional stability and anti-mildew of bamboo by slightly acidic electrolyzed water pretreatment and wax annealing","authors":"Mengyu Wu , Mingjie Guan , Pulin Che , Yujia Li , Yanjun Li , Xinzhou Wang , Fei Xiao , Jiarong She","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bamboo, a sustainable natural resource, suffers from mildew attacks due to its inherent hydrophilicity and susceptibility to mildew, limiting its large-scale application. Here, a novel treatment method was conducted by combining slightly acidic electrolyzed water pretreatment with wax annealing. Bamboos were firstly impregnated with slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) for surface sterilization, then impregnated in paraffin/carnauba wax and beeswax/carnauba wax, finally, annealed at different temperatures to obtain waxy bamboo. The contact angle, water absorption, hygroscopicity, dimensional stability and bending property of the waxy bamboo were tested. The chemical composition and microstructure of the waxy bamboo were characterized. The anti-mildew evaluation of the waxy bamboo was conducted. The results showed that the contact angles as well as the surface energy of both the outer and inner layers of the waxy bamboo were the best at an annealing temperature of 70°C. The water resistance efficiency, anti-swelling efficiency, and bending property of waxy bamboo were the best at annealing temperature of 70°C. FTIR showed that SAEW treatment did not affect the chemical group connection between bamboo and waxes and micromorphology of waxy bamboo showed smoother coating at wax annealing at 70℃. The infection grade of untreated reached grade 4, and nearly all the waxy bamboo remained free from mildew and satisfied application shown on bamboo cutlery knives. Therefore, SAEW pretreatment combined with wax annealing process is an effective method for enhancing bamboo’s hydrophobicity, bending property, dimensional stability, and anti-mildew property, presenting significant potential for bamboo products applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121406"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Encapsulation of sesame protein hydrolysates prepared by a metagenomic protease: Effect of wall material composition on stability and antimicrobial activity","authors":"Yasaman Zandieh , Naghmeh Taghizadeh , Elaheh Motamedi , Parvin Hadian , Marzieh Ghollasi , Shohreh Ariaeenejad","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sesame protein hydrolysates (SPH), produced in a metagenome-derived protease (PersiProtease1), exhibited significant antimicrobial activity and functional potential. To enhance their stability and bioactivity, SPH was encapsulated using biopolymer matrices composed of starch (ST), gum arabic (GA), and sesame protein isolate (SPI) at different ratios. Encapsulation efficiency, solubility, and moisture content were evaluated, revealing that a 1:6 (ST-GA:SPI) ratio provided the highest encapsulation efficiency (70 %) and improved physicochemical stability. Structural analyses using SEM, AFM, DLS, and FTIR confirmed the formation of smaller and more stable particles with desirable surface characteristics. Antimicrobial assays, including fluorescence microscopy and bacterial growth inhibition tests, demonstrated that encapsulated SPH at the optimal ratio reduced <em>Escherichia coli</em> growth by 65.46 %, with clear evidence of membrane damage. These results highlight the synergistic effects of protein-based wall materials in improving encapsulation performance and antimicrobial efficacy. This study suggests that SPI-enriched encapsulation systems are an effective strategy for stabilizing bioactive peptides and enhancing their functionality in food and feed formulations. These findings support the use of encapsulated SPH as a promising natural preservative with broad application potential in agricultural and nutritional industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121383"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}