Industrial Crops and Products最新文献

{"title":"Effect of fiber orientation on friction behavior of rape stalk /PVC composites in water environment","authors":"Xi Zhang,&nbsp;Keping Zhang,&nbsp;Junqian Yang,&nbsp;Yanan Zhang,&nbsp;Zhongqing Yang,&nbsp;Hanqing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rape stalk/ polyvinyl chloride (<em>PVC</em>) composites were prepared by hot pressing after the rape stalk treated by alkali–ultrasound synergistically. Abrasive wear and sliding friction wear tests were performed to examine the influence of fiber orientation on the friction and wear characteristics of the composites. Furthermore, the wear mechanism was thoroughly discussed based on the analysis of the alterations in the mechanical properties of the composites. The results indicated that alkali–ultrasound treatment improved the wettability of the rape stalk and the adhesion between the fiber and matrix, effectively boosting the mechanical properties of the composites. Compared to with 90° fiber orientation, the 0°-oriented composites exhibited significantly higher mechanical properties, with tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of increased by 33.94 MPa, 55.16 MPa, and 7.98 kJ/cm², respectively. Microcutting and fiber debonding were identified as dominant mechanisms under abrasive wear. For sliding wear, two distinct stages were observed, and with friction force showing a positive correlation to load and speed, inversely proportional to friction coefficient. In addition, under both forms of friction and wear, the mass loss and specific wear rate of composites increased with fiber orientation, exhibiting significantly higher values in wet conditions compared to dry conditions. This study provided technical support and a theoretical basis for structural design optimization and expanded the application potential of the rape stalk/<em>PVC</em> composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121418"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The performance and prediction of converting forest residual biomass into solid biofuel, saving fossil fuel and reducing forest fire","authors":"Lixuan Wang ,&nbsp;Jibin Ning ,&nbsp;Xinyu Xu,&nbsp;Guang Yang ,&nbsp;Lijiang Zhu,&nbsp;Ruijie Zhang,&nbsp;Weilong Zhang,&nbsp;Zhaoguo Li,&nbsp;Hongzhou Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Converting forest residual biomass into solid biofuel not only transforms waste into renewable energy but also mitigates wildfire risks by reducing fuel in ecosystems. Sixty kinds of biochar were produced from the surface fuels of Dahurian larch, Mongolian Scots pine, Mongolian oak and Manchurian ash. The components and combustion properties were characterized by proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimeter analysis. The study employed advanced analytical and modeling techniques, including analysis of variance, correlation analysis, multiple regression, principal component analysis, Random Forest algorithms, and structural equation modeling, to systematically evaluate relationships and predict outcomes. From 300℃ to 700℃, forest fuel biochar has a yield of 25.50 % – 58.00 %, C of 56.55 % – 80.09 % dry matter, O of 4.46 % – 20.96 % dry matter, N of 1.11 % – 2.43 % dry matter, ash content of 5.74 % – 30.67 % dry matter, volatile matter content of 4.62 % – 25.14 % dry matter, fixed carbon content of 59.42 % – 82.95 % dry matter. Biofuels recover 80.68–36.18 % of energy from biomass and can be used in steam power plants and cement manufacturing. The usability of coniferous is better than that of broad-leaved leaves. Biochar produced at low temperatures has better and faster ignition and combustion performance, while biochar obtained at high temperatures burns more stably and completely, generating less smoke and CO. The elemental composition is the most significant factor influencing the performance and energy recovery. More suitable prediction equations for higher heating value and ash-free calorific value were obtained. The research has enhanced the availability of bioenergy production from forest residual biomass, offering dual benefits of mitigating wildfires and replacing fossil fuels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121363"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The physiological and biochemical responses of triploid Passiflora edulis Sims ‘Mantianxing’ seedlings to PEG 6000 simulated drought stress","authors":"Xin Su ,&nbsp;Zhenxin Yang ,&nbsp;Sunling Li ,&nbsp;Chiyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Lin Chen ,&nbsp;Nianhui Cai ,&nbsp;Yulan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Elucidating the drought response mechanisms of polyploid <em>Passiflora edulis</em> Sims represents a novel approach to enhancing stress resistance in this economically important crop. This study provides a comprehensive comparison of drought resistance between triploid and diploid 'Mantianxing' cultivars, employing different concentrations of PEG6000 (15 %, 30 %, 45 %) to simulate different drought stress levels for evaluating key physiological and biochemical indicators. The superior performance of triploid seedlings, evidenced by significantly higher chlorophyll content, enhanced osmotic regulation, more robust chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and stronger antioxidant enzyme activity, demonstrates their inherent drought resistance advantage. Importantly, the elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and relative electrical conductivity (REC) in diploid counterparts further confirm their greater susceptibility to water deficit. The identified physiological markers (chlorophyll stability, osmoregulation capacity, and antioxidant activity) could support efficient screening of drought-tolerant genotypes in polyploid <em>P. edulis</em> breeding programs. Triploid lines could be considered breeding materials in the breeding program of <em>P. edulis</em>, which has high quality and yield in the drought area. These findings establish triploid <em>P. edulis</em> as valuable germplasm for drought-resistant cultivar development and provide a scientific framework for polyploid selection in arid cultivation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121421"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable biomass materials: Active and intelligent packaging based on cellulose","authors":"Zhilong Zhou ,&nbsp;Jianlong Wang ,&nbsp;Jiangfei Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Li ,&nbsp;Ge wang ,&nbsp;Weihong Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the continual enhancement of people's quality of life, global citizens are increasingly concerned about food quality and health. Packaging plays a pivotal role in the food circulation process, safeguarding products, facilitating storage and transportation, and preserving food quality. Agricultural resources are abundant in cellulose, and the adoption of cellulose packaging can effectively mitigate the proliferation of white pollution. As an innovative packaging solution, active packaging offers a safer means of inhibiting the growth and reproduction of various microorganisms in food, while intelligent packaging enables real-time monitoring and tracking of the entire transportation and storage process of food, allowing for adjustments based on real-time feedback. In this paper, we delve into the classification and sources of cellulose, the various types of cellulose-based active and intelligent packaging, and their latest research advancements. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and prospects of cellulose-based active and smart packaging, offering valuable insights for their future development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121409"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water-saving strategies in intercropping systems: Integrated effects of water regulation and planting patterns on root-canopy coordination and agricultural water productivity","authors":"Haiyan Li ,&nbsp;Yuanbo Jiang ,&nbsp;Yayu Wang ,&nbsp;Bojie Xie ,&nbsp;Guangping Qi ,&nbsp;Minhua Yin ,&nbsp;Yanxia Kang ,&nbsp;Yanlin Ma ,&nbsp;Yanbiao Wang ,&nbsp;Huile Lv ,&nbsp;Wenjing Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water scarcity and soil degradation are critical challenges confronting agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions. Wolfberry is a key industrial crop in arid regions, contributing significantly to local specialty agriculture. Enhancing its growth environment and optimizing water utilization are essential for the sustainable use of agricultural resources and the advancement of modern agroforestry production systems. This study investigated the effects of water regulation and planting patterns on a wolfberry-alfalfa system through a three-year field experiment. Four irrigation regimes (full irrigation, W0; mild deficit, W1; moderate deficit, W2; severe deficit, W3) were applied under two planting patterns (monoculture, M; intercropping, I). Key indicators assessed included soil water dynamics, root-canopy characteristics, yield, and water-use efficiency. The results indicated that soil water content (SWC) decreased with horizontal distance and varied with depth, with intercropping systems generally exhibiting lower SWC than monoculture systems (W0 &gt; W1 &gt; W2 &gt; W3), with reductions ranging from 3.09 % to 9.22 %. Root length density (RLD), leaf area index (LAI), cumulative intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (CIPAR), and radiation use efficiency (RUE) were maximized under MW1 and IW0 treatments. However, the yield advantage of intercropped wolfberry was not statistically significant compared to monoculture. Among all treatments, IW1 achieved the highest net income (78,235.20 CNY·ha⁻¹) and the greatest economic water use efficiency (16.23 CNY·m⁻³), exceeding other treatments by 6.38 %-224.49 % and 6.36 %-146.66 %, respectively. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis identified the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) and RUE as the primary determinants of wolfberry yield. The comprehensive evaluation concluded that mild deficit irrigation (65 %-75 % <em>θ</em>_<em>f</em>) emerged as an effective strategy for improving water productivity in northwestern China and comparable arid environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121419"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of bioactive compound extraction from Rhus chinensis leaves using the polyol-based ultrasound-assisted method: Antioxidant, anti-melanogenesis, and pollution defense properties","authors":"Hla Myo ,&nbsp;Naruepon Buathong ,&nbsp;Manee Saelee ,&nbsp;Nisakorn Saewan ,&nbsp;Nuntawat Khat-Udomkiri","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the optimization of polyol-based ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for <em>Rhus chinensis</em> (RC) leaves to enhance the extraction of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-melanogenesis, and pollution defense properties. Through a mixture design, the highest total phenolic content (TPC) was achieved using a solvent composed of 33.29 % butylene glycol, 33.39 % glycerin, and 33.31 % water. The effects of extraction time and solvent-to-material ratio on TPC, total tannin content (TTC), and antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) were evaluated using a central composite design (CCD). Optimal conditions were found to be 15 min of extraction time and a solvent-to-material ratio of 32.29:1, resulting in the highest recovery of bioactive compounds. The polyol-based UAE method outperformed traditional extraction techniques, yielding superior antioxidant activities and demonstrating strong potential for cosmeceutical applications. Analysis of the RC extract revealed several bioactive compounds, including myrsinone, verbasoside, 6-pentadecyl salicylic acid, and salicyl alcohol. The RC extract exhibited significant free radical scavenging, melanogenesis inhibition, and pollution defense properties, positioning it as a promising ingredient in skincare formulations aimed at combating oxidative stress while promoting skin lightening, and offering environmental protection. These results provide a scientific foundation for the development of natural, high-performance skincare products, showcasing the efficacy of polyol-based UAE as an advanced technique for extracting functional compounds from botanicals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121414"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144491600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A small peptide enhances cotton salt tolerance via MPK3/6 activation: Functional discovery of GhPIPL7 in salt stress signaling","authors":"Zhencai Liang ,&nbsp;Teng Wang ,&nbsp;Pengying Yang ,&nbsp;Shichang He,&nbsp;Saiwen Chang,&nbsp;Shuaiqi Lu,&nbsp;Fei Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cotton (<em>Gossypium</em> spp.) production is increasingly threatened by soil salinization, yet the roles of endogenous peptide regulators in salt stress responses remain largely unexplored. INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA)/IDA-Like (IDL) and PAMP-INDUCED SECRETED PEPTIDE (PIP)/PIP-Like (PIPL) peptides have been implicated in plant development and stress adaptation, but their specific functions in cotton are unclear. We hypothesized that certain IDA/IDL and PIP/PIPL peptides enhance salt tolerance by modulating stress-responsive signaling pathways. To test this, we identified 63 <em>IDA</em>/<em>IDL</em> and 29 <em>PIP</em>/<em>PIPL</em> genes across four <em>Gossypium</em> species and analyzed their gene structures, chromosomal distribution, promoter elements, and expression profiles under abiotic stress. In <em>G. hirsutum</em>, <em>GhIDL02</em> and <em>GhPIPL7</em> showed strong induction by salt stress. Functional validation via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and exogenous peptide application revealed that both peptides enhance salt tolerance by improving Na⁺/K⁺ homeostasis. Transcriptomic and molecular analyses further demonstrated that GhPIPL7 confers salt tolerance by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases 3 and 6 (MPK3/6) signaling. These findings uncover a peptide-mediated regulatory mechanism of salt stress and identify GhPIPL7 as a promising candidate for molecular breeding, highlighting the potential of endogenous small peptides as targets for improving salt resilience in cotton.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121400"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144491602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural parkin modulators drive mitophagy and overcome metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease","authors":"Xudong He ,&nbsp;Mei Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Yang ,&nbsp;Rui Ji ,&nbsp;Dihong Gong ,&nbsp;Yanjuan Li ,&nbsp;Shubin Yang ,&nbsp;Jie Yu ,&nbsp;Feng Xu ,&nbsp;Xingxin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is an increasingly common chronic liver disease currently lacking effective treatments. Mitophagy promotion and subsequent enhancement of mitochondrial quality effectively reduce MAFLD. The PINK1/Parkin pathway is involved in the regulation of mitophagy. Therefore, the aim of this work was to explore the effect of naturally occurring Parkin modulators derived from <em>Sophora flavescens</em> on MAFLD. These regulators, including kushenol I, kurarinone, and kushenol F, effectively targeted the active catalytic center of Parkin, consisting of Ubl, RING1, and IBR, and exerted an exceptional regulation of mitophagy and anti-hepatocellular steatosis effect. A prolonged administration of these Parkin regulators ameliorated systemic metabolic disorders and MAFLD induced by a high-fat diet, as a result of the enhancement of Parkin-mediated mitophagy, which improved mitochondrial quality and promoted mitochondrial biogenesis. The 30-day administration and pharmacokinetic characteristics confirmed the suitability of the modulators for therapeutic use. Thus, these three Parkin modulators exhibited promising anti-MAFLD properties, opening up new possibilities in the development of drugs targeting MAFLD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121404"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144491601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Essential oil-based nanoemulsions with current knowledge: Formulation, characterization, and applications in food and pharmaceuticals","authors":"Umay Merve Guven Bolgen ,&nbsp;Serpil Demirci Kayiran ,&nbsp;Yesim Ozogul ,&nbsp;Fatih Ozogul","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Essential oils (EOs) are natural, volatile compounds extracted from plants and widely employed in various industries, particularly in pharmaceuticals and food. In the pharmaceutical sector, EOs are useful for medication formulations, aromatherapy, and alternative medicine because of their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and therapeutic properties. EOs are used in the food sector as natural flavor enhancers, preservatives, and antimicrobials that prolong the shelf life of food. However, the use of EOs alone is limited due to their disadvantages such as high volatility, low stability, bioavailability and solubility. Therefore, EOs are generally used in the form of nanoemulsions. The food and pharmaceutical sectors have shown a great deal of interest in essential oil-based nanoemulsions (EO-NEs) because of their improved stability, bioavailability, and functional properties. New herbal formulations based on nanoemulsions will continue to contribute significantly to the economic growth of the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. This review presents recent advancements in the formulation, characterization, and applications of EO-NEs, emphasizing their roles in food preservation and pharmaceutical therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121411"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144491599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactivity screening of selected Moroccan medicinal and aromatic plants, and the chemical basis of the phytotoxicity of caper, Capparis spinosa L.","authors":"Musa Kisiriko ,&nbsp;Gabin T.M. Bitchagno ,&nbsp;Claudia Harflett ,&nbsp;Clarice Noleto-Dias ,&nbsp;Imane Naboulsi ,&nbsp;Maria Anastasiadi ,&nbsp;Leon A. Terry ,&nbsp;Mansour Sobeh ,&nbsp;Michael H. Beale ,&nbsp;Jane L. Ward","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant natural products are potential sources of biostimulants that can help plants overcome the effects of stress. The adverse effects of soil salinity on wheat growth necessitate the exploration of alternative sustainable solutions, such as biostimulants from medicinal and aromatic plants, to enhance crop resilience and productivity. This study aimed to screen nine Moroccan medicinal and aromatic plant extracts for their effect on wheat growth under saline and non-saline conditions using a seed soaking treatment, in a completely randomised experiment. Except for <em>Marrubium vulgare</em> leaf and <em>Origanum compactum</em> extracts, which averagely improved root length by 25 % and 14 %, respectively, none of the other extracts had significant positive effects on wheat seedling growth. <em>Capparis spinosa</em> (caper) extracts inhibited wheat emergence and growth, with leaf extracts being more phytotoxic than the stem extracts. The leaf extracts of <em>C. spinosa</em> caused an average reduction of the leaf length, root length, shoot dry weight and root dry weight of the wheat seedlings by 31 %, 21 %, 92 % and 94 %, respectively, compared with the control. Further fractionation of the leaf crude extract and follow-up screening revealed that the phytotoxicity likely resulted from a synergy between compounds in different fractions. Chemical analysis of the most active fraction by UHPLC-MS and NMR revealed loliolide as the major compound, alongside oxylipins and indole alkaloid derivatives. Additionally, a previously undescribed compound, 8-(1<em>H</em>-indol-3-yl-methyl)rutin, was also identified. These compounds potentially contribute to the phytotoxicity. The results of this experiment show that although two extracts enhanced root length, overall biostimulant effects were minimal, with <em>C. spinosa</em> extracts being significantly toxic, indicating the need to prevent their application on wheat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 121355"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}