Industrial Crops and Products最新文献

{"title":"A composition-based model for rapid prediction of pineapple leaf fibers fineness and tensile strength","authors":"Shiyu Liao ,&nbsp;Jianming Chen ,&nbsp;Xungai Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pineapple leaf fibers (PALFs) are sustainable resources with exceptional tenacity, yet their component-structure-property relationships remain underexplored, limiting high-value applications. This study establishes quantitative links between chemical composition (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) and mechanical properties of single PALFs, aiming to develop a predictive model for rapid fineness and strength assessment. Using stepwise chemical degumming, we generated 11 distinct fiber groups (SSD1–11) from Queen PALF and characterized &gt; 600 fibers via standardized mechanical testing (GB/T5881–2024). Pearson and Mantel correlation analysis revealed a hierarchical component-function framework: cellulose governs PALF stiffness via crystalline microfibrils; hemicellulose modulates fineness and interfacial adhesion as bonding network; lignin enhances stretchability and strength via stress-transfer structure. Critically, we developed a computational model, termed Prediction of Fineness and Strength of Single PALF (PFS-PALF) for rapid assessment, which was experimentally validated to achieve 95 % similarity versus national standard measurements. This approach has potential to replace the conventional labor-intensive and tedious measurements on PALF’s mechanical behavior. In addition, PFS-PALF enables reverse regulation of PALFs’ composition through optimized degumming parameters and facilitates rapid selection of suitable PALF variety to meet application-specific mechanical requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 121516"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144652575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of N-doped porous biocarbon with high surface area via controlled-burning for Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitor applications","authors":"Weipeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Xijuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Chuanyin Xiong ,&nbsp;Yonghao Ni","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel strategy has been developed for synthesizing high-surface area nitrogen-doped biocarbon derived from rotten wood, tailored for efficient zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor applications. By employing a Borax-K₂CO₃ system that enables controlled combustion in an air environment, the intrinsic interconnected channels and pores of natural wood are effectively preserved and further enhanced. This molten salt system not only prevents the collapse of the inherent porous structure but also promotes additional pore formation through activation. Consequently, a porous biocarbon with a hierarchical structure is produced, achieving an impressive specific surface area of 2196 m²·g⁻¹ . The optimized biocarbon material (RW-15) was integrated into a zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor, delivering a notable capacitance of 175 F·g⁻¹ at 0.5 A·g⁻¹ . Additionally, the device retained 97 % of its initial capacitance over 10,000 cycles and achieved a notable energy density of 79 Wh·kg⁻¹ within a wide operating voltage window of 1.8 V. This work presents a sustainable, cost-effective, and scalable method for producing advanced porous carbon materials, offering strong potential for next-generation energy storage technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 121517"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144652572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted-metabolome and transcriptome analysis revealed the mechanisms by which jasmonate and flavonoids regulate Ginkgo biloba adaptation to high-dose NaCl stress","authors":"Kai Feng,&nbsp;Chunyan Chen,&nbsp;Ying Chen,&nbsp;Jingjing Di,&nbsp;Tingting Feng,&nbsp;Jiaxin Zhuge","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ginkgo biloba</em> L. has attracted much attention due to containing important compounds such as flavonoids. Our previous results ensured exogenous methyl jasmonate (MJ) could improve salt tolerance and flavonoid (Fla) synthesis in Ginkgo, while its intrinsic mechanism was still unclear. To elucidate the relationship between jasmonate acid (JA), Fla, and salinity stress, we performed integrated transcriptomic (Tr) and wild-targeted metabolomic (Me) analysis in ginkgo seedlings under MJ (250 μM MJ), Na (150 mM NaCl), Na+MJ (150 mM NaCl+250 μM MJ) treatments. The Na+MJ treatment enhanced the enzyme activities of POD and 4CL, elevated quercetin and total Fla levels, and reduced MDA and H₂O₂ levels compared to the Na treatment. Most of the differential expression genes (DEGs) were up-regulated in antioxidant enzymes (<em>GST</em>, <em>APX</em>), biosynthesis of Fla (<em>FLS</em>, <em>F3’H</em>) and JA (<em>LOX</em>, <em>AOC</em>), and phytohormone signal transduction (transcription factor (TF) family JAZ, MYC2, SAUR, and bHLH related genes) under the MJ or Na+MJ treatment<em>.</em> Na treatment also upregulated some gene (<em>CCR</em>), and SAUR and bHLH genes expressions. Correspondently, 252 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were enriched in 601 detected metabolites by KEGG analysis. The DAMs involved in flavonoids (isosakuranetin and sakuranetin), JA, and JA-Ile were significantly upregulated in the three treatments, and these changes coincided with the DEGs expressions of <em>FLS</em>, <em>F3’H</em>, JAZ, and MYC2 genes. However, Na treatment downregulated most of the DAMs in fatty acid and polyamine synthesis, and Na+MJ treatment could alleviate the decrease of these DAMs. These results suggest ginkgo seedlings have a degree of salt tolerance via promoting gene expressions and metabolite accumulations in the Fla and JA synthesis pathway. The MJ application enhanced ginkgo’s resistance ability to salinity stress. The JA signaling cascades such as MYC2 and bHLH induce flavonoid synthesis and the latter feedback to stimulate JA synthesis. Spraying MJ could be a sustainable strategy to promote flavonoid biosynthesis and enhance the salinity resistance of ginkgo in saline-alkali soil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 121492"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144652573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction of Citrus maxima (Burm.) peel oil and pectin via acidic deep eutectic solvents: Storage effects and RSM optimization","authors":"Manmin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan Huang ,&nbsp;Hongzi Lai ,&nbsp;Hongming Zhang ,&nbsp;Guanle Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoxiao Dai ,&nbsp;Qihe Yang ,&nbsp;Cuihua Liu ,&nbsp;Lubin Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaonan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Landmark fruit <em>Citrus maxima</em> (Burm.) is highly productive, but by-products can cause environmental pollution. This study simulates the storage conditions of <em>Citrus maxima</em> at various stages after harvest and models the nutrient content and changes in different by-products. An organic acid deep eutectic solvent (OADES) was configured using six organic acids as hydrogen bond donor (HBD) in combination with choline chloride (ChCl); and the yields of essential oils and pectin were optimized using response surface methodology. The study showed that the OADES configured with oxalic acid as the HBD had the highest extraction rate. The results of electronic nose (E-nose) combined with GC-MS showed that the volatile odors of the essential oils were mainly from β-Myrcene (38 %), D-Limonene (37 %), and β-Pinene (4.3 %). When the raw materials were stored for more than 30 days, the yields of essential oils were decreased by 27.68 %, and the composition was mainly a decrease of 4.3 % in the proportion of sesquiterpenes and an increase of 7 % in alcohols. After 60 days of storage, the yield decreased by 27.68 %, the composition was mainly mono sesquiterpenoids decreased by 21.8 % and alcohols increased by 20.8 %. In addition, throughout the storage period (0–60 d), the pectin yield increased and then decreased, with a denser structure and more thermally stable and methylated pectin compared to the pre-extraction grapefruit peel. The research results not only provide new methods for green and energy-saving extraction technologies, but also offer valuable insights for optimizing the storage and reproduction practices in the citrus industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 121521"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144645291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polysaccharides from Ulva prolifera promote tobacco plant growth by benefiting rhizosphere bacterial community in acidic soil","authors":"Li-ping Zhao ,&nbsp;Ying Xiong ,&nbsp;Peng Zhang ,&nbsp;Ming-ming Sun ,&nbsp;Long Yang ,&nbsp;Xian-chao Shang ,&nbsp;Tao Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of biostimulants is an effective strategy to enhancing plant growth and bolstering stress resilience. However, our understanding of the effects of polysaccharides from <em>Ulva prolifera</em> (PUP) on plant growth under abiotic stress remains limited. In this study, the effects of 100 mg/L (PUP-1), 300 mg/L (PUP-3), 500 mg/L (PUP-5) of PUP and water (CK) on the tobacco (<em>Nicotiana tabacum</em> L.) seedling growth in the acidic soil were compared by a microcosm experiment. The results indicated that PUP-1, PUP-3, and PUP-5 significantly increased the fresh weight by 24 %-70 %, respectively, potentially due to elevated levels of carotenoid, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b. PUP significantly improved properties and fertility of the acidic soil, such as pH, available potassium (S-AK), available phosphorus (S-AP), sucrase (S-SU), total nitrogen (S-TN), urease (S-UR), and acid phosphatase (S-APA). The abundances of some beneficial bacteria (<em>Gemmatimonadaceae</em>, <em>Bacillus</em> and <em>Nitrospira</em>) were enhanced by PUP-3 treatment, which might be associated with the increased pH and nutritional status of the soil. Moreover, the increase in the abundance of functional genes in biosynthesis pathways of carbon metabolism, amino acids, secondary metabolites, and fatty acids also demonstrated the positive effect of PUP amendments. Among them, PUP-3 (300 mg/L) treatment significantly promoted tobacco growth and optimized soil microbial composition, while higher concentrations (PUP-5) did not show further gains. In summary, the applications of PUP showed great potentials in the enhancement of plant growth in the acidic soil, and 300 mg/L is the optimal application concentration of this polysaccharide preparation in tobacco cultivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 121495"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144645744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that partial desiccation treatment promotes somatic embryo germination of Picea asperata through cell wall remodeling mediated by transcription factor PaMYB12","authors":"Juanjuan Ling ,&nbsp;Yan Xia ,&nbsp;Jiwen Hu ,&nbsp;Chunhui Hao ,&nbsp;Huiling Yan ,&nbsp;Ziyan Pu ,&nbsp;Tianqing Zhu ,&nbsp;Junhui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coniferous species are not only important timber sources but also have significant ecological value. Somatic embryogenesis is a powerful tool for large-scale propagation of conifers. Partial desiccation treatment (PDT) significantly promotes the germination rate of somatic embryos (SEs). However, the molecular mechanism behind this is far from understanding. In this study, morphological analysis of the <em>Picea asperata</em> SEs showed a significant remodeling of the cell wall structure in the hypocotyl region following PDT. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis were performed to identify the key regulator of cell wall modification in response to PDT. The results showed that the metabolic products of cellular components, such as sucrose, fructose, and glucose, were the main metabolites accumulated in the SEs after PDT. Transcriptional regulatory network analysis predicted <em>PaMYB12</em> as a potential hub gene. Yeast-one-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay showed that PaMYB12 could directly bind to the promoter regions of genes associated with cell wall component metabolism and cell wall remodeling, including <em>GOLS</em> (MA_3384g0010), <em>EXPA</em> (MA_10425823g0010), <em>XTH</em> (MA_10429607g0010), and <em>BGLU</em> (MA_48585g0010). Furthermore, the transcript levels of these genes were increased/decreased by transient overexpression/repression of <em>PaMYB12</em>. In summary, PDT promotes cell wall remodeling to facility SE germination. PaMYB12, which was shown to regulate the expression of multiple genes involved in cell wall component metabolism and remodeling, is proposed to be the key regulator of this process. This knowledge would contribute to a deeper understanding of somatic embryo germination and potentially inform strategies for improving plant regeneration techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 121542"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144645805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of multi-omics data and comprehensive analysis of gene functions offer novel insights into the mechanism of flowering time stage in Elymus sibiricus","authors":"Yuying Zheng,&nbsp;Liuban Tang,&nbsp;Huanhuan Lu,&nbsp;Haoqin Liao,&nbsp;Wengang Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Elymus sibiricus</em> stands out as a promising energy crop for cultivation on marginal lands, renowned for its high biomass production, superior fiber content and robust stress tolerance. Notably, the timing of its flowering plays a pivotal role in determining its biomass and seed yield. However, the mechanisms regulating flowering time stage in <em>E. sibiricus</em> remained enigmatic. In this study, we employed integrated proteomic and transcriptomic approaches to identify 1577 matched mRNA-protein pairs associated with flowering by contrasting two distinct flowering germplasms of <em>E. sibiricus</em>. Combined analysis highlighted essential roles for fatty acid degradation, circadian rhythm, and signal transduction pathways. The observed gene expression patterns suggested that fatty acid degradation might serve as a primary source of energy in late-flowering germplasm. Additionally, key genes such as <em>EsFRS5</em>, <em>EsCRK25</em>, and <em>EsPIE1</em> from FAR1, SNF2, and RLK-Pelle_DLSV families, respectively, were identified as crucial contributors to the signaling pathway regulating flowering in <em>E. sibiricus</em>. Critically, we established the circadian rhythm framework in <em>E. sibiricus</em> and verified the role of <em>EsFT</em> and <em>EsELF3</em> in regulating flowering. In conclusion, this study presents a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome and proteome of <em>E. sibiricus</em>, revealing crucial flowering-related genes that serve as direct targets for precision breeding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 121537"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144634498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-functional densified wood laminates with hydrophobicity, anti-flammability, and thermal insulation for structural applications","authors":"Gang Tang ,&nbsp;Cunlong Fu ,&nbsp;Xuhao Zhen ,&nbsp;Mengfan Guan ,&nbsp;Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Dan Deng ,&nbsp;Xiuyu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wood materials have been basic building and structural materials for thousands of years, but because of their particular composition, the flammability and flame retardant modification of wood composites have attracted widespread attention. In this study, a new strategy was designed for flame retardant modification of commercial wood boards, and a series of wood samples were prepared with improved hydrophobic and flame retardant properties via delignification, impregnation of phytic acid (PA) and 3, 5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (ATA-N), and surface hydrophobic modification of trimethoxymethylsilane. After impregnation with PA and ATA-N, the wood samples exhibited outstanding flame retardant properties, and the Wood@PA/ATA-N sample presented a limit oxygen index (LOI) of more than 80 % and a UL-94 V-0 rating. In addition, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) of Wood@PA were 92.0 %, 68.0 % and 63.0 % lower than those of the untreated wood. Moreover, surface treatment with organosilane significantly improved the hydrophobicity of the wood surface, and the water contact angle of the surface for Wood@PA/ATA-N/MTMS reached 93.4°, indicating a highly hydrophobicity. In conclusion, the strategies of delignification, flame retardant impregnation and surface modification could significantly improve the flame retardancy and hydrophobic properties of wood samples, thereby increasing their useful life and application value in construction and structural materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 121520"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144645290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomass particleboard surface formation simulation and test based on a discrete gas-solid two-phase flow model","authors":"Minghong Shi ,&nbsp;Daojiong Wang ,&nbsp;Hongping Zhou ,&nbsp;Wenrong Shen ,&nbsp;Guangxin Liu ,&nbsp;Dong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a process method of particle particle pellet air stream formation using biomass waste as raw material is provided. In this study, the concept of different mixing concentration ratios and the design of related process parameters were proposed based on the annual production capacity of 150,000 m³ particle boards, and the simulation of particle pellet air stream forming based on DPM model, the purity statistics of particle pellet settling area of different diameters, the calculation of the density variance of particle pellet settling distribution, and the test of air stream forming were carried out. When the mixing concentration ratio <em>μ</em> is 0.3, the purity of the settling region of particles of different diameters is relatively optimal; the settling density variance of particles is 0.0309, which is at a lower level and the density fluctuation is relatively stable compared to the settling density variance of particles under the two conditions of <em>μ</em> being 0.4 and 0.5; in the airflow forming test, the allowable deviation of the thickness and uniformity of slab is observed when <em>μ</em> is ≥ 0.4. In the airflow forming test, when <em>μ</em>≥ 0.4, the permissible deviation of thickness of the slab appears to be greater than 10 %, therefore, when <em>μ</em>= 0.3, the slab can meet the requirements of flatness and fineness indexes at the same time, and the effect of the airflow forming test is in line with the theoretical research results. In addition to providing a reference for optimizing the particle forming process, this study can also alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of wood and promote the sustainable development of forestry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 121514"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144634499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-omics reveal the molecular mechanism promoting the seed germination of Podophyllum hexandrum","authors":"Rongchun Ning ,&nbsp;Tingting Fan ,&nbsp;Wenhua Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Podophyllum hexandrum</em> is an endangered medicinal plant which seeds exhibit strong dormancy, posing challenges in natural and artificial propagation due to low germination rates, long time lags, and uneven germination. Building upon previous research, we conducted an orthogonal experiment with three factors and five levels, combining cold stratification and plant growth regulator treatment, to promote the germination of <em>P. hexandrum</em> seeds. The results indicated that under the treatment conditions of Group 23 in the gibberellic acid treatment, the germination rate reached as high as 96.7 %, with a germination time lag of 9 days. To elucidate the molecular mechanism, we repeated these conditions and collected 10 samples at 9-day intervals starting from day 0 for transcriptome and metabolome analysis (Five experimental groups and five control groups). Through metabolome detection, a total of 59 metabolites were identified. Transcriptome analysis revealed 78,827 differential genes, closely related to the synthesis, regulation, and transduction of plant hormones at different germination stages. Combined analysis identified 23 co-expressed metabolic pathways. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) identified red and yellow-green modules related to the regulation of plant hormones of interest and pinpointed hub genes: Cluster-114934.0 and Cluster-114733.0. In this systematic study, we comprehensively screened technical methods to promote the germination of <em>P. hexandrum</em> seeds and deeply analyzed the molecular mechanism underlying this treatment-induced germination. Our findings provide a solid theoretical foundation and technical support for the artificial propagation of <em>P. hexandrum</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 121480"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144634561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}