Inhalation Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Challenges and complexities in treating ammonia-induced lung injuries: ammonia disrupts cellular membranes and induces severe damage.","authors":"Gregory Rankin, Terese Karlsson, Åsa Gustafsson, Linda Elfsmark, Sofia Jonasson","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2597217","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2597217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Ammonia (NH₃) inhalation is a common occupational exposure, causing injuries similar to acute lung injury (ALI). Medical management is limited to supportive care, as no specific antidotes are currently available. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions to mitigate NH₃-induced damage using both <i>in vivo</i> (mouse) and <i>in vitro</i> (A549 alveolar epithelial cells) models.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>BALB/c mice received 91.0 mg/kg NH₃ <i>via</i> intratracheal instillation, followed by intraperitoneal dexamethasone (100 mg/kg) at 1, 5, and 23 h post-exposure to assess therapeutic effects. Analyses were performed on days 1 and 7. The complementary studies in A549 cells examined whether therapeutic interventions could counteract NH₃-induced toxicity affecting cell viability and function.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dexamethasone-treatment did not counteract the lethal damage in mice or significantly reduce the severity of ALI that intensified over time, including increased lung inflammatory cell infiltration, lung hemorrhages, and coagulation abnormalities. However, treatment reduced methacholine-induced AHR, and MMP-9 and SP-D levels at 20h post-exposure. Most treatments in A549 cells failed to prevent apoptotic and necrotic cell death, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and membrane damage caused by NH₃ exposure however, the membrane stabilizer Poloxamer 188 (P188) highlighted the importance of stabilizing the cellular membrane damage to prevent further damages.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While standard treatment with corticosteroids offered limited protection in NH₃-exposed mice, the study's complementary <i>in vitro</i> investigations on new medical counter measures highlighted the complexity and severity of NH₃-induced lung injury. Together, the <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> findings emphasize the urgent need for effective medical countermeasures.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"13-32"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145667537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BML-111 mitigates phosgene-induced acute lung injury in rats by activating ACE2.","authors":"Xiaojie Guo, Zi Long, Minjie Shi, Deqin Kong, Yongmei Tu, Weihua Yu, Jiangzheng Liu, Zhenpeng Fan, Changyan Wang, Jun Hu, Wenli Li","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2607486","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2607486","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Phosgene is a highly toxic asphyxiating gas and also an important chemical raw material. Phosgene has been regarded as an environmental pollutant, and the accidental leakage of phosgene in the process of industrial production has posed a serious threat to related occupational groups. Phosgene exposure may lead to acute lung injury (ALI), marked by inflammation, heightened vascular permeability, and potentially life-threatening pulmonary edema. BML-111 is a lipid A4 receptor agonist which is compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The involvement of BML-111 in mitigating phosgene-induced ALI and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we established a phosgene induced ALI rat model, examined the effects of phosgene exposure on lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of rats, and evaluated the lung tissue pathology, lung wet weight, lung coefficient and respiratory function of phosgene exposed rats after intervention with BML-111. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers were measured in BALF and lung tissue.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study showed that BML-111 notably enhanced respiratory function, mitigated ALI severity, and reduced pulmonary edema in phosgene-exposed rats. Mechanistically, these protective effects were attributed to a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, alongside an enhancement of overall antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, it was found that the activation of ACE2 is a key mechanism through which BML-111 exerts its protection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings suggest that BML-111 can alleviate phosgene-induced ALI in rats by activating ACE2, thereby inhibiting inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. BML-111 shows promise as a preventive candidate for treating phosgene-induced ALI.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"33-45"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145889055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the puff: health consequences of vaping.","authors":"Maureen Meister, Xiaojia He, Alexandra Noël, Jin-Ah Park, Laura Crotty Alexander, Judith Zelikoff, David Christiani, Joseph Hess, Jonathan Shannahan, Christa Wright","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2500646","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2500646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) arrived on the U.S. market in 2007 and rapidly grew in popularity as a harm reduction tool for traditional cigarette users. While initially marketed as a healthier alternative to combustible cigarettes, the unique mixture of chemical constituents in ENDS products and their emissions have led to rising concern about their safety and the long-term health implications. Given the lack of long-term, epidemiological research on the health effects of these products, recent research has sought to understand the impacts on cellular components and gain understanding of acute effects to inform potential chronic health implications. Studies have demonstrated the deleterious effects the use of ENDS has on the oral cavity, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. ENDS use has been linked to gingival inflammation and alterations in the oral microbiome contributing to periodontal disease. Further, the presence of heavy metals and other constituents in ENDS emissions contribute to aberrant oxidative stress and inflammation within the lung, contributing to alterations in functional lung capacity and respiratory symptoms in ENDS users. In addition, harmful components of ENDS emissions make their way to the circulatory system, leading to detrimental impacts in cardiovascular functioning such as a rise in blood pressure, impaired vascular functioning, and increased heart rate, all of which are known to underscore long-term cardiovascular ailments. This review will provide an in-depth discussion of the current literature available on the consequences of ENDS use on the oral cavity, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems as well as provide insight into long-term implications that may result.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"451-464"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144077758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Puffing topography: a tool to evaluate vaping behavior and exposure risks.","authors":"Shaligram Sharma, Maureen Meister, Xiaojia He, Mark Wilson, Qian Zhang, Jin-Ah Park, Travis Goldsmith, Cristi Bell-Huff, Marilyn Black, Jonathan Shannahan, Christa Wright","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2524728","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2524728","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ever-changing popularity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among both youth and adults in the United States has been influential in shaping users' perceptions and behaviors. This behavior driven ENDS usage is described as puffing topography (PT) which includes user's puff duration, flow rate, intra puff interval, the volume of e-liquid used and total number of puffs per session. These metrics are not only useful for characterizing individual vaping behaviors but are also critical for assessing the extent of exposure to potentially harmful substances such as nicotine, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter emitted during use. Previous studies have indicated that puff volume and flow rate are distinct but related parameters that determine exposure to hazardous emissions among users and bystanders. However, current evidence suggests that vaping behavior is also influenced by the age at which users first encounter ENDS, the strength of the nicotine present, and whether users develop circadian patterns of ENDS usage. This review article, which is a part of the Special Issue Science Education and Research on Vaping and Interventions for Community Engagement summarizes the critical aspects of PT and explores how various factors including lifestyle, gender, e-liquid composition (such as flavor and nicotine concentration), and device parameters can influence exposure risks. The standardization of puffing topography as a tool to evaluate vaping behavior and exposure risks to toxic emissions could be instrumental in developing consensus standards for ENDS and protecting public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"439-450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12958158/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144612093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deconstructing ENDS aerosols: generation and characterization methods.","authors":"Shaligram Sharma, Maureen Meister, David Christiani, Qian Zhang, Mark Wilson, Travis Goldsmith, I Mark Olfert, Anand Ranpara, Cristi Bell-Huff, Marilyn Black, Jonathan Shannahan, Christa Wright","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2481434","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2481434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While electronic nicotine delivery systems or ENDS are often marketed as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes, emissions generated during the operation of these devices contain a complex mixture of toxic substances. ENDS emissions are primarily composed of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5, smaller than 2.5 µm in size) and ultrafine particles/nanoparticles (PM_0.1, smaller than 100 nm in size), metals (nickel, copper, zinc, tin, lead, and their oxides), carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde (a carcinogen), and acrolein), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (benzene, toluene, and over 70 other VOCs), nicotine, and many unknown chemicals. The levels and composition of these toxic emissions can vary based on factors like device design, e-liquid formulation, device power and temperature levels, and vaping behavior of the user. Within this section of the Special Issue 'Science Education and Research on Vaping and Interventions for Community Engagement', important parameters in defining and characterizing ENDS aerosols will be discussed. Hazardous components of ENDS aerosols including particulate matter, heavy metals, and volatile organic compounds will be delineated and appropriate analytical methods to accurately determine physicochemical properties will be highlighted. Definitions and comparisons of first-hand, second-hand, and third-hand emissions will also be explored alongside pertinent device parameters that influence each type of ENDS emission.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"426-438"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to science education and research on vaping and interventions for community engagement.","authors":"Christa Wright, J Shannahan, S Sharma, J Zelikoff","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2609719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08958378.2025.2609719","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":"37 9-10","pages":"415-416"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146003418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of popular vaping misconceptions: redefining ENDS safety and usage risks.","authors":"Shaligram Sharma, Laura Crotty Alexander, Maureen Meister, Cassandra Ross, Joseph Hess, Kenneth Ray, Alexandra Noël, Jonathan Shannahan, Christa Wright","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2571918","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2571918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The widespread use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among youth and adults has become a significant public health concern. Approximately 19.6% of middle and high school students in the United States have reported using ENDS containing nicotine. Factors contributing to their popularity include social and recreational appeal, sensory satisfaction, ease of accessibility, and aggressive marketing strategies including influencer-driven promotions and youth-targeted campaigns through social media platforms. The variety of available flavors and modifiable features of ENDS devices further enhances their acceptance, often overshadowing their potential health risks. Despite their perceived advantages, misconceptions about ENDS persist, including beliefs that emissions are harmless, vaping is safer than smoking, and secondhand exposure is inconsequential. These misunderstandings contribute to the normalization of ENDS use, hindering public awareness of the associated health and environmental hazards. This manuscript addresses seven prevalent misconceptions about ENDS ranging from their safety during pregnancy to their environmental impact, highlighting the need for comprehensive education and community engagement to mitigate the risks of ENDS usage and promote informed decision-making. In the following section of the Special Issue Science Education and Research on Vaping and Interventions for Community Engagement (SERVICE), we will explore how these misconceptions not only encourage the societal acceptance and use of ENDS but also contribute to potential health risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"465-479"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12857793/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145291826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building awareness and harm reduction strategies to address vaping risks.","authors":"Shaligram Sharma, Xiaojia He, Maureen Meister, Joseph Hess, Haylee Young, Cristi Bell-Huff, Jonathan Shannahan, Christa Wright","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2591032","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2591032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have become a growing health concern among both youth and adults. Rise in vaping-associated lung injury underscores the consequences of the ENDS usage under certain conditions. In response, stakeholders including researchers and public health regulators have launched awareness initiatives to highlight the hazards of vaping and promote harm reduction strategies. Within harm reduction frameworks, several strategies exist including vaping behavior assessments and monitoring, engineering controls, and limiting the variety of ENDS and e-liquid formats and formulations. From an engineering perspective, controls could be implemented to limit puff size, monitor e-liquid consumption, and explore attachable filters to reduce inhalation risks. Additionally, reducing the availability of flavored e-liquids and restricting modifications could minimize their appeal to youth. Marketing strategies should clearly communicate the harms of vaping devices through informative text, images, and digital campaigns. Additionally, warning labels should be placed directly on the devices, not just on packaging, to constantly remind users of the associated risks. This review which is a part of the Special Issue Science Education and Research on Vaping and Interventions for Community Engagement examines the challenges of vaping cessation methods and explores how stakeholders, users, manufacturers, and policymakers can contribute to vaping harm reduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"480-500"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145793955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The beginning of ENDS (electronic nicotine delivery systems): origins, trends, and regulatory considerations.","authors":"Shaligram Sharma, Maureen Meister, Scott Weaver, Judith Zelikoff, Cristi Bell-Huff, Marilyn Black, Jonathan Shannahan, Christa Wright","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2479518","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2479518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), commonly known as e-cigarettes, are battery-operated devices that produce aerosols by vaporizing e-liquids, which typically contain propylene glycol and/or vegetable glycerin, nicotine, and flavorings. Since their launch in the U.S. in 2007, ENDS have evolved significantly to meet consumer demands, prompting federal regulation in 2016 under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. The first ENDS resembled conventional tobacco cigarettes and were initially marketed as smoking cessation tools. While their smoking cessation efficacy under advantageous conditions has been supported by randomized clinical trials, observational cohort studies have raised doubt about their utility for smoking cessation under more typical real-world use conditions. In 2018, the U.S. Surgeon General declared youth vaping a national epidemic as prevalence of current ENDS use rose to 27.5% among high school. The youth vaping trend alongside injury reports and deaths related to e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) raised public health alarms in 2019. Although youth vaping has since declined, over 1.6 million high school students and 410, 000 middle school students reported ENDS usage in 2024. Thus, the ongoing challenges surrounding vaping including adolescent usage and smoking cessation efficacy continue to attract public health concern and debate. Within this section of the Special Issue \"Science Education and Research on Vaping and Interventions for Community Engagement\", an overview of the history of the vaping epidemic, current formats and ENDS generations, usage statistics across various demographics along with market trends and regulatory guidelines will be discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"417-425"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A positive pressure system for selective human exposure to gas and particulate mixed atmospheres.","authors":"Jacob S Griffin, S Thorne Gregory, Thomas E Austin, Ingrid George, Joseph Martin, Lauren Slaber, Jon Berntsen, Steven E Prince, James M Samet","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2565730","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2565730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Exposure to air pollution containing particulates (PM) and gas-phase volatile organic compounds (VOCs), is a leading cause of human morbidity and mortality globally. Devising effective protective public health strategies requires an assessment of the relative contribution of PM and VOCs to the health effects of air pollution exposure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To enable studies of VOCs isolated from mixed atmospheres, we developed a positive air pressure exposure system that permits the subject to breathe unimpeded by the pressure drop imposed by filtering respirators. This system uses pumps to draw air through respirator filters and delivers it to a modified positive pressure respirator at a flow rate that exceeds the ventilatory requirements of the wearer, while preventing infiltration of the surrounding atmosphere.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tests showed negligible leaks (<5% flow reduction) and minimal VOC losses (95% recovery) to the system. When tested using an atmosphere containing woodsmoke, PM filters showed effective exclusion of particulates but minimal losses of VOCs, while activated carbon based cartridges effectively removed gaseous compounds and PM. A team member exercising moderately in a woodsmoke atmosphere for 2-hours reported no perveivable odors and experienced no discomfort during an exposure using charcoal filter cartridges.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>We report the development and validation of a novel human exposure system that allows selective exposure to the gaseous fraction of a mixed atmosphere. This system allows for moderate to vigorous exercise of the study subject and can be used in place of an exposure chamber, making it compatible with clinical and field studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"405-414"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}