Inhalation Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Molecular disruption of pulmonary surfactant proteins by airborne pollutants: an integrative <i>in-silico</i> toxicology approach.","authors":"Saba Beigh","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2026.2634662","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2026.2634662","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Pulmonary surfactant proteins (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D) are essential regulators of alveolar surface tension and pulmonary immune defense, forming a critical frontline barrier against airborne xenobiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the molecular interactions between environmentally prevalent airborne pollutants and human surfactant proteins.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A multi-tiered computational framework assessed interactions between 87 airborne pollutants and surfactant proteins. Structure-based molecular docking using AutoDock Vina identified benzo[a]pyrene and crotonic acid as highest-affinity ligands (binding energies up to -8.1 kcal/mol). The top ligands underwent 200 ns molecular dynamics simulations with SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D using the CHARMM36 force field in GROMACS. Structural metrics (RMSD, RMSF, SASA, and Rg), principal component analysis (PCA), and MM-GBSA binding free energy calculations were performed.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Analyses demonstrated sustained ligand-protein interactions and moderate conformational shifts, particularly within SP-A and SP-C domains. PCA revealed ligand-induced conformational changes, while MM-GBSA confirmed thermodynamic favorability (ΔGbind -26.5 to -32.8 kcal/mol). These findings suggest a novel mechanism of respiratory toxicity via molecular disruption of surfactant proteins.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This integrated in-silico approach highlights pollutant-induced surfactant protein alterations as potential biomarkers of pulmonary toxicant exposure and underscores the need for experimental validation and further mechanistic studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"156-172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147305231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of diniobium pentaoxide as a novel nuisance dust in a 90-day nose-only inhalation study.","authors":"Gustav Gerd Bruer, Paula Janssen, Dirk Schaudien, Mehmet Ramazanoglu, Miriam Kryjewska, Tanja Hansen, Emily Lumi Suda de Aquino, Otto Creutzenberg","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2026.2625804","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2026.2625804","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The presence of fine dusts in the industrial working environment has significant implications for occupational safety. As a result, legislators have implemented regulations to protect employees from adverse lung effects. The establishment of limits aims to prevent health hazards, particularly lung diseases, even with prolonged exposure. Niobium, a chemical element widely used in the industry, is commonly found as an additive in various alloy products.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Given the inhalation potential during manufacturing and the substantial volume of niobium used, a 90-day-nose-only inhalation study of diniobium pentaoxide (Nb₂O₅) was conducted in rats. Following exposure of rats to 1.5, 6, and 24 mg/m³ Nb₂O₅, various endpoints were examined to assess potential lung toxicity and exposure-concentration-response relationships associated with the inhaled test substance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analysis of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in the treated groups showed levels close to clean air control levels. Histopathological analysis revealed the presence of particle-laden macrophages in lung alveoli, bronchus- and nose-associated lymphoid tissue, and lung-associated lymph nodes in the group exposed to the highest concentration. Additionally, activation of pneumocytes type 2 was observed.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusions: </strong>All findings were interpreted as adaptive and non-adverse. Therefore, no adverse effects were observed in any of the endpoints, including the group exposed to the highest concentration. Under the conditions of this study, a NOAEC (no observed adverse effect concentration) of 24 mg/m³ was determined. Diniobium pentaoxide is thus considered a newly discovered nuisance dust.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"132-142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146207043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of a human bronchoepithelial-air-liquid interface model to assess respiratory hazard of VOCs using a benchmark concentration modeling approach.","authors":"Olivia C G Lampe, Eva C M Vitucci, Carolyn L Cannon, Weihsueh A Chiu, Natalie M Johnson","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2026.2623547","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2026.2623547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are prevalent in both indoor and outdoor environments and have been linked to health effects. This study aimed to assess VOC-induced effects on the respiratory epithelium using an <i>in vitro</i> human bronchial epithelial air-liquid interface (ALI) model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A human bronchial epithelial cell line, 16HBE, was cultured at ALI and exposed to relevant concentrations of two representative VOCs, acrolein or formic acid, and matched filtered air (control) in a CelTox exposure system for two hours to replicate an acute inhalation exposure. Cells were allowed to recover for 24 h before cell lysate and culture media were collected for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cytotoxicity, based on LDH activity, significantly increased at the highest doses tested for both VOCs. A dose-dependent increase in barrier permeability was observed for confluent cells exposed to acrolein and formic acid. Acrolein and formic acid exposure induced <i>IL-8</i>, <i>TNFα,</i> and <i>HMOX-1</i> expression, genes indicative of proinflammatory signaling and oxidative stress, respectively. Formic acid, but not acrolein, exposure also increased expression of <i>PINK1,</i> a gene indicative of mitophagy. Benchmark concentration (BMC) modeling of <i>in vitro</i> acrolein data yielded a BMCL (benchmark concentration lower confidence limit) that substantiates the stringency of OSHA's 8-hour permissible exposure limit (PEL). In contrast, BMC modeling of <i>in vitro</i> formic acid data produced BMCLs below existing regulatory exposure thresholds.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Collectively, these findings demonstrate that this model is a plausible <i>in vitro</i> tool to investigate VOC-induced effects on the airway and supports its utility in VOC safety evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"119-131"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12989087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146112825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of inhalation and dermal exposure to VOCs and SVOCs from commercial nebulizers in the pediatric population.","authors":"Gabriela Ventura Silva, Miguel P P Filipe, António A Martins, Teresa M Mata","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2026.2634661","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2026.2634661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Nebulizers are medical devices that convert liquid solutions, such as saline or medication, into aerosols for direct airway delivery. Their effectiveness relies on interfaces, typically made from polymeric materials containing additives to enhance functionality and durability. This study aimed to characterize emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from different components of five nebulizers, considering two exposure routes: inhalation and dermal contact.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Five nebulizers were assessed by analyzing emissions from individual components and from complete system configurations. VOC and SVOC emissions were quantified and short-term exposure (20 minutes) was assessed for infants and children. Estimated exposure levels were compared with toxicological reference values, including inhalation Derived No-Effect Levels (DNELs), to evaluate potential health risks via inhalation and dermal contact.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All tested components emitted VOCs, with the highest concentrations detected in masks and whole-system configurations. Some identified compounds, including toluene, styrene, siloxane D4, and 2-ethylhexanoic acid, are suspected or recognized reproductive toxicants. Although measured levels were very low, inhalation represents a potential exposure route warranting a precautionary approach. Phenol, a suspected mutagen, reached concentrations up to 65.9 μg/m³, corresponding to 11.7% of the inhalation DNEL for a 20-minute exposure in infants and children. Dermal exposure levels were very low compared with toxicological reference values. Nevertheless, compounds such as benzyl alcohol and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, both recognized as EU-classified skin sensitizers, were detected. Cyclic siloxanes D5, D6, and D7 were also detected, with D6 showing the highest dermal intake. As these siloxanes are classified as Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) in the EU, long-term effects from bioaccumulation and environmental persistence should be considered.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusions: </strong>Although measured VOC and SVOC concentrations were low and below established toxicological thresholds, these findings underscore the need for preventive measures, particularly for sensitive populations such as infants and children. Inhalation appears to be the most relevant exposure pathway during use, while dermal exposure, though minimal, may contribute to sensitization risks. The presence of PBT-classified siloxanes further emphasizes the need to consider long-term human health and environmental implications. Overall, these findings support the implementation of preventive strategies and continued monitoring of material emissions in medical devices intended for vulnerable users.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"143-155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147377196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Narrative review: neutrophil activation and NETosis in carbon nanotube-induced lung injury reveal mechanistic insights and biomarker based risk assessment.","authors":"Xinxin Hu, Xiaojun Qian, Jing Wen","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2609729","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2609729","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are increasingly applied in industrial and biomedical fields, yet their fiber-like geometry and structural durability raise concerns about inhalation risks in occupational settings. This review synthesizes current evidence on neutrophil recruitment, activation, and extracellular trap (NET) formation in CNT-induced lung injury, with emphasis on biomarker discovery, therapeutic strategies, and worker protection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A narrative synthesis integrating mechanistic, experimental, and translational studies on CNT-induced neutrophil activation and NETosis was conducted.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Experimental data show that CNT deposition in distal airways rapidly recruits and activates neutrophil, initiating the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), proteolytic enzymes, and chromatin-based NETs. While these responses contribute to host defense, sustained activation promotes epithelial injury and fibrotic remodeling. Translational studies in exposed workers reveal elevated myeloperoxidase (MPO), neutrophil elastase, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and circulating DNA, supporting their value as early biomarkers of pulmonary injury. Remaining challenges include the absence of long-term human cohort data, heterogeneity in CNT physicochemical features, and technical limitations in detecting biologically meaningful exposure endpoints.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Neutrophil activation and NETosis represent important contributing pathways in CNT-induced inflammation and fibrosis, although current evidence does not establish NETosis as a central or predictive mechanism. Future strategies should focus on safer CNT design, strengthened occupational controls, biomarker-based surveillance, and mechanism-targeted interventions to minimize health risks while advancing sustainable nanotechnology.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"59-76"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145892390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The toxic effects of rapeseed methyl ester and petroleum diesel particulate matter on a BEAS-2B cells.","authors":"Oskari J Uski, Gregory D Rankin, Maria Friberg, Håkan Wingfors, Roger Magnusson, Christoffer Boman, Ala Muala, Anders Blomberg, Jenny Bosson, Thomas Sandström","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2601027","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2601027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The use of alternative and renewable fuels in the transport sector is growing rapidly due to increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions, however implying an increased risk for human exposure to emissions from these new fuels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we examined the effects on BEAS-2B cells of particulate matter (PM) emissions, derived from the use of petroleum diesel (SD10) and rapeseed methyl ester (RME100) in a truck engine. We assessed several endpoints, including the induction of apoptotic and necrotic cell death, reactive oxygen species generation inside cells, inflammatory response, and cell cycle alterations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The characteristics of the exhaust PM varied between the two fuels, where the RME100-derived PM contained lower levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elemental carbon compared to SD10. Toxicological analyses revealed that PM from RME100 induced weaker oxidative stress and cell death responses than SD10. However, unlike SD10, RME100 PM caused a notable arrest in the S-G2/M phase of the cell cycle.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In summary, fuel type clearly influenced the characteristics of PM emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine, which in turn affected the particles' biological activity. Overall, RME100 exhaust PM exhibited lower toxicity compared to petroleum diesel PM in the BEAS-2B cell model.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"95-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145722498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The chemical profile and toxicological impact of heated tobacco products.","authors":"M Davigo, F J van Schooten, A Opperhuizen, A H V Remels, R Talhout","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2026.2615967","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2026.2615967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs) are marketed as less harmful alternatives than cigarettes. While industry-funded studies suggest lower risks associated with HTP use compared with cigarettes, the health impacts of HTP use relative to non-use remain uncertain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed tobacco industry-independent studies published between 2019 and 2024 investigating chemical composition of HTP sticks and emissions, and cardiovascular- and pulmonary health effects associated with their use in human subjects and relevant human <i>in vitro</i> models. Only original research articles were included. Studies on secondhand emissions, animal models and epidemiological studies were excluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>74 studies met the inclusion criteria. HTP emissions contain lower levels of harmful tobacco-related chemicals (e.g. nicotine, Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines and carbonyls) compared to cigarette smoke but higher concentrations of certain carcinogens. HTP-specific toxicants include formaldehyde cyanohydrin and plastic-derived compounds. Compared to smokers, HTP users show reduced levels of biomarkers of exposure (nicotine, exhaled CO, aromatic amines) and lower toxicity (oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage), although higher than in nonusers. Human studies reveal that HTP use adversely affects cardiovascular and pulmonary function. <i>In vitro</i> findings support these outcomes, showing cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and genotoxicity, often to a lesser extent compared to cigarette smoke.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HTP use exposes consumers to noxious chemicals and detrimentally impacts cardiovascular health and pulmonary function. Although the long-term harm of HTPs is unknown, current evidence suggests short-term toxicity comparable to cigarettes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"77-94"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146010246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term air pollution exposure and incident cardiovascular disease by multimorbidity status: a national cohort study in China.","authors":"Zhaofeng Jin, Ying Luo, Wenzhao Liu, Shun Chen","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2602718","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2602718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the associations between long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a high-exposure setting and to evaluate whether multimorbidity affects this relationship in middle-aged and older Chinese individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from 7,692 adults in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), with up to 8 years of follow-up, were used. Long-term exposure to particulate matter ≤1 μm (PM₁), ≤2.5 μm (PM₂.₅), ≤10 μm (PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and ozone (O₃) was analyzed using high-resolution satellite-based estimates. Next, a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression multipollutant index was constructed. Hazard ratios for incident CVD were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, and effect modification by multimorbidity was examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During follow-up, a total of 1,759 participants developed CVD. Compared with those in the lowest quartile, participants in the highest quartile of PM₁, PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, and NO₂ exposure had hazard ratios of 1.35 (95% CI: 1.18-1.54), 1.58 (95% CI: 1.38-1.81), 1.63 (95% CI: 1.42-1.87), and 1.25 (95% CI: 1.09-1.44), respectively. Combined multipollutant exposure had the strongest effect, with an HR of 2.05 (95% CI: 1.78-2.37). The corresponding HRs were 2.27 (95% CI: 1.89-2.72) among participants without multimorbidity and 3.02 (95% CI: 2.44-3.73) among those with multimorbidity (P for interaction = 0.029).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants is associated with a substantially increased risk of CVD, particularly among individuals with multimorbidity. These findings highlight the need for multipollutant control strategies and targeted prevention efforts among clinically vulnerable populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"107-117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145762702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex modifies response to ozone and nitrogen dioxide: a controlled human exposure study.","authors":"Jairus C Pulczinski, Ana G Rappold, Robert B Devlin, David Diaz-Sanchez, Emma C Bowers, David S Morgan, Martin W Case, Shaun D McCullough","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2574876","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2574876","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ozone (O₃) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) are highly reactive gases associated with all cause-mortality. Epidemiology studies suggest that the risk from O₃ and NO₂ exposure is modified by sex. O₃ is more strongly associated with declines in pulmonary function in males, but females show stronger associations with cardiovascular disease (CVD). For NO₂ exposure, females show stronger associations for increased risk of CVD, loss of lung function, and mortality. It remains unclear if these differences stem from social constructs or underlying biologic responses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To investigate sex differences after pollutant exposure, we used a single blind, randomized crossover, controlled exposure study to examine the pulmonary, inflammatory, and clotting/fibrinolysis response after exposure to O₃ and NO₂ relative to clean air. Healthy adult participants (<i>n</i> = 22 male = 10, female = 12) underwent separate two-hour exposures to clean air, 300 ppb O₃, and 500 ppb NO₂ exposures while exercising intermittently.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to air, exposure to O₃ resulted in a mean percent change in FEV₁ (-5.74%, 95%CI: -7.83, -3.65, <i>p</i> < 0.001), FVC (-3.94%, 95%CI: -5.59, -2.30, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and FEV₁/FVC (-1.90%, 95%CI: -3.54, -0.25, <i>p</i> < 0.01), and elevated IL-6 (16.3%, 95%CI: 0.51, 32.14, <i>p</i> < 0.01), C-Reactive Protein (CRP) (44.54%; 95%CI: 15.44, 73.65, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and Serum amyloid A (SAA) (33.6%; 95%CI: 7.30, 60.0, <i>p</i> < 0.01). NO₂ exposure resulted in a mean percent change of D-dimer (10.9%, 95%CI: -0.23, 21.93, <i>p</i> < 0.05). When stratified by sex, after O₃ exposure, males displayed greater decrements in FEV₁ (males; -7.81% (95%CI: -11.45, -4.19) females: -4.00% (95%CI: -6.20, -1.80; <i>p</i> < 0.05)) and CRP increased in males by 78.50% (95%CI: 27.50, 129.50) compared to 16.20% (95%CI: -10.43, 42.84) in females (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and SAA increased in males by 60.25% (95%CI: 12.02, 108.48) compared to 15.18% (95%CI: -14.53, 44.90) in females (<i>p</i> = 0.051). TNFα was elevated in females by an average of 10.9% (95%CI: 0.75, 21.23) compared to males (-2.29%, 95%CI: -12.32, 7.75) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). After NO₂, D-dimer was elevated in females by 18.98% (95%CI: 4.69, 33.26) compared to males (1.52%, 95%CI: -16.12,19.16) (<i>p</i> = 0.062).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sex modified the pulmonary and inflammatory response to O₃ and NO₂, a finding consistent with epidemiological observations of sex differences after O3 and NO2 exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145540507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of vaping on the human lung microbiota.","authors":"Hunter A Welch, Whitney L Spaeth, Meiyi Zhang, Genny Carrillo, Maria D King","doi":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2606367","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08958378.2025.2606367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Vaping's perception as a safe method of nicotine consumption has contributed to its widespread use among American youth. Research indicates that serious lung disease termed EVALI (E-cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury) can develop from vaping. However, the broader consequences on lung health remain less understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We evaluated the effects of vaping on college students' lungs using fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) scores, metal concentrations, and microbiota composition collected over three months.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Mass spectrometry analysis of vape coils revealed that ceramic coils contained higher levels of metals Mg, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, As, Sr, Ag, and Ti, while mesh coils had elevated concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb, and Sn. Corresponding metals were detected in participants' exhaled breath, with vaping status and coil type significantly influencing heavy metal profiles, and FeNO contributing among vapers. FeNO levels positively correlated with vaping duration, indicating effects on airway inflammation. Analysis of exhaled microbiota showed that temporal variation (sampling month) and, among vapers, duration of vaping had stronger influences on microbial composition than vaping status or coil type, while FeNO had minimal impact. Specific metals, including Al, Fe, Co, Zn, and Zr, were modestly associated with microbial patterns, with Zn and Fe showing the strongest effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings identified three interconnected effects of vaping: lung inflammation, heavy metal exposure from heating coils, and changes in lung microbiota. This highlights the need for further research to clarify the mechanisms linking these outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13561,"journal":{"name":"Inhalation Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"46-57"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12970562/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145819278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}