Indoor air最新文献

{"title":"Evidence of Unrecognized Indoor Exposure to Toxic Chlorophenols and Odorous Chloroanisoles in Denmark, Finland, and Norway","authors":"J. Lorentzen, Lars-Erik Harderup, G. Johanson","doi":"10.1155/2023/2585089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2585089","url":null,"abstract":"Production and use of chlorophenols (CPs) are being phased out around the globe, but with considerable lag in some highly populated countries. The process could be incentivized by leading countries sharing their experiences on problems that occurred, including the built environment. We previously reported that Swedish industry and authorities promoted CPs, including pentachlorophenol (PCP), as wood preservatives in buildings for decades. Yet, Swedish indoor research did not recognize exposure to the hazardous CPs and their odor potent derivatives, the chloroanisoles (CAs), which smell like mold and still evolve from legacy preservatives in damp building structures. We hypothesized that the toxic CPs and odorous CAs could be key players for health and odor problems not only in Sweden but also in the neighboring Nordic countries. We found no reports in scientific medical literature of CPs being used in buildings in these countries. However, grey literature shows that CPs were indeed used, even during building booms, in house exteriors, constructions, and interiors, from the 1950s up to the late 1970s (Denmark) and even the 1990s (Finland and Norway). One application of CPs was in houses erected on dampness-prone house foundations, conditions ideal for formation of odorous CAs through microbial methylation. Furthermore, our searches suggest that these problematic chemicals played hitherto unrecognized key roles when indoor air research evolved. Thus, odor became an important aspect of the “sick building syndrome” in Denmark and an early warning sign of health risks in Finland, as asthma and allergy were attributed to “dampness and mold.” None of the countries addressed the possible links between odor and health effects and exposure to CAs and CPs. In conclusion, our results suggest that unrecognized indoor exposure to toxic CPs and odorous CAs has mislead Nordic indoor air research for decades.","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82422102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Nicotine Degradation in Cigarette Smoke under Different Storage Conditions (Light and Duration)","authors":"Young-Ji An, Yong-Hyun Kim","doi":"10.1155/2023/8814709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8814709","url":null,"abstract":"Nicotine, the primary component of cigarette smoke, is not only addictive but also indirectly contributes to lung diseases by increasing heart rate and blood pressure upon inhalation. Therefore, managing nicotine content in cigarette smoke necessitates accurate quantitative analysis. Nicotine from cigarette smoke is collected using a Cambridge filter, subjected to solvent extraction, and analyzed using instrumental techniques. However, since nicotine is susceptible to light-induced oxidation, losses may occur during pretreatment, reducing result reliability. This study assesses nicotine loss under various lighting conditions and storage durations. Nicotine collected in Cambridge filters is exposed to dark, visible radiation, and UV radiation (254 nm) for different time intervals (0–48 h), and the nicotine content is analyzed and compared. In dark conditions, a 1.6% decline in nicotine concentration occurs after 48 h. With visible radiation, a 9% reduction is observed, while under UV exposure, the concentration decreases by 16.9%. The UV radiation-associated decrease in nicotine concentration is −0.335% h−1, exhibiting strong linearity (\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 R\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 2\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 =\u0000 0.9465\u0000 \u0000 ). Consequently, significant nicotine loss in Cambridge filter-collected samples is influenced by storage duration and lighting conditions. This study’s findings can enhance the accuracy of nicotine quantification in cigarette smoke, thereby improving the understanding of nicotine’s harmful effects in cigarette smoke.","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88814045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Low-Cost Sensing Technology to Assess Ambient and Indoor Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in New York during the COVID-19 Lockdown","authors":"Justin Holder, Jamelia Jordan, K. Johnson, A. Akinremi, D. Roberts-Semple","doi":"10.3390/air1030015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/air1030015","url":null,"abstract":"Air pollution is a leading cause of death in the United States and is associated with adverse health outcomes, including increased vulnerability to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The AirBeam2 was used to measure particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or smaller (PM2.5) to investigate differences between indoor and ambient levels at seven private homes in New York during and after the COVID-19 lockdown. Measurements taken in 2020 fall, 2021 winter, and 2022 fall showed that at 90% of the sites, indoor PM2.5 levels exceeded outdoor levels both during and after the COVID-19 lockdown, p = 0.03, possibly exceeding safety levels. Higher indoor PM2.5 levels attributed to little or no ventilation in the basement and kitchens from cooking and smoke were greater in fall than in winter. Higher ambient PM2.5 levels were attributed to vehicular traffic at a street-facing sampling site. PM2.5 sources identified in this study may help in devising control strategies to improve indoor air quality (IAQ) and consequently alleviate respiratory health effects. These findings may be used as a basis for in-house modifications, including natural ventilation and the use of air purifiers to reduce exposures, mitigate future risks, and prevent potential harm to vulnerable residents.","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88843690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study of the TVOC Distribution in a Car Cabin","authors":"Nadir Hafs, Mokhtar Djeddou, A. Benabed, G. Fokoua, A. Mehel","doi":"10.3390/air1030014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/air1030014","url":null,"abstract":"The vehicle in-cabin is subject to several types of pollutants infiltrating from the outdoors or emitted directly inside it, such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). The concentration of TVOC (total volatile organic compounds) is the result of the emission from different equipment surfaces that compose the car cabin. In the present study, the experimental characterization of TVOC emission from the interior surfaces of a car cabin is discussed by considering the influence of two parameters: the temperature and ventilation modes. A measurement location grid was used to measure TVOC’s emissions from 267 points on all surfaces of the car’s interior equipment. Three different temperatures and two ventilation modes (recirculation and outdoor air) were investigated. The results indicate that the concentration of TVOC increases with the temperature inside the cabin with a contribution that varies with the type of cabin equipment including the dashboard, center console, seats, and carpets. On the other hand, the concentration distributions of TVOC showed relative differences of 10–13% and 2–5% for surface and volumetric measurements, respectively. This implies no preferential positioning of the in-cabin probe for TVOC volumetric concentration measurements. In addition, the recirculation ventilation mode results in a higher accumulation of TVOC; therefore, higher concentrations are measured.","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88154928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Data-Driven Building Information Modeling in the Visual Simulation of Disease Transmission and Route with Pipeline System","authors":"Chen-Yu Pan, H. Hsu, Ko-Wei Huang, Ya-Hua Lin","doi":"10.1155/2023/7068735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7068735","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, preventing epidemics is an extremely critical global topic. Using present data to quickly conduct virus simulations is a difficult but interesting problem, especially when real situations are difficult to experimentally demonstrate. In the past, most studies have used package software for disease transmission simulation, but this approach is limited by availability and software cost. Therefore, we propose a visual simulation of disease transmission using building information modeling data and a 3D model using Unity. The results show that the proposed method can effectively predict the probability and route of disease transmission; it also verifies that the vertical pipeline on the floor plane is conducive to the spread of the virus (90%), and disease transmission on the plane gradually expands outward from the starting room and has a higher probability of spreading (80%) from the opposite room. In addition, a vertical pipeline was simulated using a toilet exhaust air ventilation pipeline, from which it can be observed that the adjacent floors have a higher diffusion probability (70%). It has also been confirmed that distance is the primary factor affecting disease transmission. This framework may provide designers and managers further protection against the spread of future epidemics.","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84701775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Ionization on the Filtration of Fine and Ultrafine Particles in Indoor Air","authors":"Pranav Muthukrishnan, F. Farahi","doi":"10.1155/2023/6359137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6359137","url":null,"abstract":"As we spend approximately 80% of our time indoors, improving indoor air quality is necessary to lessen the spread and impacts of respiratory diseases and other health issues caused by particle pollution. Currently, in many countries, the primary method of cleaning indoor air is by using better, higher-grade filters in a recirculating air system or increasing ventilation with outdoor air. One way to supplement these time-tested approaches is by implementing ionization. We used a bipolar ionizer to test the removal efficiency of filters on different particle sizes with and without ionization. Calibrated cigarettes were used to generate smoke into a 28-cubic-meter chamber with a recirculating air handling system. It was found that ionization had a 275% increase in the removal efficiency of the most penetrating particle sizes (100-500 nm). We conclude that ionization drastically improves the filter removal efficiency of fine and ultrafine particles in indoor environments.","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76449565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) in House Dust in Canadian Homes: Behaviors and Associations with Housing Characteristics and Consumer Products","authors":"Luyao Zhang, G. Navaranjan, T. Takaro, S. Bernstein, L. Jantunen, W. Lou, P. Mandhane, T. Moraes, J. Scott, E. Simons, S. Turvey, P. Subbarao, J. Brook","doi":"10.1155/2023/4655289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4655289","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which is ubiquitous in indoor environments, was the predominant phthalate measured in house dust in the Canadian CHILD Cohort and was found to be associated with a large increased risk of childhood asthma. Objective. To inform interventions by identifying sources of DEHP in dust and assessing behaviors related to DEHP concentrations in house dust. Methods. DEHP levels were measured in 726 dust samples collected at ~3 months of age in CHILD as well as in ~50 homes at two time points (June and November) in the CHILD pilot study. DEHP metabolites were measured in urine for a subset of the ~3-month-old infants. Housing characteristics were assessed at the time of dust and urine collection. Numerous factors from these surveys were investigated as potential sources of DEHP using univariate analyses and multivariable regressions. Correlations between DEHP in dust and urinary metabolites and between repeat dust samples were examined to study the relationship between dust measurement and DEHP exposure. Results. Overall, DEHP dust concentrations were higher for lower-income families. Homes with vinyl flooring in the kitchen and bathroom showed higher levels of DEHP than those without vinyl flooring. The quantity of vinyl furniture and the presence of mold were associated with higher DEHP concentrations, while the use of mattress covers reduced concentration. No other significant associations were found. DEHP concentrations in dust were consistent over 6 months, although the correlation between dust and DEHP metabolites in urine was low. Conclusion. DEHP in house dust persisted over multiple months, contributed to infant internal exposure, and was associated with specific housing characteristics. These findings may inform the public on their choice of building materials and products, as well as future policies, aimed at reducing the health risk associated with exposures in the indoor environment especially for children.","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72743684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Characteristics, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment of Gaseous Carbonyl Compounds in Residential Indoor and Outdoor Environments in a Megacity of Northwest China","authors":"Lu Li, W. Dai, M. Shen, Xinyi Niu, Tafeng Hu, Jing Duan, Junjie Cao, Zhenxing Shen, K. Ho, J. Li","doi":"10.1155/2023/7769354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7769354","url":null,"abstract":"Carbonyl compounds (CCs) in indoor air pose a significant threat to residents’ health and have garnered considerable attention in recent years. However, most studies have focused on low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds (LMW-CCs) and have underestimated the impact of high-molecular-weight ones (HMW-CCs), causing a failure to comprehensively understand their effects on health. In this study, we analyzed twenty carbonyls in the indoor and outdoor air at typical residential communities in a megacity in Northwest China by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a photodiode array detector (DAD). The total concentration of indoor carbonyls was 1.4-3.4 times that of outdoor carbonyls. In addition, the concentration of indoor carbonyls was much higher during the heating season than that during the nonheating season. Conversely, the concentration of outdoor carbonyls was higher during the nonheating season than that during the heating season. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that indoor carbonyl pollution was primarily influenced by building materials, cooking fume, and wooden furniture. Formaldehyde exposure in indoor environments posed a greater health risk to children than acetaldehyde exposure. HMW-CCs were the primary contributors to indoor odor pollution, which was considered a significant cause of sick building syndrome (SBS). Our findings underscore the crucial role of HMW-CCs in indoor environments in exerting adverse impacts on health.","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83956020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of CO2-Sorption Characteristics of Readily Available Solid Materials for Indoor Direct Air Capturing","authors":"Lukas Baus, S. Nehr, Nobutaka Maeda","doi":"10.1155/2023/8821044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8821044","url":null,"abstract":"Direct air capturing (DAC) is an energy demanding process for CO2-removal from air. Ongoing research focuses on the potential of indoor air as DAC-feed to profit from currently unused energetic synergies between DAC and the built environment. In this work, we investigated the performance of three different readily available, solid DAC-adsorbers under typical indoor environmental conditions of 16-25°C, 25-60% relative humidity (RH), and CO2-concentrations of less than 800 ppm above atmospheric concentrations. The measured mass-specific CO2-adsorption capacities of K2CO3-impregnated activated carbon, polyethylenimine-snow (PEI-snow), and polyethylenimine (PEI) on silica amount to \u0000 \u0000 6.5\u0000 ±\u0000 0.3\u0000  \u0000 mg\u0000  \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 g\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 −\u0000 1\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 , \u0000 \u0000 52.9\u0000 ±\u0000 4.9\u0000  \u0000 mg\u0000  \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 g\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 −\u0000 1\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 , and \u0000 \u0000 56.9\u0000 ±\u0000 4.2\u0000  \u0000 mg\u0000  \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 g\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 −\u0000 1\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 , respectively. Among the three investigated adsorber materials, PEI on silica is the most promising candidate for DAC-applications as its synthesis is rather simple, the CO2-desorption is feasible at moderate conditions of about 80°C at 100 mbar, and the competing co-adsorption of water does not strongly affect the CO2-adsorption under the investigated experimental conditions.","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85496626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison of Ambient Air Ethylene Oxide Modeling Estimates from Facility Stack and Fugitive Emissions to Canister-Based Ambient Air Measurements in Salt Lake City","authors":"S. B. Spooner, Rod Handy, Nancy Daher, R. Edie, Trenton D. Henry, Darrah K. Sleeth","doi":"10.3390/air1030013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/air1030013","url":null,"abstract":"Ethylene oxide (EtO) is a colorless, flammable gas at room temperature produced by the catalytic oxidation of ethylene. EtO is widely used by medical sterilization facilities to clean medical supplies and equipment. Recent epidemiological studies showed that EtO is a more potent carcinogen than previously documented, leading the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to update, in December 2016, the inhalation unit risk estimate for EtO. This resulted in the identification of EtO as a potential health concern in several areas across the US, including the state of Utah. The geography surrounding Salt Lake Valley creates a bowl, which is ideal for collecting air pollution emissions. The region often experiences inversion episodes which inhibit vertical mixing and cause an accumulation of air pollutants, leading to unhealthy pollution levels. Using the EPA’s dispersion modeling software, AERMOD, this study estimated EtO concentrations through facility stack and fugitive emissions modeling results. These values were compared with those of canister-based concentrations from ambient air samples taken near a medical device sterilization facility in Salt Lake Valley. Stainless steel whole-air passivated canisters were used to collect 24 h ambient concentration samples of EtO. Eight locations surrounding a Salt Lake Valley medical device sterilization facility and four background sites were chosen to measure the ambient concentrations. Accounting for potential atmospheric impacts on EtO, measurements were sampled in winter 2022 (January–March) and summer 2022 (July–September). The modeled EtO concentrations were adjusted to account for background values associated with the winter or summer data. Then, the two methodologies were compared using a Wilcoxon signed-ranked paired test. The statistical analysis resulted in six of the eight sample locations surrounding the sterilization facility being significantly different when comparing the canister-based measurements of ambient EtO to modeled estimates. Canister-based measurements taken at sites one, three, and four were statistically greater than the modeled estimates, while sites two, five, and seven were statistically less than the modeled estimates. Also, the summer background value calculated was almost 2.5 times greater than the winter one. The results do not suggest whether one method is more or less conservative than the other. In conclusion, the five of the closest sites and site seven were statistically different when comparing measured and modeled ambient concentrations of EtO. The comparison results do not clearly indicate if a correction factor could be derived for future human exposure to cancer risk assessment modeling. However, it is reasonable that the closer to the sterilization facility, the more total EtO exposure will be realized.","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80861153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}