Indoor air最新文献

{"title":"The Association Between Indoor Air Pollution and Lung Cancer Risk in a Chinese Population","authors":"Fang Fang,&nbsp;Jin-Yi Zhou,&nbsp;Claire H. Kim,&nbsp;Zi-Yi Jin,&nbsp;Xing Liu,&nbsp;Liming Li,&nbsp;Lina Mu,&nbsp;Ming Wu,&nbsp;Jin-Kou Zhao,&nbsp;Zuo-Feng Zhang","doi":"10.1155/ina/9937960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/9937960","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Though indoor air pollution (IAP) is associated with elevated lung cancer risk, an integrated measure is imperative to thoroughly investigate this association. The interplay between sex and IAP on lung cancer remains unclear. We conducted a population-based case-control study in Jiangsu Province, China, from 2003 to 2010, with 2871 lung cancer cases and 8019 controls. Exposures and covariates information were collected via in-person interviews using a standardized questionnaire. An integrated weighted risk score (WRS), accounting for the effect sizes of each source of IAP, was introduced. Unconditional logistic regression was employed to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Interactions between sex and IAP by tobacco smoking status were evaluated. Environmental tobacco smoking (ETS) (aOR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.40, 1.69), poor ventilation (aOR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.30), and coal used for cooking (aOR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.41) were associated with lung cancer. Dose-response relationships between lung cancer and WRS were observed, with <i>p</i> for trend less than 0.001. aOR for individuals at the highest quartile of the WRS of IAP was 1.74 (95% CI: 1.52, 2.00) compared to the lowest quartile. The associations were more profound among never-smokers than ever-smokers. Females tended to be more vulnerable to IAP, and sex interacted with IAP beyond multiplicativity on the odds scale. IAP is associated with lung cancer, with a stronger impact among never-smokers. An interaction between IAP and sex was observed. These results underscore the importance of controlling IAP, especially ETS in order to reduce the risk of lung cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/9937960","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Reliability of CO2 Measurements Using Low-Cost Sensors: A Study of Sensor Positioning and Ventilation Strategies in Classrooms","authors":"Daniel Marín,&nbsp;Alba Alegría-Sala,&nbsp;Lluc Canals Casals,&nbsp;Marcel Macarulla,&nbsp;Jordi Fonollosa","doi":"10.1155/ina/5517242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/5517242","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The COVID-19 emergency evidenced the value of keeping indoor spaces properly ventilated, which increased the interest in CO₂ loggers. However, when monitoring, many significant variables are often overlooked, such as sensor specifications, the position of the system with respect to the airflow path (or occupants), and the relationship between these variables and the ventilation system of the room. With the purpose of properly standardizing future indoor air quality measurements in classroom settings, this study evaluated the results of a measurement campaign consisting of 33 individual measurements performed on site during 5 months in primary schools and university classrooms. This work uses <i>d</i>CO₂/<i>d</i><i>t</i> to identify CO₂ tendencies while taking into account classroom topology and ventilation. Results show that variables such as their position and the ventilation strategy of the room often outweigh the sensor specifications, causing spatial discrepancies beyond 100 ppm. Along with the results, recommendations for future measurements are discussed in order to avoid nonrepresentative estimations of the CO₂ level of indoor spaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/5517242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective and Restorative Effects of Biophilic Design in High School Indoor Environments on Stress and Cognitive Function","authors":"Li Mengqi,&nbsp;Yin Jie,&nbsp;Xu Leiqing","doi":"10.1155/ina/8696488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/8696488","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mental health is a significant concern for teenagers. Given that about 80% of Chinese high school students spend the majority of their time indoors on campus, school environments present opportunities not just for learning but also for reducing students’ stress and promoting their well-being. Previous research has shown that direct interactions with natural elements such as green plants have restorative effects, but limited attention has been given to indirect interactions with nature. We investigated the impact of three design forms—nonbiophilic, curved, and biomimicry—within school corridors and classrooms on Chinese high school students’ stress and cognitive functions. We employed a combination of subjective assessments and objective measurements to examine the protective and restorative impacts of these three design forms and utilized virtual 3D models in order to control confounding environmental variables during a visual experience. Through virtual reality simulations involving 96 participants, we collected physiological responses, including skin conductance level, heart rate, indicators of heart rate variability, and cognitive responses, including creativity and attention test scores, to evaluate participants’ changes in stress levels and cognitive performance. Our results indicated that indirect exposure to nature, particularly curved forms, facilitates greater cognitive improvement and stress reduction, whereas nonbiophilic forms offer enhanced stress protection benefits. Therefore, learning environments with nonbiophilic design may be more suitable for tasks that induce stress, such as classes and examinations. Learning environments that feature curved biophilic forms may be better suited for promoting relaxation, creativity, and attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/8696488","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CO2- and PM2.5-Focused Optimal Ventilation Strategy Based on Predictive Control","authors":"Young Jae Choi,&nbsp;Eun Ji Choi,&nbsp;Jae Yoon Byun,&nbsp;Hyeun Jun Moon,&nbsp;Min Ki Sung,&nbsp;Jin Woo Moon","doi":"10.1155/ina/6652442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/6652442","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study developed and evaluated an optimal ventilation strategy for variable air volume (VAV) systems, targeting carbon dioxide (CO₂) and particulate matter less than 2.5 <i>μ</i>m in diameter (PM_2.5) concentrations. The strategy integrates system-level demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) based on real-time occupancy data and zone-level predictive control using indoor air quality (IAQ) prediction models. By predicting indoor CO₂ and PM_2.5 levels for the subsequent time step and dynamically adjusting control priorities, optimal airflow is determined. A co-simulation model integrating EnergyPlus, CONTAM, and Python was employed for model training and testing. The proposed strategy was compared with on–off control, CO₂ predictive control, and PM_2.5 predictive control, demonstrating superior prediction accuracy and stable IAQ maintenance. The optimal ventilation strategy achieved the highest performance, maintaining CO₂ and PM_2.5 levels below their respective upper limits of 100% and 97.33% of the time. Although this strategy resulted in slightly higher energy consumption compared to the other control algorithms due to its multivariable control approach, it effectively maintained IAQ standards. This method simplifies development and maintenance by circumventing the need for complex optimization, providing a flexible and cost-effective solution for IAQ management. Future research will focus on developing integrated VAV system control strategies that ensure comfort year-round, addressing both energy efficiency and thermal comfort.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/6652442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Winter Prebedtime Footbath on Sleep Quality in Young Men: A Pilot Study","authors":"Bin Yang,&nbsp;Bo’an Wei,&nbsp;Miao Guo,&nbsp;Zhenjing Wu,&nbsp;Minzhang Liu,&nbsp;Ruiqi Guo,&nbsp;Luting Bai,&nbsp;Haichuan Zhao,&nbsp;Zhe Li,&nbsp;Pengju Liu,&nbsp;Jiahua Li,&nbsp;Faming Wang","doi":"10.1155/ina/2260185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/2260185","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In order to explore reasonable prebedtime interventions to improve the sleep quality of the youth population, this experiment comprehensively investigated the effect of prebedtime footbath on the improvement of youth sleep quality. The experimental conditions of the experimental group were to take a 30-min footbath at 40°C 1 h before bedtime, to compare the experiment with the control group that did not take footbath, and to strictly control other environmental parameters that may affect sleep quality. We recorded the sleep of 16 male subjects using a subjective sleep quality questionnaire and polysomnography (PSG) and recorded their distal skin temperature (DST) and proximal skin temperature (PST) during footbath and sleep using temperature records. The skin temperature data showed that footbath before bedtime helped to increase DST and accelerate heat dissipation from the terminal skin, which in turn increased the distal–proximal skin temperature gradient (DPG), and we found that the DPG of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group for 84.8% of the time during the whole night’s sleep. Both subjective questionnaire and PSG monitoring results showed that sleep quality and sleep calmness could be effectively improved by taking a 30-min 40°C bedtime footbath 1 h before bedtime. The subjective sleep quality questionnaire score of the control group was only 84.1% of that of the experimental group. There were significant differences between the control and experimental groups in total sleep time (TST), sleep-onset latency (SOL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), and arousal index (AI) (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Compared to the control group, the experimental group showed a 43.4-min increase in TST, a 14.9-min decrease in SOL, a 32-min decrease in WASO, a 3.28 beats/hour decrease in AI, and a 9.0% increase in sleep efficiency by performing a prebedtime footbath. This study quantitatively describes the effect of prebedtime footbath on the improvement of sleep quality in young men and provides an effective reference for the rational improvement of sleep quality in young people.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/2260185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Performance and Reliability of Collocated Enhanced Children’s MicroPEM (ECM) on Gravimetric and Nephelometric PM2.5 Personal Exposure Samples in Field Measurements in Rural Guatemala","authors":"Erick Mollinedo,&nbsp;John P. McCracken,&nbsp;Michael Johnson,&nbsp;Ricardo Piedrahita,&nbsp;Ajay Pillarisetti,&nbsp;Lance A. Waller,&nbsp;Jiantong Wang,&nbsp;Lisa M. Thompson,&nbsp;Anaite Diaz-Artiga,&nbsp;Oscar de Leon,&nbsp;Alexander Ramirez,&nbsp;Alejandro Polanco,&nbsp;Devan Campbell,&nbsp;Katherine A. Kearns,&nbsp;Jacob Kremer,&nbsp;Laura Nicolaou,&nbsp;Maggie L. Clark,&nbsp;Kalpana Balakrishnan,&nbsp;Ghislaine Rosa,&nbsp;Jennifer L. Peel,&nbsp;William Checkley,&nbsp;Thomas F. Clasen,&nbsp;Luke P. Naeher","doi":"10.1155/ina/8812602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/8812602","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traditional gravimetric instruments used for personal air pollution exposure measurements are often cumbersome and noisy and do not offer real-time assessment capability. The Enhanced Children’s MicroPEM (ECM) is a comparatively lightweight and quiet instrument designed to capture both integrated filter-based gravimetric samples and real-time continuous (nephelometric) particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 <i>μ</i>m or less (PM_2.5) concentrations. We assessed the performance and reliability of collocated ECMs in a subset of pregnant women participating in a randomized controlled trial in Guatemala to test a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cookstove (intervention) versus biomass (control) for cooking. We compared average daily (24 h) PM_2.5 concentrations for the paired gravimetric (<i>n</i> = 219) and paired adjusted nephelometric (<i>n</i> = 221) samples using Spearman correlation and Bland–Altman agreement; we also assessed reliability based on the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and root mean square error (RMSE). Median PM_2.5 gravimetric concentrations were 93.5 <i>μ</i>g/m³ (interquartile range (IQR) = 52.6–160.5) and 21.4 <i>μ</i>g/m³ (IQR = 12.0–32.0) in the control and LPG intervention groups, respectively; the median adjusted nephelometric concentrations were 83.7 <i>μ</i>g/m³ (IQR = 47.6–148.9) and 22.6 <i>μ</i>g/m³ (IQR = 17.5–29.7) in the control and LPG groups, respectively. Spearman correlations were higher in the control arm (0.91) than in the LPG intervention arm (0.67) in the gravimetric comparisons. The same trend was observed for adjusted nephelometric measurements in the control (0.92) and intervention arms (0.75). ICC values were high in both gravimetric (0.93) and nephelometric (0.95) collocations. Small differences in RMSE were observed for the gravimetric (26.69 <i>μ</i>g/m³) and nephelometric collocations (31.76 <i>μ</i>g/m³). Our findings demonstrate strong reliability between collocated ECMs for both gravimetric and adjusted nephelometric PM_2.5 personal exposure samples in rural Guatemala.</p><p><b>Trial Registration:</b> ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02944682</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/8812602","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor Air Quality Conditions and Respiratory Virus Detections in Elementary Schools-Kansas City, Missouri, February-March 2023.","authors":"Olivia M Almendares, Jasmine D Ruffin, Luke C Gard, Rangaraj Selvarangan, Anjana Sasidharan, Dithi Banerjee, Nibha Sagar, Amanda Hayes, Sydnie Petty, Brian R Lee, Christopher Young, Janelle Porter, Shannon Tilsworth, Jennifer L Goldman, Jennifer E Schuster, Hannah L Kirking","doi":"10.1155/ina/9935344","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ina/9935344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Respiratory viruses circulate year-round and can spread indoors via inhalation of airborne particles. Effective ventilation and filtration may reduce transmission, particularly in school settings where children and staff spend significant time. This study examines the impact of indoor air quality (IAQ) and ventilation in schools on respiratory virus detection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>During February 27 to March 30, 2023, we assessed the relationship between IAQ and respiratory viruses in two Kansas City, Missouri, elementary schools by collecting bioaerosol samples, student and staff nasal swabs, and monitoring IAQ across 10 rooms (six classrooms, two common spaces, and two nurses' offices). We calculated air changes per hour ( <math><mtext>ACH</mtext></math> ) and analyzed viral detections in nasal swabs and bioaerosol samples by high (≥ 1000 ppm) or low (< 1000 ppm) CO₂ concentration in classrooms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We collected 173 nasal swabs from 100 participants and 30 bioaerosol samples from 10 rooms. Participants were mostly female (68%) and white (60%). Viruses were detected in 90% of bioaerosol and 35% of nasal samples. Four classrooms and both common spaces had the same virus detected in bioaerosol and nasal swab samples. None of the spaces met the CDC recommended <math><mtext>ACH</mtext></math> of 5, and only one exceeded ANSI/ASHRAE 62.1-2022 standards for outdoor air supply. During school hours, 83% of classrooms had high average CO₂ concentrations. Classrooms with high CO₂ levels had higher viral detection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Viral presence was found in bioaerosol and nasal samples with some overlap in concurrently collected samples. Findings suggest a possible connection between high CO₂ levels and virus detection. Improving IAQ and ventilation may reduce respiratory infection risks in schools. However, this study highlights the need to further assess the impact of various environmental modifications on respiratory virus transmission in schools, including determining optimal strategies such as ventilation, filtration, or germicidal ultraviolet energy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":"9935344"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12416244/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145029701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Laboratory Scale Methodology to Test Portable Air Cleaner (PAC) Devices: Optimization and Application","authors":"Mattia Borelli,&nbsp;Andrea Bergomi,&nbsp;Paola Fermo,&nbsp;Letizia Sassi,&nbsp;Sara De Bernardis,&nbsp;Aligi Marini,&nbsp;Chiara Andrea Lombardi,&nbsp;Valeria Comite","doi":"10.1155/ina/7462245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/7462245","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Given that people spend on average more than 80% of their time indoors, monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ) is of the utmost importance for the safeguard of human health. Indeed, due to penetration from outdoors and the presence of specific indoor sources, poor IAQ is not uncommon. The use of portable air cleaners (PACs) is one of many options to improve IAQ. The market offers many products, but not all of them have reliable documentation on their effectiveness. Literature standard methods for testing PACs toward pollutants require extensive resources. In this work, we developed a new laboratory scale methodology based on a small, easy to use, economical batch system to test the efficiency of PACs. With this method, three commercial PACs were successfully tested for effectiveness toward volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM). The method proved successful, and the results highlighted the importance of conducting these tests, in addition to field investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/7462245","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dimensionless Characteristic Analysis of Indoor Gas–Liquid Humidification Jet Under Low Air Pressure on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau","authors":"Jiale Hu,&nbsp;Yingying Wang,&nbsp;Dengjia Wang,&nbsp;Cong Song,&nbsp;Baimu Suolang,&nbsp;Zhiguo Fu,&nbsp;Dandan Shi,&nbsp;Jiaman Li,&nbsp;Runyang Hu","doi":"10.1155/ina/3797691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/3797691","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mastering the characteristics of gas–liquid humidification jets at low pressure is fundamental for creating indoor humidity environments on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. In this paper, we numerically simulate gas–liquid two-phase jets at 50.0–101.3 kPa and analyze their flow, mass transfer, and heat transfer properties based on relevant dimensionless numbers. The results show that, for Reynolds number (Re) = 1652–9914 at low pressure, the jet axis velocity decays more slowly, the entrainment between the jet boundary and ambient air is enhanced, and the momentum diffusion range is larger. Specifically, at Re = 1652, the average jet axis velocity of 50.0 kPa is 0.13 m/s higher than that of 101.3 kPa. The jet dimensionless velocity distribution of each radial section obeys the Voigt curve. Under low-pressure conditions, the humidity diffusion range of the jet expands, while the temperature diffusion range decreases. The jet flow trajectory and velocity distribution are highly dependent on Re and Froude number (Fr), and temperature distribution depends significantly on Prandtl number (Pr) and Re. The jet humidity distribution highly depends on Schmidt number (Sc) when Re = 1652 and Re = 4957–9914, while showing weaker dependence on Sc for Re = 1652–4957. This study is aimed at enhancing the theory of gas–liquid jet flow and providing theoretical guidance for developing indoor humidity environment construction techniques at low pressure, thereby improving the livability of plateau buildings.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/3797691","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Air Quality in a Primary School Classroom During Wintertime","authors":"Eleni Dovrou,&nbsp;Christos Kaltsonoudis,&nbsp;Silas Androulakis,&nbsp;Ioannis Apostolopoulos,&nbsp;Andrea Simonati,&nbsp;Spyros N. Pandis","doi":"10.1155/ina/7888273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/7888273","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The levels of gas and particulate pollutants were measured inside and outside of a primary school classroom located in a suburban area in the city of Patras, Greece, during wintertime to evaluate the indoor air quality, identify potential problems, and determine the effectiveness of ventilation. The Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas (FORTH) mobile laboratory was deployed, and a switching valve system was used to obtain both indoor and outdoor measurements. The outdoor air was the main source of in-classroom pollutants, as the windows remained partially open. Ventilation of the classroom was achieved naturally through the windows, and it was continuous during school hours, maintaining the pollutant concentrations at low levels, with average fine particulate matter equal to 2.6 <i>μ</i>g m⁻³ and total aromatic and oxygenated volatile organic compound (VOC) levels in the order of 10 ppb. The levels of all measured pollutants were lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) safety limits, and they are not expected to affect the health of the students. Good air quality was observed within the classroom, showing the effectiveness of natural ventilation in this setting. Cleaning activities were a source of VOCs outside school hours, resulting in increases in the levels of VOCs of a few parts per billion. However, these concentrations were gradually reduced, and they did not reduce the indoor air quality the next school day. A box model was used to estimate an effective air exchange rate of 3.5 h⁻¹ during school hours.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/7888273","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}