Indoor air最新文献

{"title":"Considerations for Computational Fluid Dynamics Studies of Cleanrooms Exceeding Classical Indoor Air Simulations: A Systematic Review","authors":"Stephan Puntigam,&nbsp;Stefan Radl,&nbsp;Peter Karlinger","doi":"10.1155/ina/4302921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/4302921","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We provide a systematic review of the literature on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the cleanroom sector. The objective is to provide simulation engineers with an overview of studies in the field of cleanroom simulation, as well as to identify the most commonly used simulation parameters. Our findings indicate a persistent preference for the <i>k</i> − <i>ε</i> model for turbulent flow situations, although recent studies suggest a shift toward more sophisticated models, such as the RNG <i>k</i> − <i>ε</i> and SST <i>k</i> − <i>ω</i>. This reflects advancements in the available computational power made in the past years. Our analysis of particle tracking models indicates a clear preference for the Euler–Lagrange method over the Euler–Euler method. Moreover, the analysis of inlet models used indicates that geometrically resolved diffusers are preferred over simplified models. As every simulation study requires proper validation, full-scale experiments are clearly preferred in the reviewed studies. A best practice guide is distilled out of previous studies to provide a meaningful starting point for future CFD studies in the cleanroom sector.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/4302921","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracing PAHs in Indoor Dusts as Thirdhand Smoke: The Association With Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and Probabilistic Human Risk Assessment","authors":"Hossein Arfaeinia,&nbsp;Sara Dadipoor,&nbsp;Farshid Soleimani,&nbsp;Yadolah Fakhri,&nbsp;Ehsan Ramezanian Nik,&nbsp;Reza Saeedi,&nbsp;Nooshin Abbasi,&nbsp;Fatemeh Barzin","doi":"10.1155/ina/8882242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/8882242","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tobacco smoke is a significant contributor to indoor air pollution and poses serious health risks. This study surveyed the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoker household dust and the association between PAHs in dust and symptoms of sick building syndrome (SBS). Sixty samples of settled household dust (20 samples from homes with waterpipe smoker, 20 samples from homes with cigarette smoker, and 20 samples from smoke-free home as control group) were collected from Bandar Abbas City. Two residents of each home, who did not smoke, also completed a survey about SBS symptoms. The concentrations of PAHs were determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The average <i>Σ</i>PAH concentrations were 1039.66 ± 75.37, 917.51 ± 63.15, and 330.08 ± 58.22 ng/g in dust samples from homes with waterpipe smokers, homes with cigarette smokers, and smoke-free homes. In waterpipe and cigarette smoker homes, a significant relationship was observed between the <i>Σ</i>PAHs levels and reports of headache, skin dryness, skin itching, dryness and inflammation, and abnormal fatigue. The cancer risk of exposure to PAHs via household dust in adults and children based on home groups was waterpipe smokers residents &gt; cigarette smokers &gt; nonsmokers. Total cancer risk from PAH exposure in all three home groups was higher than 1.00E − 4. Multidisciplinary cooperation and participation, including tobacco control, environmental science, medicine, and health promotion, are needed for the effectiveness of management strategies to have a sufficient understanding of the routes of exposure, mechanisms of damage, and identification of vulnerable groups and how to control exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/8882242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating Air/Contaminant Transport Rate and Time From Attached Garages to Residential Living Spaces With a Single Tracer Gas Decay Test","authors":"Yigang Sun,&nbsp;Zachary Merrin,&nbsp;Paul Francisco","doi":"10.1155/ina/1957553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/1957553","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To characterize the air and contaminant transport from an attached garage to a living space in a multizone residential building, a novel mathematical regression model is proposed in this paper to estimate the transport rate and time and interpret the measurement results from a single tracer gas decay test. Unlike conventional contaminant/tracer gas experimental methods, which only characterize air/contaminant transport by comparing the average or highest concentrations of contaminant/tracer gas measured in the release zone and the target zone, this proposed model establishes a mathematical relationship directly between the two tracer gas concentrations, with the air transport rate and time factored into the coefficients of the model equations. Thus, the air/contaminant transport rate can be explicitly and empirically estimated from the data of the tracer gas concentrations measured during a simple tracer gas decay test without extra experimental requirements. The effectiveness of the model is verified with a few application examples showing its goodness of fit to the measured data from tracer gas decay tests in several occupied residential buildings. The proposed method can be practically used to estimate the air/contaminant transport rates and overall transport time from a single source zone to each target zone in a multizone building when all the underlying interzonal airflows are relatively constant and have minimal disturbances.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/1957553","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling Near-Field Aerosol Exposure for Respiratory Infection Risk Assessment","authors":"Christiaan J. E. Delmaar,&nbsp;Lucie C. Vermeulen,&nbsp;Jack F. Schijven","doi":"10.1155/ina/5571740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/5571740","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) is a method to estimate the risk of infectious disease transmission from human exposure to pathogens. QMRA is a helpful tool to inform health policies to control the impact of infectious disease transmission from human-to-human transmissible infectious respiratory diseases. QMRA combines an estimate of pathogen exposure with information on the probability of infection given the dose. The infection risk of respiratory diseases is generally assumed to depend on the interpersonal distance between the infectious person (index) and the exposed recipient. To account for close-proximity exposure in QMRA, specific generic models are required. To be helpful in policy information, these models should be sufficiently accurate in describing elevated air concentrations of pathogens near the index. On the other hand, they should be sufficiently generic and flexible to be applied in generalized situations without requiring very specific and detailed situational information. In this work, we identified different models to account for near-field exposure in the literature: multizone, diffusion, and jet models. These methods were tested with respect to their applicability in QMRA. We evaluated them on the criteria of ease of use, the availability of parameter values for generic application, and their ability to describe air concentrations in realistic situations as replicated in experiments. It was found that only diffusion modelling appeared to be both flexible enough to describe experimental data and to be supported by sufficient information to allow for parametrization in a wide variety of situations. The multizone models were found to be easy to use but difficult to parametrize given the arbitrariness of aspects of the modelling method. The jet models were found to be more complex to implement and adapt to specific exposure scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/5571740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced ActivePure Technology: The Opportunity for Risk Assessment Using Murine Model","authors":"Tomasz Niemiec,&nbsp;Wiesław Świderek,&nbsp;Małgorzata Rzepkowska,&nbsp;Magdalena Fajkowska,&nbsp;Marta Gajewska,&nbsp;Karolina Wnęk-Auguścik,&nbsp;Malwina Sosnowska,&nbsp;Magdalena Matusiewicz,&nbsp;Andrzej Łozicki,&nbsp;Klara Piotrowska","doi":"10.1155/ina/9916852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/9916852","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study evaluates the effects of Advanced ActivePure technology, a photocatalytic air purification system, on the health status of mice housed in a controlled environment. This novel technology is promising due to its ability to eliminate the risk of ozone release into the environment, making it safer compared to other photocatalytic oxidation technologies. Utilizing 300 6-month-old mice over a period of 3 months, this research investigated various health parameters, including haematological, serum biochemical, redox, and inflammatory indicators. The experiment demonstrated no significant alteration in the majority of tested parameters between the control and Advanced ActivePure-exposed groups. Until now, no study has analyzed the health safety of living organisms exposed to Advanced ActivePure in such a detailed manner. Histopathological analyses of nasal and eye tissues showed no adverse changes attributable to Advanced ActivePure exposure. These findings suggest that Advanced ActivePure technology does not negatively impact the overall health of mice, including biochemical markers and respiratory histopathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/9916852","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144171547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor Air Quality in Tehran’s Primary Schools: Seasonal Variations and Impact of External Pollution Sources on Pollutant Concentrations—A Comprehensive Analytical Study","authors":"Maryam Borhani Jebeli,&nbsp;Rasul Nasiri,&nbsp;Golnaz Yarahmadi,&nbsp;Soraya Fazeli,&nbsp;Seyed Poriya Fazeli,&nbsp;Somayeh Soleimani Alyar,&nbsp;Parvaneh Beyk Mohamadloo,&nbsp;Elham Maraghi,&nbsp;Rasoul Yarahmadi","doi":"10.1155/ina/5518200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/5518200","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The children’s sensitivity to high concentrations of pollutants in schools has led to increased attention to indoor air quality in recent years. Hence, the study was aimed at determining the concentration of air pollutants in primary school classrooms in Tehran during one academic year. For this purpose, the research team identified and evaluated primary schools in different regions of the Tehran megacity. Schools with similar characteristics were selected to sample CO₂, PM₁, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀ pollutants in the indoor air of Tehran primary school classrooms. A total of 30 classrooms were sampled in five schools during the autumn, winter, and spring seasons of one academic year, spanning from September 2016 to May 2017. Data analysis was conducted using Python-based tools, including Seaborn and Matplotlib, to generate visual insights. The results showed that the concentration of the pollutants studied differs significantly in winter compared to autumn and spring in the indoor air of the classrooms. The highest CO₂, PM₁, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and PM_Total concentrations were observed in the north, center, south, south, and south of Tehran, especially in the ground-floor classrooms, respectively. The results of distance from green space, private space, and floors in winter emphasize an internal source of pollution; conversely, in spring and autumn, they show the influence of external sources on the concentration of pollutants inside the classrooms in various areas of Tehran. To summarize, the results of this study showed that the indoor air quality of primary school classrooms in Tehran requires careful investigation and urgent measures to reduce pollutants and improve environmental conditions to maintain the health and comfort of students and school board members.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/5518200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144171548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor Spreading and Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 Detected in Air and on Surfaces After Speaking or Singing of Symptomatic Individuals","authors":"Rebecca Niese,&nbsp;Lucie C. Vermeulen,&nbsp;Maarten Schipper,&nbsp;Ingmar Janse,&nbsp;Frank Verhoeven,&nbsp;Anne Jetske Boer,&nbsp;Alvin Bartels,&nbsp;Erwin Duizer,&nbsp;Ana Maria de Roda Husman,&nbsp;Mariëtte Lokate","doi":"10.1155/ina/4404220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/4404220","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This observational experimental study was aimed at measuring SARS-CoV-2 dispersion via air and deposition onto surfaces in indoor spaces at short range (0.8 m) and long range (4.0 m) during the speaking and singing of mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Ten patients were invited to sing and speak in unventilated rooms. Air and surface samples were taken and analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 by qPCR and cell culture assay. Seventy-three of 120 air samples and 2 of 80 surface samples tested positive by qPCR. Concentrations were too low to be quantified. Culturing to confirm infectivity was unsuccessful for all samples. High nasal virus concentration in patients, a high number of symptoms, and short symptom duration correlated with a higher probability of PCR-positive air samples. Impingers were significantly more effective air samplers than impactors. No significant effect was found for patient age, oropharyngeal virus concentration, the presence of systemic symptoms, vaccination status, the number of coughs during measurements, room temperature, humidity, time, proximity, respiratory activity, or voice amplitude during experiments. Two supporting experiments were performed on aerosol dispersion and sampler equipment tests. They confirmed that aerosols spread throughout the room homogeneously and that selected sampler equipment can detect genetic material from environmental samples. This study adds to the body of evidence regarding the dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in range of a few meters indoors.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/4404220","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Upper-Room Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation on Airborne Bacteria Concentration in Full-Scale Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms","authors":"Jong-Il Bang,&nbsp;Ye-Lim Jo,&nbsp;Anseop Choi,&nbsp;Jae-Weon Jeong,&nbsp;Minki Sung","doi":"10.1155/ina/9222264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/9222264","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the importance of maintaining a healthy indoor environment, particularly in healthcare facilities where strict infection control is essential. Airborne infection isolation rooms (AIIRs) are designed to isolate infectious patients and prevent the spread of airborne pathogens. However, additional microbial contamination control measures are necessary to ensure safe indoor air quality for both healthcare workers and patients. In this study, the disinfection performance of upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UR-UVGI) was experimentally evaluated in a full-scale AIIR environment. Experiments were conducted under the AIIR minimum operational conditions (i.e., ≥ 6 air changes per hour (ACH)), using <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (<i>ATCC 6633</i>) as the microbial contaminant. To simulate practical conditions, two microbial source scenarios were considered: (1) outdoor sources, wherein the microbes infiltrated from the anteroom into the ward, and (2) indoor sources, wherein the microbes were generated directly at the patient’s respiratory position. The results indicate that for outdoor sources, UR-UVGI reduced airborne contaminants by approximately 20% at the ward center and 28% at the patient’s respiratory position, but these reductions were not statistically significant (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). By contrast, for indoor sources, UR-UVGI achieved a statistically significant reduction of approximately 23% at the ward center and 25% at the ward exhaust (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). These findings suggest that UR-UVGI serves as a supplementary disinfection method in AIIRs. In addition, the relatively low disinfection efficacy observed at high ventilation rates (≥ 6 ACH) indicates the need for optimized UR-UVGI placement strategies to enhance disinfection performance. Future research will focus on microbial dispersion and deposition patterns, incorporating computational fluid dynamics modeling to assess UR-UVGI effectiveness under various environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/9222264","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144108896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying Indoor Air Quality Determinants in Green-Certified Buildings Using a Hybrid Machine Learning Method: A Case Study in Florida","authors":"He Zhang,&nbsp;Ravi Srinivasan,&nbsp;Xu Yang,&nbsp;Vikram Ganesan,&nbsp;Junxue Zhang,&nbsp;Han Zhang","doi":"10.1155/ina/2150075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/2150075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the indoor air quality (IAQ) conditions in green-certified buildings and examines the factors influencing them. An integrated IoT sensing system was implemented indoors and outdoors to assess the levels of particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone at five Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)-certified and five non-LEED educational buildings in Central Florida. Building-related characteristics were collected through walk-through surveys, BACnet systems, and construction drawings. An algorithm model based on support vector machine (SVM) and nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) was developed to analyze the features of pollutants and the relative contribution of different influencing factors. The findings reveal that concentrations of target pollutants are generally lower in LEED buildings compared to non-LEED buildings. Although IAQ influencing factors are generally similar between LEED and non-LEED buildings, the weighted contribution ratios of specific factors, particularly for indoor nitrogen dioxide and ozone, vary significantly. The concentration of pollutants in non-LEED buildings is more susceptible to adverse environmental factors. The SVM-NMF model demonstrates significant advantages in nonlinear feature extraction and handling multicollinearity issues. It surpasses multiple linear regression and backpropagation neural network models in analyzing multidimensional indoor air data by 26.9% and 18% (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), respectively. The robustness of the model was validated through fit comparison, cross-validation, and residual analysis. This study provides a foundational information base and effective technical means for subsequent research on IAQ management.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/2150075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying Physical and Chemical Processes of Indoor CO2 and Ozone in a University Classroom Using Low-Cost Sensors and Model Simulation","authors":"Feng Chen,&nbsp;Wei-Chieh Huang,&nbsp;Wei-Chun Hwang,&nbsp;Yaying Wang,&nbsp;Jianhuai Ye,&nbsp;Hui-Ming Hung","doi":"10.1155/ina/3358673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/3358673","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Indoor air quality is a crucial factor affecting human health, with high levels of CO₂ impairing cognition and ozone reacting with human skin to produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as geranyl acetone (Ga), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO), and 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA), which can cause irritation to the respiratory tract and skin. In this study, the indoor air quality of a university classroom was monitored using home-built air quality boxes (AQBs) comprising low-cost sensors for various gas species, including CO₂, ozone, and NO_x. The interaction processes between indoor and outdoor air and human interference were investigated using box model simulation of CO₂ and ozone profiles. The results indicate both indoor CO₂ and ozone were significantly affected by the ventilation and number of occupants. The simulation of CO₂ profiles retrieves an air exchange rate constant of ~1.05 h⁻¹ for one door opening, in addition to the room ventilator of 1.20 h⁻¹. With the derived parameters, the study estimated that ozone, mainly transported from the outdoors and consumed by room and human surfaces, has deposition velocities of 0.019 ± 0.005 and 0.45 ± 0.15 cm s⁻¹ for room and human surfaces, respectively, consistent with the literature. The simulation also suggests that VOCs such as Ga, 6-MHO, and 4-OPA from ozone consumption on human surfaces might accumulate indoors to several parts per billion by volume in a crowded room with poor ventilation. The integration of observation using low-cost sensors with the model simulation quantified the physical and chemical processes controlling indoor ozone concentration and organic ozonolysis. Furthermore, the study suggests that the retrieved parameters from the model could guide proper ventilation strategies to maintain good indoor air quality with energy efficiency based on the number of occupants.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/3358673","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}