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COVID-19 Infection Risk Assessment in a Kindergarten Utilizing Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Data COVID-19 利用连续空气质量监测数据评估幼儿园的感染风险
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学
Indoor air Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1155/2024/1779971
Chung-Yen Chen, Jia-Kun Chen, Chia-Pin Chio, Pau-Chung Chen, Ta-Chen Su, Chang-Chuan Chan
{"title":"COVID-19 Infection Risk Assessment in a Kindergarten Utilizing Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Data","authors":"Chung-Yen Chen,&nbsp;Jia-Kun Chen,&nbsp;Chia-Pin Chio,&nbsp;Pau-Chung Chen,&nbsp;Ta-Chen Su,&nbsp;Chang-Chuan Chan","doi":"10.1155/2024/1779971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1779971","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Researchers and transnational public health organizations have recognized aerosol transmission as an essential route of COVID-19 transmission. Therefore, improving ventilation systems is now adopted as a core preventive measure. As young children aged 2–6 in kindergartens generally lack vaccine protection and multiple infection clusters have been identified during the pandemic, we aimed to quantify the risk of aerosol transmission in kindergartens in Taipei, Taiwan. From August to November 2021, we conducted on-site visits and continuously monitored indoor air quality indicators including carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) in a kindergarten located in northern Taiwan. We utilized the Wells–Riley model to estimate the basic reproduction number (<i>R</i><sub>0</sub>) of each classroom and staff office, with input parameters including the number of occupants, duration of their stay, and indoor/outdoor CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. Contagious settings were defined as those where the <i>R</i><sub>0</sub> estimate exceeded 1. We conducted a scenario/sensitivity analysis to assess the effect of simulated improvement measures. During school hours, the average concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> in each classroom and the staff office was often more than 400 ppm higher than the outdoor levels. The <i>R</i><sub>0</sub> estimates gradually increased from Monday to Friday and throughout school hours, corresponding to the hourly and daily distribution of the CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, which could not dissipate completely during off-duty time. The <i>R</i><sub>0</sub> estimates during school hours ranged from 3.01 to 3.12 in classrooms with a maximum of 30 occupants. To lower the <i>R</i><sub>0</sub> estimate, it is imperative to substantially reduce the number of occupants, the duration of their stay, and indoor CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. The risk of outbreaks of cluster infections in kindergartens should not be underestimated. Feasible strategies to mitigate this risk should include improving ventilation systems through engineering control and limiting the number of indoor occupants and their time staying indoor through administrative control.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/1779971","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142641763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Objective and Subjective Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Comfort Indices: Characterization of Mediterranean Climate Archetypal Schools After the COVID-19 Pandemic 客观和主观室内空气质量及热舒适度指数:COVID-19大流行后地中海气候典型学校的特征描述
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学
Indoor air Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2456666
Jesús Llanos-Jiménez, Rafael Suárez, Alicia Alonso, Juan José Sendra
{"title":"Objective and Subjective Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Comfort Indices: Characterization of Mediterranean Climate Archetypal Schools After the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Jesús Llanos-Jiménez,&nbsp;Rafael Suárez,&nbsp;Alicia Alonso,&nbsp;Juan José Sendra","doi":"10.1155/2024/2456666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2456666","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted renewed interest in indoor air quality (IAQ). Poor ventilation habits, energy obsolescence, and the lack of cooling equipment in schools, combined with increasing temperatures due to climate change, are leading to situations of thermal stress in classrooms. Changes in school operation, following the COVID pandemic, have made it necessary to establish an accurate understanding of the current situation. This research work presents an assessment of winter and summer IAQ and thermal comfort (TC) for a sample of 7 archetypal secondary schools in 5 Mediterranean climate variants in southern Spain in a postpandemic situation. IAQ was assessed through CO<sub>2</sub>, PM2.5, PM10, and CH<sub>2</sub>O, while static and adaptive models were used in the case of TC. Surveys were also used to assess both of these. The main novelty is the use of IAPI (indoor air pollution index) and IDI (indoor dissatisfaction index) objective global dimensionless indices to optimize the joint assessment of both variables. Poor objective IAQ results, especially for CO<sub>2</sub> and PM2.5, were obtained for both seasons and all climate variants. Global IAPI is between 6.2 and 8.1, with an index of 10 considered unacceptable, while time percentages exceeding established limits are more variable in winter, ranging from 7% to 31.9%, than in summer, ranging from 14.3% to 20.9%. TC objective results varied, and the summer percentage of hours outside the comfort bands reached 40%–47% due to excess heat in the hottest regions. This discomfort was reported by 58.3% of users.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/2456666","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Holographic Air-Quality Monitor (HAM) 全息空气质量监测仪(HAM)
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学
Indoor air Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2210837
Nicholas Bravo-Frank, Lei Feng, Jiarong Hong
{"title":"Holographic Air-Quality Monitor (HAM)","authors":"Nicholas Bravo-Frank,&nbsp;Lei Feng,&nbsp;Jiarong Hong","doi":"10.1155/2024/2210837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2210837","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We introduce the holographic air-quality monitor (HAM) system, uniquely tailored for monitoring large particulate matter (PM) over 10 <i>μ</i>m in diameter—particles critical for disease transmission and public health but overlooked by most commercial PM sensors. The HAM system utilizes a lensless digital inline holography (DIH) sensor combined with a deep learning model, enabling real-time detection of PMs with greater than 97% true positive rate at less than 0.6% false positive rate and analysis of PMs by size and morphology at a sampling rate of 26 L/min for a wide range of particle concentrations up to 4000 particles/L. Such throughput not only significantly outperforms traditional imaging-based sensors but also rivals some lower-fidelity, nonimaging sensors. Additionally, the HAM system is equipped with additional sensors for smaller PMs and various air quality conditions, ensuring a comprehensive assessment of indoor air quality. The performance of the DIH sensor within the HAM system was evaluated through comparison with brightfield microscopy, showing high concordance in size and morphology measurements. The efficacy of the DIH sensor was also demonstrated in two 2-h experiments under different environments simulating practical conditions, with one involving distinct PM-generating events. These tests highlighted the HAM system’s advanced capability to differentiate PM events from background noise and its exceptional sensitivity to irregular, large-sized PMs of low concentration.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/2210837","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Indoor Air Quality: Predicting and Comparing Protective Behaviors in Germany and Portugal 室内空气质量:预测和比较德国和葡萄牙的保护行为
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学
Indoor air Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3006342
Inês Veiga, Mijail Naranjo-Zolotov, Ricardo Martins, Tiago Oliveira, Stylianos Karatzas
{"title":"Indoor Air Quality: Predicting and Comparing Protective Behaviors in Germany and Portugal","authors":"Inês Veiga,&nbsp;Mijail Naranjo-Zolotov,&nbsp;Ricardo Martins,&nbsp;Tiago Oliveira,&nbsp;Stylianos Karatzas","doi":"10.1155/2024/3006342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3006342","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the adoption of indoor air quality (IAQ) management technologies in Germany and Portugal, focusing on the common and differentiating factors influencing individuals’ motivations and the perceived health impacts of these technologies. Utilizing a model based on the protection motivation theory, we surveyed 800 participants (400 from each country) to understand how their perceptions of the risks associated with poor IAQ and their evaluations of the effectiveness and costs of technologies like air purifiers and sensors drive the adoption intention of these technologies and well-being of individuals. To estimate the complex relationships in our model, we employed partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Our model explains nearly 50% of the variance in well-being for both countries. The results revealed significant differences in the factors driving technology adoption: Germans are primarily motivated by individual efficacy and personal responsibility with the people close to them. Regarding the similarities, participants from both countries value the technology’s effectiveness in improving IAQ and do not see being vulnerable to health issues derived from poor IAQ as a motivator. These insights highlight the need for strategies that are tailored to specific cultural and national contexts to promote the adoption of IAQ management technologies, aiming to enhance IAQ and public health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/3006342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Indoor Exchange Rates and Penetration From Outdoors in an Instrumented Terraced House (Townhouse) Using Gas Tracers: Implications for Particles and Gases Indoors 使用气体示踪剂的带仪器排屋(联排别墅)的室内交换率和室外渗透率:室内粒子和气体的影响
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学
Indoor air Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9204433
James C. Matthews, M. Anwar H. Khan, Matthew D. Wright, Prem K. Perumal, Carl J. Percival, Ian D. Bull, Ian J. Craddock, Dudley E. Shallcross
{"title":"Indoor Exchange Rates and Penetration From Outdoors in an Instrumented Terraced House (Townhouse) Using Gas Tracers: Implications for Particles and Gases Indoors","authors":"James C. Matthews,&nbsp;M. Anwar H. Khan,&nbsp;Matthew D. Wright,&nbsp;Prem K. Perumal,&nbsp;Carl J. Percival,&nbsp;Ian D. Bull,&nbsp;Ian J. Craddock,&nbsp;Dudley E. Shallcross","doi":"10.1155/2024/9204433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9204433","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Air exchange rate is a key determinant of indoor air quality which is highly variable within the rooms of a naturally ventilated terraced house (townhouse). Window opening can increase the air exchange rate, but internal door opening between rooms inside decreases the rate. Inert perfluorocarbon gas-phase tracers demonstrated flow within the house, and the penetration of tracers released outside into the house showed a strong dependence on wind speed and wind direction. Between experiments, it was found that the tracer could be detected within certain parts of the house weeks after the initial release, with implications for pollutants and their impact on the indoor environment. A limited number of reactive tracer experiments suggested an upper limit for indoor [OH]~1 × 10<sup>5</sup> molecule cm<sup>-3</sup> with up to 0.5 ppt of [NO<sub>3</sub>] estimated, leading to an estimated indoor lifetime for d5 isoprene of many hours. Ultrafine particulate matter generated in the kitchen travels throughout the house, and the persistence of elevated aerosol concentrations is seen even in well-ventilated rooms, with implications for particle exposure in the evening and during the night.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/9204433","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142524843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Respiratory Simulator for the Study of Pathogen Transmission in Indoor Environments 用于研究室内环境中病原体传播的呼吸模拟器
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学
Indoor air Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8368202
Claudio Mucignat, Bernhard Roth, Ivan Lunati
{"title":"A Respiratory Simulator for the Study of Pathogen Transmission in Indoor Environments","authors":"Claudio Mucignat,&nbsp;Bernhard Roth,&nbsp;Ivan Lunati","doi":"10.1155/2024/8368202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8368202","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Detailed investigation of pathogen transmission by respiratory droplets requires extensive experimental datasets with high spatial–temporal resolution in a wide range of ambient conditions. Respiratory simulators are attractive tools for those measurements, because they improve repeatability, endurance, and control of experimental conditions with respect to studies on human subjects. They also enable the use of powerful experimental techniques, which may raise health concerns if employed on humans. In this paper, we design and present a respiratory simulator, which is capable of accurately reproducing physiological flow rate profiles and allows the investigation of the spatial and temporal features of the exhaust flow by background-oriented schlieren (BOS) and particle image velocimetry (PIV). We use laser interferometry and high-magnification shadowgraphy to verify the size distributions of the emitted droplets, and we quantify the evolution of the droplet concentration during cough events by Mie scattering analysis. The experiments demonstrate the ability of the respiratory simulator to generate highly reproducible cough events with precise and controllable droplet size distributions over a wide range of flow rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/8368202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Centralised Air Sampling From a Ventilation System for the Surveillance of Respiratory Pathogens 为监测呼吸道病原体而从通风系统中进行集中空气采样
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学
Indoor air Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5176619
Michiel Happaerts, Caspar Geenen, Jade Michiels, Sarah Gorissen, Jens Swinnen, Kurt Beuselinck, Lies Laenen, Joren Raymenants, Natalie Lorent, Sien Ombelet, Els Keyaerts, Emmanuel André
{"title":"Centralised Air Sampling From a Ventilation System for the Surveillance of Respiratory Pathogens","authors":"Michiel Happaerts,&nbsp;Caspar Geenen,&nbsp;Jade Michiels,&nbsp;Sarah Gorissen,&nbsp;Jens Swinnen,&nbsp;Kurt Beuselinck,&nbsp;Lies Laenen,&nbsp;Joren Raymenants,&nbsp;Natalie Lorent,&nbsp;Sien Ombelet,&nbsp;Els Keyaerts,&nbsp;Emmanuel André","doi":"10.1155/2024/5176619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5176619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Background:</b> The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a renewed interest in indoor air sampling for infectious disease surveillance. However, scalability is currently limited, as samples are usually collected in a single indoor space. An alternative is to place the device within a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system (HVAC), but this approach has not been tested against room air sampling.</p><p><b>Methods:</b> In this observational study, we sampled the air in an indoor fitness centre for 2 or 6 h, simultaneously in three locations of the main exercise hall and in the return plenum of the HVAC system. Samples were collected twice weekly for 11 weeks. All samples were tested for 29 respiratory pathogens using PCR. We compared the ventilation system and exercise hall air with regard to the presence and quantity of pathogens.</p><p><b>Findings:</b> Samples collected in two locations in the exercise hall had a similar overall sensitivity to the HVAC sampler for detecting pathogens, while a third sampling location was associated with significantly lower sensitivity. Overall, the pathogen concentration was similar in the ventilation system and the exercise hall air (ratio: 1.0; 95% CI: 0.8–1.3).</p><p><b>Interpretation:</b> Our results show that air sampling within a ventilation system can have equal sensitivity for detecting respiratory pathogens, compared to room-based sampling. Thus, placing samplers within central ventilation systems could increase the scalability of air sampling for infectious disease surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/5176619","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142448995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Microclimate Assessment in a 19th-Century Heritage Building From Romania 罗马尼亚 19 世纪遗产建筑的微气候评估
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学
Indoor air Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2989136
Tudor Caciora, Dorina Camelia Ilies, Monica Costea, Lucian Blaga, Zharas Berdenov, Alexandru Ilies, Thowayeb H. Hassan, Ana Cornelia Peres, Bahodirhon Safarov, Ioana Josan, Ioan-Cristian Noje, Olivier Dehoorne, Vasile Grama, Stefan Baias
{"title":"Microclimate Assessment in a 19th-Century Heritage Building From Romania","authors":"Tudor Caciora,&nbsp;Dorina Camelia Ilies,&nbsp;Monica Costea,&nbsp;Lucian Blaga,&nbsp;Zharas Berdenov,&nbsp;Alexandru Ilies,&nbsp;Thowayeb H. Hassan,&nbsp;Ana Cornelia Peres,&nbsp;Bahodirhon Safarov,&nbsp;Ioana Josan,&nbsp;Ioan-Cristian Noje,&nbsp;Olivier Dehoorne,&nbsp;Vasile Grama,&nbsp;Stefan Baias","doi":"10.1155/2024/2989136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2989136","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The quality of the internal microclimate is a very important issue nowadays, considering that people in developed societies spend a good part of their day inside buildings and means of transport. But the poor quality of indoor air has a double effect; on the one hand, it can harm human health, and on the other hand, it can cause the degradation of materials. Thus, the current study considers the potential influence of a number of 20 pollutants on the exhibits, visitors, and employees of a synagogue that is over 140 years old in the Municipality of Oradea (Romania), which today is included in the list of historical monuments and is open to be visited. The monitoring period consisted of 9 months, during which parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, CO concentration, light intensity, concentration of particulate matter, and other pollutants were monitored. All the obtained values were then reported to the international standards in force for each indicator, both regarding the potential for human health and the integrity of the exhibits. The results indicate that the values of most pollutants respect the allowed thresholds, with more or less permitted exceptions. The most problematic are the values of temperature, relative humidity, HCHO, and VOC, which substantially exceed the allowed limits and vary a considerable difference. This can induce additional stress on the exhibits, leading over time to damage and premature aging; in terms of human health, the indoor microclimate can, in rare cases, cause discomfort associated with headaches, dizziness, and irritation, but the potential to cause persistent ailments is quite low. To maintain a clean internal microclimate, preventive conservation through the continuous monitoring of internal parameters as well as the establishment of long-term strategies to stabilize the values of pollutants are necessary actions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/2989136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Invisible Threats in Daily Life: Evaluating VOCs, Metals, and Hazards of Household Cleaning Products by Type 日常生活中的隐形威胁:按类型评估家用清洁产品的挥发性有机化合物、金属和危害
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学
Indoor air Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2125845
Minjung Kim, Chungsik Yoon, Jeongyeon Park, Kiyoung Lee, Kyung-Duk Zoh, Miyoung Lim, Soyeon Lee
{"title":"Invisible Threats in Daily Life: Evaluating VOCs, Metals, and Hazards of Household Cleaning Products by Type","authors":"Minjung Kim,&nbsp;Chungsik Yoon,&nbsp;Jeongyeon Park,&nbsp;Kiyoung Lee,&nbsp;Kyung-Duk Zoh,&nbsp;Miyoung Lim,&nbsp;Soyeon Lee","doi":"10.1155/2024/2125845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2125845","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Household cleaning products (HCPs) are widely used; however, their airborne emissions and hazards have not been thoroughly studied. This study is aimed at evaluating the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metals present in HCPs and the hazards associated with them. A total of 23 VOCs and 19 metals from 75 HCPs (four spray types and 14 intended usage categories) were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry/optical emission spectroscopy. The largest number of VOCs (21 of 23 ingredients) were detected in spray-type and had the highest frequency (176). d-Limonene was found in almost all products (69 of 75) and had the highest concentration. Benzene, a carcinogen, was detected in six spray-type products. Only three of the 23 VOCs—d-limonene, ethyl acetate, and heptane—appeared in three, one, and one product labels, respectively. Eight of 19 metals were primarily detected in spray-type and spray foam-type products, with sodium, magnesium, and calcium as the main components. Nickel, another carcinogen, was detected in both spray-type and trigger-type products. Caution is required when using spray-type products, especially sticker/glue/tar/oil removers containing benzene and nickel. The study discovered that the VOCs and metals varied by their spray type and lacked sufficient harmful information.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/2125845","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sick Building Syndrome (SBS): A Proactive Mitigation Strategy Focused on University Office Buildings in the United Kingdom 病态楼宇综合症(SBS):以英国大学办公楼为重点的积极缓解战略
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学
Indoor air Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3103164
Sneha Francis, Ayomikun Solomon Adewumi
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