Indoor air最新文献

{"title":"Thermal Comfort Assessment of an Indoor Swimming Pool in a Hot Climate: A CFD and HAP Simulation Study","authors":"Houssameldin M. Mohamed,&nbsp;Abdellatif M. Sadeq,&nbsp;Ahmad K. Sleiti,&nbsp;Samer F. Ahmed","doi":"10.1155/ina/4502431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/4502431","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study thoroughly investigates thermal comfort conditions within an indoor swimming pool in a desert climate resembling the climatic conditions of regions like Qatar, known for its scorching summers and mild winters. The research focuses on a 17.6 × 11.7 m indoor swimming pool, assessing its response to extreme outdoor conditions: 43.3°C dry-bulb temperature and 33.3°C wet-bulb temperature for summer, and 17°C dry-bulb temperature and 10.6°C wet-bulb temperature for winter. Design considerations maintain indoor temperatures in the range of 24°C–29°C year-round, aligning with ASHRAE Handbook recommendations for indoor swimming pools. The study encompasses a comprehensive analysis, including the calculation of pool evaporation rates and the resulting latent heat load gain. Hourly Analysis Program (HAP 4.9), a specialized cooling load calculation program, was employed to determine the essential thermal load required to maintain optimum indoor conditions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, employing ANSYS Fluent 19.2 and incorporating standard turbulence and moisture content models following a meticulous grid independence study, were conducted. The results highlight distinct average indoor conditions for both summer and winter, encompassing parameters such as air temperature, air velocity, and relative humidity. The research outcomes, assessed using predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD), indicate comfort in summer and slight warmth in winter, serving as a valuable reference for future research on desert pool and greenhouse designs, ultimately enhancing indoor environmental quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/4502431","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor and Outdoor Heavy Metal Contamination in the City of Morelia, Mexico: A Case of Citizen Science During the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Mario Torres,&nbsp;Ángeles Gallegos,&nbsp;Anahí Aguilera,&nbsp;Dante López,&nbsp;Avto Goguitchaishvili,&nbsp;Francisco Bautista","doi":"10.1155/ina/4900521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/4900521","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Heavy metal contamination of street dust in the city of Morelia is well-documented; however, contamination of indoor dust remains largely unexplored, despite people spending most of their time indoors. Given the mobility restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, it was necessary to engage citizens in science; a total of 480 samples (60 houses, 4 weeks, two locations: indoor and outdoor) were collected by citizens, and general information was recorded in an app developed for this research. Heavy metal concentrations were measured by x-ray fluorescence. Contamination factor, pollution load index, and human health risk assessment were carried out. Contamination was moderate for Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zr and high for Zn. Contamination action limits were proposed based on local background values. Indoor concentrations of Cu (90 mg/kg), Pb (45 mg/kg), and Zn (731 mg/kg) were higher than outdoor concentrations, while outdoor concentrations of Fe (34217 mg/kg), Mn (838 mg/kg), and Sr (399 mg/kg) were higher than indoors. Mn, Fe, and Pb had the highest hazard indices (&gt; 0.1) for children’s health; ailments can be expected due to Mn and Pb exposure to indoor and outdoor dust. In addition, the extreme values of Cu, Ni, and Zn were also higher than 0.1 and, therefore, these extreme values posed a risk to children’s health, both indoors and outdoors. This research was made possible through citizen science, and now, citizen participation is also essential for managing polluted dust exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/4900521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Flow-Through Air Purification Device in Removing Aerosolized SARS-CoV-2","authors":"C. K. Law,&nbsp;Joseph H. K. Lai,&nbsp;Roger G. N. Sze-To,&nbsp;R. S. Tuttle,&nbsp;K. Solocinski,&nbsp;J. E. Wilkinson,&nbsp;B. M. Cox,&nbsp;C. N. Huerter,&nbsp;W. A. Sosna","doi":"10.1155/ina/6684377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/6684377","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The COVID-19 pandemic, attributed to the highly infectious nature of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has prompted the exigent need for the development and evaluation of effective countermeasures. Previous studies have found that antimicrobial technology and increased ventilation can dilute virus concentration in the air or destroy SARS-CoV-2 on indoor surfaces, reducing the risk of spreading COVID-19. However, evidence showing the efficacy of air purifiers equipped with high-efficiency filters in the direct removal of aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 is limited. To plug this research gap, a study was pursued in which aerosolized virology testing was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a flow-through air purification device in removing aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 (Delta variant). The device was equipped with an internal fan, a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, UVC-LEDs, and an ionizer for multipass large-volume air recirculation. TCID₅₀ assays were conducted to quantify and compare the infectious SARS-CoV-2 with and without the operation of the device. It was found that the air purifier was highly effective in removing aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 virus, achieving over four-log reduction within 36 s of operation and under 10 equivalent air changes in the test chamber. These findings suggest that the tested air purifier is a useful countermeasure against the spread of COVID-19 in enclosed spaces. Further research is warranted to evaluate the efficacy of air purifiers in real-world indoor environments to ascertain the wider implications of using such purifiers in safeguarding public health against COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/6684377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an Electrostatic Precipitator With a Novel Dry-Cleaning Apparatus for Building Ventilation Systems","authors":"Yeawan Lee,&nbsp;Ye-Sle Kim,&nbsp;Gwangtaek Lee,&nbsp;Haneol Lee,&nbsp;Yong-Jin Kim,&nbsp;Bangwoo Han,&nbsp;Hak-Joon Kim","doi":"10.1155/ina/9929558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/9929558","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) offer a durable solution for enhancing indoor air quality. However, traditional cleaning techniques often pose financial burdens and result in issues such as electrode degradation and particle re-entrainment, which is crucial for building management. In this study, we introduced an ESP with a novel dry-cleaning apparatus tailored for indoor air purification systems. The novel cleaning apparatus utilized a combination of compressed air-blasting and vacuum suction mechanisms to dislodge and extract particles from the collection plates. Moreover, the ESP incorporated a two-stage design featuring a charger equipped with carbon brush ionizers and a collector comprising carbon ink–coated plastic plates. This design not only mitigates ozone emissions but also reduces installation costs. Our results revealed a consistent cleaning efficiency exceeding 98% under optimal operational conditions, restoring reduced collection efficiency due to contamination. Finally, we conducted field demonstration experiments in subway stations. We retrofitted an air handling unit with our ESP system and dry-cleaning apparatus, showing a collection efficiency of 99.4% for PM₁. To validate the efficacy of our dry-cleaning apparatus, we conducted a 16-day test at a vent outlet of a subway station. The field demonstration of the dry-cleaning apparatus showcased nearly flawless recovery of collection efficiency to the initial state. In summary, our investigation represents a significant advancement in overcoming the prevailing challenges associated with ESP utilization in indoor air purification applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/9929558","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ventilation Effectiveness: Overview of Terminology and Analysis of Influencing Parameters","authors":"Paul Hennies,&nbsp;Erik Bertram,&nbsp;Konstantinos Stergiaropoulos","doi":"10.1155/ina/5224598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/5224598","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ventilation effectiveness evaluates the performance of ventilation systems by assessing air exchange and contaminant removal. Optimising ventilation effectiveness in mechanical ventilation systems reduces the required supply airflow rate while maintaining adequate indoor air quality. This review clarifies inconsistent definitions of ventilation effectiveness in standards and literature and provides a comprehensive overview of terms, definitions, and relevant parameters. The review also analyses the influence of variable and building-fixed parameters on ventilation effectiveness using data from selected studies. Contaminant position and supply/exhaust position had the greatest impact on ventilation effectiveness, with maximum absolute changes of 2.1 and 0.94, respectively. Variable parameters, such as air change rate and temperature difference, showed moderate mean absolute changes of 0.28 and 0.15 but significant maximum deviations of 0.85 and 0.4. Building-fixed parameters, including room size and aspect ratio, showed the least influence, with mean absolute changes below 0.1. These results highlight the importance of parameter interactions, such as short-circuit flows caused by higher air velocities. In EN 16798-1:2022, design values for required airflow are based on a ventilation effectiveness of 1. However, the analysis shows large variations around this value, indicating potential deficits in air quality and opportunities for energy savings. This review highlights the need for holistic system design and consideration of parameter interactions to optimise energy efficiency and air quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/5224598","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143688925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Investigation of Airborne Benzalkonium Ion Behavior Following Nebulization: Implications for Indoor Air Quality and Health Risk Assessment","authors":"Sion Lee,&nbsp;Eunwoo Choi,&nbsp;So Yeon Lee,&nbsp;Minji Kim,&nbsp;Joo Hyon Kim,&nbsp;Han Bin Oh","doi":"10.1155/ina/3951534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/3951534","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified the use of quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) disinfectants, raising concerns about potential health effects. This study investigated the airborne behavior of benzalkonium chloride (BKC), a common QAC, sprayed at 500 ppm for 4 min in a 105 m³ space using automatic and manual methods. Airborne BKC was collected via an air pump and quantified using LC-ESI-MRM/MS. Results showed that BKC concentrations peaked during spraying but rapidly decreased thereafter, becoming negligible within 8–12 min postspraying. Cumulative capture exhibited a sigmoidal trend with time, with maximum captures of 8.21 <i>μ</i>g (front) and 1.36 <i>μ</i>g (back) for automatic spraying, and 0.14 <i>μ</i>g (front) and 0.29 <i>μ</i>g (back) for manual spraying. The “exposure to spray model” was applied to determine parameters such as airborne fraction and settling velocity. Hazard quotients (HQs) were calculated based on the maximum cumulative captures, with all values remaining below 1, indicating minimal health risks. Specifically, for the automatic sprayer, HQs were 0.856 (front) and 0.142 (rear), while for the manual sprayer, they were 0.015 (front) and 0.030 (rear). The highest HQ of 0.856, observed for automatic spraying at the front location, suggests that some caution may be warranted in this scenario. The study demonstrates that while BKC concentrations can be significant during spraying, they decrease rapidly postapplication, leading to limited exposure risks. These findings provide valuable insights into the safe use of QAC disinfectants and their impact on indoor air quality, particularly relevant in the context of increased disinfectant practices during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/3951534","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143688924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Personal PM2.5 Exposure: A Method Leveraging Movement Routes and Activity Space Information","authors":"Shin-Young Park,&nbsp;Jaymin Kwon,&nbsp;Jeong-An Gim,&nbsp;Il-Ho Park,&nbsp;Cheol-Min Lee,&nbsp;Dae-Jin Song","doi":"10.1155/ina/2412518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/2412518","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previous studies have consistently shown a significant correlation between air pollution, particularly PM_2.5, and various diseases, as well as increased mortality rates. This study introduces a novel approach for predicting time-specific indoor PM_2.5 exposure by incorporating individual movement routes and activity spaces using GPS tracking data and a time–activity diary. The models were trained separately for each hour of the day (e.g., 0:00–0:59, 1:00–1:59) with a total of 24 models. Their applicability was demonstrated with data gathered from actual participants. Additionally, automated machine learning (<i>AutoML</i>) was utilized to optimize prediction performance. The results revealed that the proposed model effectively accounted for the influence of outdoor PM_2.5 concentrations and meteorological factors. The performance varied across different indoor environments, with the subway station model showing the highest prediction accuracy. Future research should address these uncertainties, adopt more advanced modeling techniques, and consider diverse indoor variables for a comprehensive understanding. The insights from this study could significantly enhance health risk assessments associated with fine particulate matter exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/2412518","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Indoor Thermal Comfort of the Elderly During Summer in the Hot-Humid and Less-Windy Climate","authors":"Li Wang,&nbsp;Xian Yang,&nbsp;Huabin Xie,&nbsp;Qi Wang,&nbsp;Jiang He","doi":"10.1155/ina/8864602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/8864602","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There is still a lack of research on the evaluation of summer thermal comfort for the elderly. This study conducted a questionnaire survey and indoor thermal environment measurement in Nanning, China, with a hot-humid and less-windy climate. Six hundred elderly subjects were selected to answer the thermal sensation questionnaire in the naturally ventilated residential buildings during the summer. The analysis results of the collected data show that the neutral temperature for the local elderly is 28.0°C, and the range of operative temperature for 80% thermal acceptability is 26.4°C–29.5°C. An adaptive thermal comfort model was developed using the measured data, and its predicted thermal neutral temperature is 28.1°C, nearly equal to the measured value (28.0°C). The thermal neutral temperatures for the local male and female elderly are 27.7°C and 28.2°C, respectively, which reveals that there are gender differences in the thermal comfort. It was also found that the outdoor air temperature has a significant impact on the thermal neutral temperature, and the developed adaptive thermal comfort model can more accurately predict the indoor thermal comfort of the local elderly. The findings in this study can provide theoretical support and supporting data for the indoor thermal environment design of new old-age facilities and aging-adapted renovation of existing buildings in hot and humid climates.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/8864602","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Galician Radon Map: Determining Indoor Radon Exposure Through Census Tracts","authors":"Lucia Martin-Gisbert,&nbsp;Alberto Ruano-Ravina,&nbsp;Esther López-Vízcaíno,&nbsp;Juan Barros-Dios,&nbsp;María Piñeiro-Lamas,&nbsp;Ana Teijeiro,&nbsp;Raquel Casal-Fernández,&nbsp;Karl Kelsey,&nbsp;Guadalupe García,&nbsp;Carla Guerra-Tort,&nbsp;Leonor Varela-Lema,&nbsp;Cristina Candal-Pedreira","doi":"10.1155/ina/4176561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/4176561","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Indoor radon is a human lung carcinogen. The objective of this research is to describe residential radon distribution in a European region with high geogenic radon potential using cross-sectional data. This study is also aimed at describing the use of census tracts as a geographical unit in radon maps and describing radon distribution according to floor level. To do this, 6080 radon measurements were carried out by the Galician Radon Laboratory (GRL, https://www.radon.gal) with alpha track detectors located at each dwelling for at least 3 months. The dwellings measured were the primary residences of volunteer participants. All participants filled out a questionnaire on the dwelling characteristics, and a follow-up call assured the appropriate return of radon devices to the GRL. A descriptive analysis was performed, including radon concentration distribution per floor level measured and a Galician map of indoor radon using both municipalities and census tracts as geographic units was made. In Galicia, a median radon concentration of 132 Bq/m³ (interquartile range: 66–239 Bq/m³) and a geometric mean (GM) of 126 Bq/m³ were observed. Eighteen percent of dwellings exceeded 300 Bq/m³. Radon levels vary widely across and within municipalities. The latter can be observed with census tract-level maps. A height gradient for radon concentration was observed from a GM of 289 Bq/m³ in cellars to a GM of 89 Bq/m³ on the fifth floor and above. Remarkably, 14% of dwellings on the second floor exceeded 300 Bq/m³, thus challenging the paradigm that indoor radon is only a priority for underground and ground levels in radon priority areas. Galicia is mostly composed of radon priority areas, with high heterogeneity in indoor radon distribution. Census tracts can be used in indoor radon maps as the smallest geographic unit to increase resolution and acknowledge variations within municipalities. In radon priority areas, radon surveillance should include second-floor levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/4176561","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Fluctuation of Indoor Thermal Conditions in Naturally Ventilated Classrooms Through K-Means Clustering","authors":"Sen Miao,&nbsp;Marta Gangolells,&nbsp;Blanca Tejedor","doi":"10.1155/ina/4453536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/4453536","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For naturally ventilated classrooms, windows should be constantly open to maintain good indoor air quality during class times. However, it is unknown whether this would result in significant fluctuations in the indoor thermal environment, while the effects of ventilation rate and window operation are still unclear. Therefore, this study assesses the fluctuation of indoor thermal conditions under natural ventilation during class periods, based on the <i>K</i>-means clustering and statistical analysis of data collected in a large measurement campaign in Spanish schools. The results showed that regardless of the heating mode, the indoor thermal parameters remained stable in most cases. High fluctuations were observed only in a few cases: 15% for indoor temperature, 6% for relative humidity, and 3% for indoor air velocity. The variability of the indoor thermal parameters within an hour was less than 1°C for indoor temperature, 3% for relative humidity, and 0.1 m/s for indoor air velocity. Ventilation rate and window operation were found to be related to the fluctuation of the indoor temperature and air velocity, rather than the relative humidity. These findings shed light on the thermal conditions in naturally ventilated classrooms and have practical implications for the implementation of natural ventilation protocols in schools.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/4453536","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}