Indoor air最新文献

{"title":"Mechanisms of Indoor Environment Parameters on Physiological Cardiovascular Load and Subjective Comfort in the Elderly","authors":"Yang Lv,&nbsp;Ziwei Yang,&nbsp;Yu Wang,&nbsp;Weihua Liu,&nbsp;Hui Hui,&nbsp;Qi Zhang,&nbsp;Hongwei Wang","doi":"10.1155/ina/2043640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/2043640","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the population aging rapidly, the impact of the indoor environment on the physiological health and satisfaction of the elderly is becoming increasingly important. Therefore, it is essential to study the instant relationship between the indoor environment, physiological responses, and subjective experience. This study firstly conducted field-based synchronous monitoring in elderly buildings, utilizing a high-frequency protocol to construct a spatiotemporally aligned dataset of environmental exposure and immediate cardiovascular indicators. Then, the entropy weight method was employed to assess the influence of environment parameters on subjective evaluations, and linear mixed models were utilized to quantify the acute effects and interactive mechanisms of environment parameters on cardiovascular load. Lastly, the two-step clustering method was applied to identify and classify the differentiated acute responses of elderly individuals under various environmental exposures, establishing personalized profiles linked to autonomic sensitivity and sensory impairment. The results indicate that different environment parameters demonstrate distinct short-term associations with subjective comfort and objective physiological measures. Data analysis reveals that noise is closely associated with subjective comfort evaluation, while elevated temperature and humidity show a significant correlation with immediate increases in cardiovascular load. Further analysis identifies heterogeneity in acute responses to environmental stimuli, where noise tolerance and subjective perception are moderated by individual characteristics. This study provides scientific evidence for optimizing indoor environments, contributing to precision health management for the elderly.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/2043640","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor Allergen Sensitization to Cockroach and Its Relationship With Allergic Disease Outcomes in Young Adults From Singapore and Malaysia","authors":"Yang Yie Sio,&nbsp;Yee-How Say,&nbsp;Kavita Reginald,&nbsp;Fook Tim Chew","doi":"10.1155/ina/7591946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/7591946","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Indoor allergen sensitization to cockroach (CR) is clinically relevant and exhibits substantial geographic heterogeneity. However, its relationship with pre-existing atopy and allergic symptom burden in tropical urban environments remains uncertain considering the overwhelming influence of house dust mite (HDM) sensitization. This study aimed to characterize sensitization to the major indoor CR allergens—<i>Periplaneta americana</i> and <i>Blattella germanica</i>—and to evaluate its association with allergic disease prevalence, symptom severity, and exacerbation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 5350 young adults from the Singapore–Malaysia Cross-sequential Genetics and Epidemiology Study (SMCGES) were assessed for sensitization to common indoor allergens, including HDM and CR, using skin prick testing. Associations between sensitization and clinical allergic outcomes were analyzed. In a sub-cohort (<i>n</i> = 736), serum specific IgE (SSIgE) profiling against 40 aeroallergens and seafood allergens was performed to assess co-sensitization patterns.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>CR sensitization was identified in 23.1% of participants, with 19.7% sensitized to both HDM and CR. CR sensitization was associated with higher prevalence of asthma (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.31–1.93), allergic rhinitis (AR; OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.22–1.65), atopic dermatitis (AD; OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.33–1.80), and atopic multimorbidity (OR 1.91; 95% CI 1.61–2.28). CR sensitization was also associated with higher frequencies of rhinitis symptoms, greater rhinitis symptom severity (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.07–1.48), and higher total nasal symptom scores (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.07–1.63). While HDM monosensitization was strongly associated with allergic outcomes, concurrent HDM and CR sensitization conferred additional risk and symptom burden. Polysensitized individuals also exhibited higher likelihood of developing CR-specific IgE responses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>CR sensitization is prevalent in the tropical Singapore–Malaysia population and is strongly associated with polysensitization, higher allergic disease prevalence, and increased symptom burden. These findings emphasize the clinical significance of CR allergy and support targeted strategies for indoor allergen avoidance and environmental control.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/7591946","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147682911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor Air Nicotine, Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure, and COVID-19 Outcomes in a Great Plains Tribal Community","authors":"Anna Tillery,&nbsp;Rae O’Leary,&nbsp;Nora Pisanic,&nbsp;Brittany Youpee,&nbsp;Angela Aherrera,&nbsp;Kate Krucynski,&nbsp;Jaylynn Farlee,&nbsp;Megan Wilks,&nbsp;Erena S. Hovhannisyan Romero,&nbsp;Miranda Cajero,&nbsp;Jacob Duran,&nbsp;Christopher Heaney,&nbsp;Ana M. Rule,&nbsp;Esther Erdei","doi":"10.1155/ina/7749725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/7749725","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Indigenous communities in the United States have disproportionately high tobacco use and reliance on propane for heating and cooking fuel compared to other demographic groups. Of concern is exposure to air nicotine (AN) and NO₂ in indoor environments and their potential impact on respiratory infections.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective of this study is to assess indoor air pollution and COVID-19 infection outcomes in multigenerational households within the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (CRST).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The COVID-19 Wayakta He? (“Are you on guard against COVID-19?”) Study recruited 290 multigenerational households with two adults at least 9 years apart. All participants responded to a questionnaire on COVID-19 outcomes, housing conditions, and environmental health factors. Households deployed passive AN and NO₂ air monitors in their homes for 1 week. Each participant provided saliva samples for COVID-19 serological testing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The geometric mean AN concentration was 0.052 <i>μ</i>g/m³ (range: 0.017–5.35); 40.1% of households had AN detected. The geometric mean NO₂ concentration was 10.5 ppb (range: 0.65–138). The odds of previous COVID-19 infection were 1.21 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.51) times higher for those exposed to AN; the odds of self-reported long COVID-19 disease were 3.69 (95% CI: 1.11, 16.6) times higher for those exposed to NO₂.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Indoor air exposures to AN and NO₂ increased the odds of having COVID-19 infection and long COVID-19 outcomes. The combination of toxic chemical exposures, increased prevalence of existing chronic diseases, and structural social problems placed Indigenous communities at increased risk of having COVID-19 infections. High exposures to household AN and NO₂ and the occurrence of COVID-19 disease highlight the importance of consistently including exposure assessments to design targeted interventions in Tribal communities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/7749725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147684179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Evaluation of a Source-Control Toilet System for Aerosol Suppression Using Ammonia (NH3) and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Gases","authors":"Man-Gyu Song,&nbsp;Sumin Kim,&nbsp;Sang-Gyu Kim,&nbsp;Philip Kofie,&nbsp;Ju-Dong Jang","doi":"10.1155/ina/6686313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/6686313","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Toilet flushing in public restrooms generates bioaerosols that may contain pathogenic microorganisms, posing potential risks for airborne infection transmission. Conventional control strategies such as ventilation and disinfection primarily function after contaminants have already dispersed, offering limited preventive efficacy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study is aimed at scientifically verifying the effectiveness of a negative-pressure toilet system applying the source control principle, which captures and removes contaminants at the point of generation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To simulate bioaerosol behavior, ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) were used as surrogate gases due to their comparable aerodynamic properties. The performance of the Etish-D1st system was evaluated under the official testing protocols of the Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), focusing on odor gas removal efficiency, suction flow rate, and noise level under operating and nonoperating conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>When the system was activated, NH₃ concentration inside the toilet was reduced to a nondetectable level (≤ 5 ppm) within 10 min, whereas nonoperating conditions reached up to 45 ppm. The mean suction flow rate was 114 mL/s, and the average noise level was 48 dB, indicating both high collection efficiency and environmental compatibility for public use.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The negative-pressure system effectively contained gaseous contaminants at the emission source, reducing their concentrations to below the 5-ppm detection limit and preventing measurable dispersion into the surrounding air. These findings provide a scientific foundation for active prevention in public health engineering. Future policy integration into the Public Restroom Act and Building Facility Standards, along with R&amp;D and certification support, would strengthen institutional adoption. The Etish-D1st system presents an innovative sanitary technology with potential to enhance restroom hygiene and establish a new international standard for infection prevention infrastructure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/6686313","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147684178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the Impact of High-Resolution Airborne Bacterial Community Maps on Exposure Conditions in the Endoscopy Room","authors":"Jingyi Shi,&nbsp;Yang Lv,&nbsp;Lei Chi,&nbsp;Wentao Wu,&nbsp;Zhengbin Niu,&nbsp;Juanjuan Zhang,&nbsp;Hui Hui","doi":"10.1155/ina/9369515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/9369515","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microorganisms play a crucial role in human health. Pathogenic microbial aerosols can cause nosocomial infections. During endoscopic examinations, healthcare workers face the risk of exposure to pathogenic microbial aerosols due to their close contact with the patient′s face. Since the rate of nosocomial infections is directly related to the type of biological aerosols, it is particularly important to identify the types of these microorganisms. We comprehensively characterized height-resolved airborne bacterial communities in a transnasal bronchoscopy room and a transoral gastroscopy room, together with the bacterial communities in patients′ oral samples and floor dust, and we analyzed the vertical stratification of indoor airborne bacteria in detail. The results showed that bacterial richness near the ceiling was significantly higher than at other heights. Airborne communities differed significantly from those in floor dust, whereas the airborne community at breathing height showed the smallest difference from the patients′ oral microbiota. In both endoscopy rooms, potential human-derived, respiratory infection–associated pathogenic genera included <i>Streptococcus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus</i>, <i>Haemophilus,</i> and <i>Neisseria</i>, whereas opportunistic and healthcare-associated genera included <i>Pseudomonas</i> and <i>Acinetobacter</i>. In transnasal bronchoscopy rooms, the taxa with the highest total relative abundance were primarily human-derived, respiratory-associated genera (<i>Staphylococcus</i>, <i>Streptococcus</i>, and <i>Neisseria</i>). By contrast, in the peroral gastroscopy rooms, air was dominated by the opportunistic/HAI-associated genus <i>Pseudomonas</i> and <i>Staphylococcus</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/9369515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147684136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Thermal Comfort Index for Healthy Indoor Environments: An Interpretable, Simulation-Based Mixture-of-Experts Model","authors":"Issah M. Alhamad","doi":"10.1155/ina/3317919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/3317919","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many buildings comply with thermal comfort standards yet still feel uncomfortable to occupants, leading to complaints and suboptimal indoor environmental control. This gap arises because common comfort representations do not capture how humidity, air movement, local nonuniformities, and short-term dynamics jointly influence perceived comfort under realistic indoor conditions. This study proposes a thermal comfort index (TCI), an interpretable, physics-informed mixture-of-experts model for evaluating indoor thermal environments. The model integrates whole-body drivers (operative temperature, humidity, air speed, clothing, and metabolism), local effects (radiant asymmetry, vertical temperature gradient, and floor temperature), and transient exposure into a bounded comfort score with three actionable classes. Training and calibration are based on standard-relevant synthetic scenes anchored to ASHRAE and ISO criteria. Scenario-based validation, sensitivity analysis, counterfactual audits, and psychrometric comparisons show that TCI captures regime-dependent air-movement effects and cumulative discomfort mechanisms that are often overlooked by conventional approaches. A lightweight MATLAB application supports practical assessment and decision-making. The framework provides a transparent tool for managing thermal conditions as part of a healthy indoor environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/3317919","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147615395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Wearable Electronic Device With an Air Curtain Shield and Two-Stage Curved Electrostatic Precipitation Module for Personal Respirator Protection","authors":"Serim S. Kwak,&nbsp;Kabin Kang,&nbsp;Gwangtaek Lee,&nbsp;Hak Joon Kim","doi":"10.1155/ina/1446884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/1446884","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conventional face masks suffer from limitations such as high pressure drop, discomfort, and limited reusability. To address these issues, we developed a wearable respiratory protection device (WRPD) that combines an air curtain shield with a curved electrostatic precipitation (EP) module. The curved EP module showed a high fine particle (0.3 <i>μ</i>m) removal efficiency of 99.3<i>%</i> ± 0.6<i>%</i> at −3.5 kV and generated low levels of ozone below 0.24 ppb. However, the efficiency of the EP module decreased to 85.8<i>%</i> ± 0.8<i>%</i> when it was integrated into the WRPD. In the WRPD, the air curtain shield efficiently blocked airborne and droplet-sized particles with 91.6<i>%</i> ± 1.8<i>%</i> efficiency at flow rates exceeding 241 L/min under 0.7 m/s particle intrusion but showed limited effectiveness for submicron particles. However, the full WRPD system with both the air curtain shield and curved EP module operating achieved 94.5% removal efficiency for submicron particles and 99.8<i>%</i> ± 0.2<i>%</i> for larger airborne and droplet-sized particles. The air curtain shield not only prevented ambient air mixing but also enhanced the purity of the air delivered by the curved EP module by more than 10% compared to the WRPD operated using only the EP module.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/1446884","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147568523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bench-Scale Evaluation of In-Duct Air Filter Performance Against Simulated Wildfire Smoke: Assessing Long-Term Efficiency","authors":"Imad Obadi,&nbsp;Nour Elsagan,&nbsp;Ben Jones,&nbsp;Olga Naboka,&nbsp;Peter Collins,&nbsp;Noureddine Bénichou,&nbsp;Islam Gomaa","doi":"10.1155/ina/4736684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/4736684","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wildfire smoke poses significant health risks. Although air filtration is a recommended mitigation strategy, the long-term performance of home furnace filters when exposed to wildfire smoke has not been extensively investigated. This study addresses this research gap by evaluating the performance of commercially available in-duct MERV (Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value) 7 and MERV 13 filters against simulated wildfire smoke using a bench-scale testing method. Each filter was subjected to 100 measured exposures, with particulate matter (PM) measured upstream and downstream. Exposed filters were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to gain insight into the morphological nature of particles captured by filters. MERV 13 filter particle removal efficiency, based on mass, dropped from 80% initially to 30% in the final test. The efficiency, based on particle count, dropped from an initial value of 35%–20%. For particles with a diameter between 3–10 <i>μ</i>m, MERV 13 filter performance, based on particle count, dropped from ~90% in the first test to ~40%. For particles with a diameter of 1–3 <i>μ</i>m, the filter performance dropped from ~60% to ~0%. The removal efficiency of particles with a diameter of 0.3–1 <i>μ</i>m was ~25% with a slight increase in efficiency over time. MERV 7 filter particle removal efficiency, based on mass, was ~18% at the beginning, then linearly dropped to ~8% by the last test. Based on particle count, the filter efficiency was approximately 18%–22%. SEM analysis indicated that the particles captured by the filters were mostly droplet-like structures commonly known as “tar balls” generated from biomass pyrolysis. These droplets range in size from submicrons to ~5 <i>μ</i>m, consistent with measurements from the optical particle counters.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/4736684","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147568522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Indoor and Ambient Air at an Airport in Korea","authors":"Soo Ran Won,&nbsp;Hyun A Ji,&nbsp;In-Keun Shim","doi":"10.1155/ina/8724515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/8724515","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigated the characteristics and sources of PM_2.5 at Gimpo Airport, Korea, through simultaneous indoor and outdoor sampling conducted during the summer of 2016. The average PM_2.5 concentrations were 32.9 ± 14.5 <i> μ</i>g/m³ in the arrival waiting room (AWR), 29.2 ± 13.3 <i> μ</i>g/m³ in the departure waiting room (DWR), 35.2 ± 19.3 <i> μ</i>g/m³ at the bus stop, and 31.5 ± 18.7 <i> μ</i>g/m³ on the runway. The indoor-to-outdoor ratios were 1.06 for the AWR and 0.96 for the DWR, indicating that significant amounts of outdoor pollutants entered the indoor spaces near entrances with high passenger flow, where they accumulated and were resuspended. Chemical component analysis revealed that secondary inorganic ions (NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and NH₄⁺) were dominant at all sites. Through positive matrix factorization (PMF), seven sources were identified: secondary nitrate, secondary sulfate, miscellanea, soil, vehicle emission, indoor sources, and oil combustion. Secondary aerosols contributed approximately 40% of indoor PM_2.5 and over 50% of outdoor PM_2.5. Outdoor air showed a high contribution from combustion-related and miscellaneous sources, whereas indoors, soil and indoor sources were significant contributors. At bus stops, traffic-related components such as Ba were prominent, while runways were impacted by SO₂ oxidation resulting from aircraft exhaust. Meanwhile, indoor air exhibited elevated levels of components associated with building materials and resuspension caused by human activities. These results reflect the unique operational and structural characteristics of airport terminals, emphasizing that PM_2.5 levels within airports are determined by the combined effects of outdoor inflow and indoor emission processes. This study provides essential foundational data to improve air quality management at airports—public-use facilities used by many passengers—and underscores the necessity of an integrated strategy that addresses both indoor and outdoor environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/8724515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147567594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to Methamphetamine in Contaminated Residential Properties: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Airborne Exposure","authors":"Joong C. Nam,&nbsp;Qiuda Zheng,&nbsp;John Howell,&nbsp;Peter N. Culshaw,&nbsp;Chris Wilkins,&nbsp;Xianyu Wang,&nbsp;Phong K. Thai","doi":"10.1155/ina/8767065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/8767065","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Studies of third-hand exposure to methamphetamine from contaminated properties have focused on dermal and oral exposure but have mostly excluded inhalation. Recent literature highlights the need to consider this previously omitted pathway. In this study, we monitored airborne concentrations in properties most likely contaminated via recreational smoking of methamphetamine. The homogeneity of airborne methamphetamine was assessed, along with the correlation between its levels and those measured on different surfaces or in the subsurface material. Airborne methamphetamine concentrations were also compared ‘before’ and ‘after’ remediation. Our results suggested airborne methamphetamine contributes as an exposure route for properties contaminated by this drug, although this may only be significant in certain situations. The level of airborne methamphetamine was relatively homogenous among rooms of the same property, and there were correlations between air sampling with wipe (<i>R</i>² = 0.76) and bulk sampling (<i>R</i>² = 0.94), but mainly driven by higher contamination levels. This indicates that air sampling could be used as an additional tool to identify the presence of high methamphetamine contamination. The presence of low levels of airborne methamphetamine after remediation of impacted surfaces is additional evidence that airborne sampling is a sensitive method to detect methamphetamine contamination in properties. Further research is needed to establish the relationship between levels of methamphetamine contamination and specific health risks, which can then be used to determine related policy responses and, if necessary, establish evidence-based remediation targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/8767065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}