Min Zhang, Yue Li, Xinge Zhang, Ji Hu, Lingshuang Lv, Ning An, Zhiguang Liu, Jun Rao, Chunliang Zhou, Xiuying Liu
{"title":"湖南省酒店室内挥发性有机化合物（苯、甲苯、二甲苯和甲醛）暴露及相关健康风险","authors":"Min Zhang, Yue Li, Xinge Zhang, Ji Hu, Lingshuang Lv, Ning An, Zhiguang Liu, Jun Rao, Chunliang Zhou, Xiuying Liu","doi":"10.1155/ina/3747936","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Background:</b> Indoor air pollution caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has garnered considerable attention, but its extent in hotel environments remains underexplored. This research was aimed at measuring the levels of VOCs (benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde) in hotels and evaluate their health risks using quantitative risk assessment methods, including lifetime carcinogenic risk (R) and noncarcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ).</p><p><b>Method:</b> Air samples were gathered from 79 hotels during the summer and winter of 2023. We analyzed the concentrations of four VOCs and conducted a descriptive analysis of the results. Spearman’s rank correlation and principal component analysis were utilized for statistical evaluation. US EPA guidelines were used to calculate both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks, with uncertainty quantified through Monte Carlo simulation (10,000 iterations) to derive probabilistic risk distributions.</p><p><b>Results:</b> Formaldehyde was the most abundant compound found in hotels (median: 17 <i>μ</i>g/m<sup>3</sup>, range: ND–130 <i>μ</i>g/m<sup>3</sup>), and compliance rate reached 99.15% (GB 37488-2019 limit: 0.10 mg/m<sup>3</sup>). Principal component analysis revealed that adsorption/desorption processes, seasonal behaviors, emission sources, and humidity are the primary drivers of VOC variability in the hotel environment. The median HQ for the four VOCs was 5.25 × 10<sup>−2</sup>, all below 1. The median sum lifetime cancer risk for total VOCs was 2.45 × 10<sup>−5</sup>, and formaldehyde dominated the combined cancer risk.</p><p><b>Conclusion:</b> Formaldehyde is a primary pollutant in hotel air, and prolonged exposure (8 h/day, 6 days/week, and an exposure duration of 30 years) can pose a carcinogenic risk to humans. Improving ventilation and installing air purification systems are recommended to mitigate VOC exposures in the environments. However, this study has certain regional limitations in terms of geographical coverage, which may affect the generalizability of the findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/3747936","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Indoor Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds (Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, and Formaldehyde) and Associated Health Risk in Hotels of Hunan, China\",\"authors\":\"Min Zhang, Yue Li, Xinge Zhang, Ji Hu, Lingshuang Lv, Ning An, Zhiguang Liu, Jun Rao, Chunliang Zhou, Xiuying Liu\",\"doi\":\"10.1155/ina/3747936\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><b>Background:</b> Indoor air pollution caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has garnered considerable attention, but its extent in hotel environments remains underexplored. This research was aimed at measuring the levels of VOCs (benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde) in hotels and evaluate their health risks using quantitative risk assessment methods, including lifetime carcinogenic risk (R) and noncarcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ).</p><p><b>Method:</b> Air samples were gathered from 79 hotels during the summer and winter of 2023. We analyzed the concentrations of four VOCs and conducted a descriptive analysis of the results. Spearman’s rank correlation and principal component analysis were utilized for statistical evaluation. US EPA guidelines were used to calculate both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks, with uncertainty quantified through Monte Carlo simulation (10,000 iterations) to derive probabilistic risk distributions.</p><p><b>Results:</b> Formaldehyde was the most abundant compound found in hotels (median: 17 <i>μ</i>g/m<sup>3</sup>, range: ND–130 <i>μ</i>g/m<sup>3</sup>), and compliance rate reached 99.15% (GB 37488-2019 limit: 0.10 mg/m<sup>3</sup>). Principal component analysis revealed that adsorption/desorption processes, seasonal behaviors, emission sources, and humidity are the primary drivers of VOC variability in the hotel environment. The median HQ for the four VOCs was 5.25 × 10<sup>−2</sup>, all below 1. The median sum lifetime cancer risk for total VOCs was 2.45 × 10<sup>−5</sup>, and formaldehyde dominated the combined cancer risk.</p><p><b>Conclusion:</b> Formaldehyde is a primary pollutant in hotel air, and prolonged exposure (8 h/day, 6 days/week, and an exposure duration of 30 years) can pose a carcinogenic risk to humans. Improving ventilation and installing air purification systems are recommended to mitigate VOC exposures in the environments. However, this study has certain regional limitations in terms of geographical coverage, which may affect the generalizability of the findings.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":13529,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Indoor air\",\"volume\":\"2025 1\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":4.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-09-17\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/3747936\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Indoor air\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/ina/3747936\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Indoor air","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/ina/3747936","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Indoor Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds (Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, and Formaldehyde) and Associated Health Risk in Hotels of Hunan, China
Background: Indoor air pollution caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has garnered considerable attention, but its extent in hotel environments remains underexplored. This research was aimed at measuring the levels of VOCs (benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde) in hotels and evaluate their health risks using quantitative risk assessment methods, including lifetime carcinogenic risk (R) and noncarcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ).
Method: Air samples were gathered from 79 hotels during the summer and winter of 2023. We analyzed the concentrations of four VOCs and conducted a descriptive analysis of the results. Spearman’s rank correlation and principal component analysis were utilized for statistical evaluation. US EPA guidelines were used to calculate both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks, with uncertainty quantified through Monte Carlo simulation (10,000 iterations) to derive probabilistic risk distributions.
Results: Formaldehyde was the most abundant compound found in hotels (median: 17 μg/m3, range: ND–130 μg/m3), and compliance rate reached 99.15% (GB 37488-2019 limit: 0.10 mg/m3). Principal component analysis revealed that adsorption/desorption processes, seasonal behaviors, emission sources, and humidity are the primary drivers of VOC variability in the hotel environment. The median HQ for the four VOCs was 5.25 × 10−2, all below 1. The median sum lifetime cancer risk for total VOCs was 2.45 × 10−5, and formaldehyde dominated the combined cancer risk.
Conclusion: Formaldehyde is a primary pollutant in hotel air, and prolonged exposure (8 h/day, 6 days/week, and an exposure duration of 30 years) can pose a carcinogenic risk to humans. Improving ventilation and installing air purification systems are recommended to mitigate VOC exposures in the environments. However, this study has certain regional limitations in terms of geographical coverage, which may affect the generalizability of the findings.
期刊介绍：
The quality of the environment within buildings is a topic of major importance for public health.
Indoor Air provides a location for reporting original research results in the broad area defined by the indoor environment of non-industrial buildings. An international journal with multidisciplinary content, Indoor Air publishes papers reflecting the broad categories of interest in this field: health effects; thermal comfort; monitoring and modelling; source characterization; ventilation and other environmental control techniques.
The research results present the basic information to allow designers, building owners, and operators to provide a healthy and comfortable environment for building occupants, as well as giving medical practitioners information on how to deal with illnesses related to the indoor environment.
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
