Indoor air最新文献

{"title":"Temporal–Exposure Characteristics Among Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor PM2.5 of Patients With Allergic Diseases Using Low-Cost Air Sensors","authors":"Hyeok Jang,&nbsp;Shin-Young Park,&nbsp;Young-Hyun Kim,&nbsp;Ji-Eun Moon,&nbsp;Cheol-Min Lee","doi":"10.1155/ina/2786298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/2786298","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 <i>μ</i>m (PM_2.5) is a critical concern in terms of public health and socioeconomic impacts because it can cause various adverse health effects. In particular, patients with allergic diseases are considered a representative vulnerable group and may respond more sensitively to PM_2.5 exposure than the general population. This study used low-cost air sensor (LCS)–based personal exposure and home indoor and outdoor measurement devices to monitor 81 participants with allergic diseases. Among six classified microenvironments, analysis of time-activity diaries showed that participants spent the majority of their time in the home. Personal PM_2.5 exposure was highest in the home on both weekdays and weekends (weekdays: 24.83 ± 56.40 <i>μ</i>g/m³; weekends: 25.00 ± 52.75 <i>μ</i>g/m³), showing similar concentrations to those measured by indoor measurement devices in the home environment when study participants were in the home. The indoor to outdoor (I/O) and personal to outdoor (P/O) ratios of PM_2.5 calculated for the home were high (weekdays: 1.61 ± 3.51, 1.54 ± 4.53; weekends: 1.40 ± 2.54, 1.33 ± 3.62), suggesting that study participants were exposed to various indoor PM_2.5 sources. In addition, P/O ratios calculated outdoors (weekdays: 0.97 ± 1.49; weekends: 0.93 ± 1.67) were relatively high compared with those in other microenvironments except the home. Correlation and linear regression analyses showed that home indoor PM_2.5 concentrations had the strongest explanatory power for personal PM_2.5 exposure (26.82%), and outdoor PM_2.5 concentrations explained only a small proportion of the variability in both personal exposure and home indoor PM_2.5 concentrations (0.56% and 0.28%, respectively). This study provides foundational data for developing personal PM_2.5 exposure assessment models and establishing strategies for indoor air quality management.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/2786298","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Indoor Radon Exposure Risks in Relation to Dwelling Types in Gold-Mining Communities of Akyempim, Wassa East District, Ghana","authors":"Francis Otoo,&nbsp;Anthony Selorm Kwesi Amable,&nbsp;Rita Kpordzro,&nbsp;Oscar Kwaku Adukpo,&nbsp;Simon Adu,&nbsp;Edem Kwabla Sosu,&nbsp;Kofi Okyere Akyea-Larbi","doi":"10.1155/ina/3565945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/3565945","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigated the effects of dwelling type, wall and floor coverings, radium-226 concentration, soil moisture, and radon exhalation on indoor radon-222 levels in the gold-mining community of Akyempim, Ghana. Indoor radon was monitored using CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors deployed in 144 rooms across 21 sites for 90 days. Concentrations ranged from 18.1–204.9 Bq/m³ (84.9 ± 5.2 Bq/m³). Concrete dwellings showed the highest mean (80.3 ± 8.2Bq/m³), with 26.5% of results exceeding the WHO guideline of 100 Bq/m³, whereas wooden houses had the lowest (58.9 ± 5.3Bq/m³), with none exceeding the WHO reference value. Bedrooms recorded significantly higher levels than kitchens and sitting rooms, with 23.3%, 2.1%, and 1.9% exceeding 100 Bq/m³ (WHO), respectively, largely due to poor ventilation. Internal coverings influenced radon accumulation, as painted walls and mortar floors were associated with higher concentrations than paper-plastered walls and tiled floors. Soil analysis (<i>n</i> = 60) revealed radium-226 levels of 3.8–54.1 Bq/kg <span></span><math></math>, radon exhalation rates of 0.7–19.2 <i>μ</i>Bq m⁻² h⁻¹(mean 6.4 ± 0.7), and soil moisture ranging from 6.0–31.0% (mean 14.4 ± 0.7). A strong positive correlation (<i>r</i> = 0.84) was observed between soil radium content and radon exhalation. The findings highlight the importance of building materials and ventilation in radon exposure and provide baseline data and spatial mapping to support public health policies and building regulations in mining communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/3565945","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of Airborne Microplastics in Public Libraries by Pyr-GC-Orbitrap-MS and Human Exposure Assessment","authors":"Giuseppina Zuri,&nbsp;Sílvia Lacorte,&nbsp;Angeliki Karanasiou","doi":"10.1155/ina/5757232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/5757232","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microplastics (MPs) are anthropogenic emerging contaminants which have been detected in the air, raising global concerns about their effects on the environment as well as human health. This study presents the first investigation of MP concentration in indoor air, specifically in public libraries located in Barcelona (Spain), an environment that has remained largely unexplored in this context. To achieve this, we employed the pyrolysis gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS) method targeting nine of the most widely used plastic polymers: polyethylene, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polypropylene, nitrile butadiene rubber, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polystyrene. The method enables the quantification of the ions in air samples by means of external calibration with high accuracy and precision. Morphological analysis revealed fibres as the predominant particle shape, and polymer identification showed that polyethylene was the only polymer detected in 100% of the samples with a concentration of up to 5.1 <i>μ</i>g m⁻³ of air, indicating sources such as textiles, containers and appliances brought inside the libraries by visitors. While the other polymers′ concentration was below the method detection limit, their presence cannot be excluded. The results have been used to assess the inhalation of MP in libraries based on typical adult respiratory volumes, revealing that during a 3-h stay in a library, an adult might inhale up to 7.1 <i>μ</i>g of MP, while a child might inhale 2.0 <i>μ</i>g of MP. Currently, no evidence-based threshold has been established to determine the concentration of MP that poses a risk to human health, precluding definitive conclusions on the health risks of estimated inhalation exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/5757232","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Contamination Sources and Health Risks Associated With Indoor Dust Concentrations of Trace Metals in Swedish Preschools","authors":"Josefin Persson,&nbsp;Michael Carlberg,&nbsp;Jessika Hagberg,&nbsp;Lovisa Karlsson","doi":"10.1155/ina/4865147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/4865147","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Metals and metalloids are ubiquitously found in indoor environments due to their high crustal and soil abundance as well as their usage as different additives in materials. However, their presence in indoor environments is of high concern because they are nondegradable and some may be toxic, causing adverse health effects in occupants, especially children. In this study, 19 metals and metalloids were measured in indoor dust samples collected from 26 preschools in December 2023 (winter) to investigate their potential indoor sources and exposure risks. Among the 19 elements, 18 were detected in one or more of the participating preschools, while 13 were detected in all preschools. The detected indoor dust concentrations were in general lower compared to other studies possibly due to different exposure patterns such as the location of the preschools, indoor settings, and interior decorations as well as sampling techniques. Furthermore, the results revealed that the indoor dust concentrations of several metals could be attributed to anthropogenic sources due to high enrichment factors (EFs). The statistical tests (Student′s <i>t</i>-test and Pearson′s correlation coefficient) further identified the following potential indoor sources: Manganese (Mn) concentrations were linked to usage of foam mattresses, while dust concentrations of Mn, iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and lead (Pb) were linked to usage of wallpaper. Antimony (Sb) posed the largest non-carcinogenic exposure risk, with hazard indexes at 0.14 and 0.34 calculated from the median value and 95th percentile, respectively. In addition, total chromium (Cr_tot), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) showed potential carcinogenic risks. The result from this study offers valuable insights into potential sources of indoor contamination sources and associated exposure risks, which can be used to identify preventive measures to reduce children′s exposure during preschool attendance.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/4865147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Indoor Air Pollution From Cooking and Cleaning Activities in Italian Restaurant Kitchens","authors":"Marta Keller,&nbsp;Andrea Cattaneo,&nbsp;Davide Campagnolo,&nbsp;Francesca Borghi,&nbsp;Alessio Carminati,&nbsp;Giacomo Fanti,&nbsp;Sabrina Rovelli,&nbsp;Carolina Zellino,&nbsp;Andrea Spinazzè,&nbsp;Victor G. Mihucz,&nbsp;Carlo Dossi,&nbsp;Domenico M. Cavallo","doi":"10.1155/ina/7732087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/7732087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work assesses indoor air quality (IAQ) in 15 restaurant kitchens in Northern Italy by monitoring air pollutants from both cooking and cleaning activities. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes, ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and ultrafine particles (UFPs) were monitored across two seasons—winter and summer. Organic gasses were monitored using off-line techniques, whereas real-time monitoring was employed for inorganic gasses and UFPs. Contextual data were collected via checklists and video recording. Results showed higher O₃ levels in summer, whereas an opposite behavior was observed for UFPs, NO₂, and CO₂. D-limonene, propionaldehyde, and acrolein were the most abundant compounds in both seasons. Most pollutant levels were below guideline values, despite the occurrence of short-term pollution peaks, especially for O₃, TVOCs, and NO₂. Notably, benzaldehyde levels exceeded short-term guidelines in more than 1/4 of the restaurants, whereas acrolein surpassed the short-term exposure limit in up to 67% of cases. High levels of benzene were also recorded in about 1/4 of cases. Formaldehyde guidelines were also exceeded in some instances. This study highlights cooking as the main pollution source, with washing activities contributing to could cause IAQ guideline values exceedances. Adaptive ventilation systems and separating cooking and washing can represent effective mitigation measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/7732087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Acute Effects of Inhaled Toxicants on an Alveolar Epithelial Model","authors":"Marcella Miranda Siqueira Furtuoso Rodrigues,&nbsp;Artur Christian Garcia da Silva,&nbsp;Kvetta Pinheiro Teixeira Tavares,&nbsp;Rafaela Campos de Menezes,&nbsp;Marize Campos Valadares","doi":"10.1155/ina/9983273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/9983273","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Brazil′s Law 15.022 establishes the National Inventory of Chemical Substances, regulating risk assessment and control while promoting nonanimal testing and allowing animal testing only as a last resort. Traditionally, the assessment of acute inhalation toxicity has relied heavily on animal testing, which is costly, time-consuming, and raises ethical concerns. Regulatory agencies have increased the demand for information on inhalation toxicity, particularly for companies producing and distributing chemicals on a large scale. This study was aimed at evaluating the cytotoxic potential of inhaled toxicants and classifying them according to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS). In addition, we compared different forms of exposure, both liquid and aerosol, to assess potential differences in the observed effects. In this study, an <i>in-house</i> model cultured at the air–liquid interface (ALI) using human alveolar lung cells A549 was used and exposed to different pulmonary toxicants categorized in the GHS (Categories 1–5) to study the cytotoxicity profile. The results showed a significant correlation between the cytotoxicity of the compounds and their GHS classifications. Furthermore, the study sought to establish a correlation between in vitro IC50 values and in vivo LC50 data, indicating potential for predicting acute inhalation toxicity. Besides, exposure to aerosols showed a stronger cytotoxic effect than exposure to liquids, highlighting the importance of accurately reproducing real-world exposure conditions in toxicological studies. In conclusion, the in-house alveolar model represents a promising refinement tool for evaluating acute inhalation toxicity. It provides a consistent assay for compound screening, supports regulatory requirements for advanced pulmonary toxicity assessments, and contributes to the global effort to reduce reliance on animal testing in toxicological research.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/9983273","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147563703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Dental Room to Prevent Aerosol Distribution From Dental Procedure by Computational Fluid Dynamics","authors":"Parinya Khongprom,&nbsp;Phonsan Saetiao,&nbsp;Supakit Thongsong,&nbsp;Racha Dejchanchaiwong,&nbsp;Perapong Tekasakul,&nbsp;Srisurang Suttapreyasri","doi":"10.1155/ina/5980743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/5980743","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The spread of the COVID-19 virus has significantly impacted global health and economies. As a result, many researchers have focused on studying such viruses to develop methods to prevent their spread. Dental surgery presents a high risk of infection due to the large number of aerosol particles generated during procedures. Therefore, this research is aimed at studying the distributions of air and particles dispersed during ultrasonic scaling, which can be used as guidelines to prevent infection for dentist and dental assistant. Air and aerosol particles flow behavior were predicted using computational fluid dynamics simulations. The model used was based on the Euler–Lagrange approach, considering air as a continuous phase and aerosol particles as dispersed phase. Factors studied included the positions of the dental operating lamp, air supply, and air ventilation. It was found that all the factors studied affected the distribution of air and particles within the system. The conditions that reduce the risk of infection for workers were assessed by the number of particles scattered around the worker′s face. The dental operating lamp should be installed at the level of the operator′s head. The air supply should be installed on the ceiling between the operators, with the airstream acting as a curtain to prevent particle spread to the operator. The air ventilation should be installed on the wall at the center of the patient′s bed to help reduce particle spread within the system.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/5980743","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147563086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive Automation of Window Ventilation in Green Buildings: A Data-Driven Framework for Integrating IoT Sensors, Machine Learning, and Occupant Behavior Modeling","authors":"Masood Karamoozian,&nbsp;Zhang Hong,&nbsp;Amirhossein Karamoozian,&nbsp;Behzad Abbasnejad,&nbsp;Farzad Rahimian","doi":"10.1155/ina/3775422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/3775422","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents an Internet of Things (IoT)–enabled automated control framework for optimizing residential window ventilation systems. The system combines sensors, AI prediction, and automated motors to control ventilation based on environmental conditions and human behaviors. Unlike traditional fixed rule–based systems, our framework uses machine learning trained on 1.2 million data points to predict and automatically adjust ventilation beforehand. The modular automation system features message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) and building automation and control network (BACnet) communication protocols for seamless integration with existing building management systems (BMSs), fail-safe mechanisms for operational reliability, and mobile override capabilities preserving user autonomy. A 1-month pilot study across 50 suburban Chinese households achieved an 18% reduction in heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) energy use. The framework is modular and scalable, working with current building systems. It includes technical specs, integration methods, and security protections. While behavioral insights inform control logic, the core innovation lies in the automation architecture. This study advances intelligent building systems by fusing human-centric design with robust automation engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/3775422","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147315625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced Diffusion of Exhaled Air Using Partition Wall With Aerosol Diffusion Prevention Unit","authors":"Masaaki Horie,&nbsp;Ryogo Furukawa,&nbsp;Yuki Yamanaka","doi":"10.1155/ina/1780792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/1780792","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 2020, COVID-19 caused a global pandemic, raising concerns regarding the possibility of another pandemic caused by a new or unknown virus in the future. Room ventilation is considered the most important factor to prevent disease transmission through droplets and aerosols. Acrylic partitions, as well as masks, have been used worldwide to prevent such transmissions. However, in a typical flat partition wall, aerosols expelled through a cough or sneeze diffuse back into the room after reaching the wall. To overcome this problem, we devised a partition wall equipped with aerosol diffusion prevention units above and below the wall. In this study, numerical analysis and flow visualization experiments were conducted using actual coughing and sneezing exhalation volumes to investigate the effectiveness of this partition. Particle image velocimetry analysis using video images obtained from flow visualization experiments and numerical analysis indicated that the exhaled air flowed into the device, thus reducing diffusion. In addition, low-flow suction fans were installed at the end of the aerosol diffusion prevention unit to draw the exhaled air into the unit, preventing it from diffusing, despite the small size of the partition. Thus, the proposed partition wall with the aerosol diffusion prevention units can serve as an effective barrier for limiting the transmission of infectious diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/1780792","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147315596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Air Sampling Location on Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Aerosol Transmission in an Indoor Space","authors":"Hyun Sik Choi,&nbsp;Sanggwon An,&nbsp;Jungho Hwang","doi":"10.1155/ina/5923308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/5923308","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sampling viral aerosols in a small volume of liquid is crucial for effectively monitoring the aerosol transmission of viruses. However, the distribution of viral aerosols may fluctuate depending on the airflow. Therefore, sampling location in indoor spaces is crucial because the concentration of viral aerosols may fluctuate. In this study, the effects of sampling location on viral aerosol monitoring in indoor spaces were investigated. This study focused on seven negative-pressure isolation rooms of the same type for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection where the source of the virus was present. Air sampling was conducted at two positions in each room: 30 cm below the ventilation air outlet (Sampling Position #1) and 80 cm above the floor (Sampling Position #2). The air samples were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The virus was detected at Sampling Position #1, but not at Sampling Position #2. To investigate the propagation of coronaviruses in the air, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed. A Eulerian–Lagrangian model was employed to examine the transport of cough droplets, accounting for their evaporation and dispersion. The CFD analysis revealed that the number of viral particles captured at Sampling Position #1 was about six times greater than that captured at Sampling Position #2. The results of the PCR and CFD analyses show that the proper selection of a sampling location is crucial for the successful monitoring of airborne viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/5923308","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146217431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}