Indoor air最新文献

{"title":"Ventilation Strategies for Minimizing Airborne Infection Risks Inside Vehicles: Insights From Computational Modeling","authors":"Peng Cao,&nbsp;Shuyue Liu,&nbsp;Pandongliang Chen,&nbsp;Guoqing Chen,&nbsp;Jing Li,&nbsp;Zhifei Tan","doi":"10.1155/ina/7227486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/7227486","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Adequate ventilation plays a crucial role in diminishing the transmission of respiratory infectious diseases within confined spaces such as vehicles. This study delves into the significance of ventilation strategies in curbing the spread of airborne infections, with a particular emphasis on the context of COVID-19. Leveraging a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model in conjunction with a tailored Wells–Riley model, the research assesses infection risks in both cars and buses across diverse ventilation scenarios. The results validate the efficacy of CFD simulations by corroborating them with experimental results, underscoring the pivotal function of window ventilation in ameliorating air quality within vehicles. Notably, in small cars, opening windows showcased a notable reduction in infection probability ranging from 7.94% to 33.02% compared to scenarios where windows remained closed. For buses, the implementation of lower level air conditioning emerged as a superior ventilation strategy in minimizing infection risks among passengers, particularly when accompanied by a 2 m/s airflow emanating from the vent. Furthermore, the adoption of masks exhibited a substantial risk reduction exceeding 40% across all analyzed scenarios. These findings provide invaluable insights for optimizing ventilation protocols to safeguard public health in vehicular settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/7227486","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144635168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Assessment of Bioaerosol Propagation Through an Air Curtain Using Microbiological Methods and Particulate Matter Sensors","authors":"Yen-Tran Ly,&nbsp;Andreas Kohl,&nbsp;Daniel Schmeling,&nbsp;Stefan Leuko,&nbsp;Claus Wagner","doi":"10.1155/ina/8825442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/8825442","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An important route of transmission for potentially harmful bacteria is the spread of bioaerosols in indoor environments. In a chamber specially developed for particle dispersion tests, we created a defined bioaerosol to study the performance of two methods commonly used in biology and engineering studies: airborne bacterial detection and particulate matter (PM) analysis. A total of five ventilation cases were investigated in which an air curtain, operated at Reynolds numbers Re &lt; 11, 000, shielded the particles in one half of the test chamber from the other half. In two of these five cases, a HEPA filter was also installed to specifically reduce the particle concentration in the test chamber. In addition to active and passive air sampling measurements of bacteria, we took PM measurements in front of, beneath, and behind the air curtain under constant air temperature and relative humidity conditions. The bioaerosol contained nine bacterial species, evenly distributed in artificial saliva. Two species in the bioaerosol, <i>Staphylococcus capitis</i> DSM 111179 and <i>Burkholderia lata</i> DSM 23089^T, were selected for evaluation due to their antibiotic resistance, which makes them distinguishable from other species. The results show a similar trend in the concentrations of the detected particles and bacteria. The survival rates of the evaluated bacterial species differed; <i>S. capitis</i> exhibited a greater agreement with the PM measurements than <i>B. lata</i> did, which emphasizes the importance of using a various model organism in such experimental setups. We evaluated the effectiveness of the air curtain in reducing particle and bacterial spread, with values reaching up to 66% for both measurement approaches. This study highlights the key differences between the two detection methods and confirms the reproducibility and suitability of the standardized bioaerosol for future research applications. Both methods have demonstrated their potential for use in more realistic scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/8825442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Different Air Pollutants on the Health of Asian Population by Application of AIRQ+ Tool","authors":"Abhishek Nandan,&nbsp;Subhashree Subhasmita Nayak,&nbsp;Bikarama Prasad Yadav,&nbsp;Damini Rana,&nbsp;Vimal Mohan","doi":"10.1155/ina/6737821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/6737821","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents a comparative analysis of air pollutant–attributed health risks across 15 urban centers in India, China, and Japan using the WHO’s AirQ+ model (V2.2.3). Four major pollutants PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and O₃ were assessed for their contribution to natural mortality, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, postneonatal infant mortality, and respiratory-related deaths. Using city-level annual mean concentration data from 2022 and a modified demographic cohort (adults aged 18+), the study estimated attributable proportion (AP%), relative risk (RR), and number of excess cases (NE) per pollutant–health endpoint pair. Patna, India, exhibited the highest AP for PM_2.5-related natural mortality (77.49%) and lung cancer. Suqian, China, showed similarly high APs for PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, while Shizuoka, Japan, recorded the highest PM₁₀-related chronic bronchitis and infant mortality within its cohort. Mumbai, India, recorded the highest NO₂-attributed AP for bronchitis in asthmatic children (AP: 16.7%). Xian, China, had the highest AP (up to 13.2%) for respiratory mortality due to O₃ exposure. Episodic events such as dust storms and agricultural burning were found to elevate annual PM concentrations by 10%–30%, influencing the overall AP calculations. Statistically, PM_2.5-related AP correlated strongly with urban industrialization and seasonal pollution peaks. The study further integrated spatial variance, adjusting for meteorological and topographic influences across cities. By incorporating nondefault age groups (18+), high-resolution monitoring data, and city-specific exposure sources, the research offers a granular and regionally differentiated health impact profile of air pollution across Asia.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/6737821","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Sterilization Performance of Photocatalysts Used in Indoor Air Purification","authors":"Xiaojian Duan,&nbsp;Yuqi Huang,&nbsp;Chao Shen,&nbsp;Phil Jones,&nbsp;Xi Deng","doi":"10.1155/ina/1071778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/1071778","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the past decade, the application of photocatalytic sterilization technology for indoor air disinfection has been extensively investigated. However, selecting suitable photocatalysts with high sterilization efficiency remains a challenge. By doping and incorporating metals, the bandgap can be narrowed, thereby avoiding the recombination of photogenerated charges. This study compares the photocatalytic sterilization performances of three commonly used photocatalysts (TiO₂–Ag, MnO₂–TiO₂, and MnO₂–CeO₂) in a controlled laboratory setting. The results demonstrated that TiO₂–Ag exhibited the best sterilization performance. Within 20 min, the concentration of <i>Serratia marcescens</i> (the test bacterium) decreased logarithmically with respect to ln3.78 under a light intensity of 640 W/m². During the bacterial inactivation process, <i>Serratia marcescens</i> is inactivated by the destruction of its cell membrane, which decreases its enzyme activity and releases its cell contents. This can be attributed to the efficient generation of reactive oxygen species (O₂•^– and •OH) and the thermal effect. Spectral regulation has the most significant impact on the sterilization efficiency of MnO₂–TiO₂, reducing the probability of photocatalytic materials being excited. A significance analysis indicated that light intensity, exposure duration, photocatalyst type, dilution of used photocatalysts, and spectral regulation substantially impact photocatalytic sterilization outcomes. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to elucidate the mechanism for the adsorption and catalysis of bacterial cell membranes at the atomic scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/1071778","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144573361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonthermal Plasma Air Purification Reduces Infection Rate and Alleviates Symptoms in Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: A Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"Renate Weisböck-Erdheim,&nbsp;Susanna Bordin,&nbsp;Johanna Freidl,&nbsp;Christina Pichler,&nbsp;Michael Bischof,&nbsp;René Zechner,&nbsp;Yara Meilinger,&nbsp;Hannah Hell,&nbsp;Jonathan Griener,&nbsp;Johanna Roth,&nbsp;Vera Foisner,&nbsp;Raphael Mühlmann,&nbsp;Andreas Seidl,&nbsp;Marcus Hermes,&nbsp;Thomas Obholzer,&nbsp;Arnulf Josef Hartl","doi":"10.1155/ina/3380242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/3380242","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As most of our time is spent indoors, indoor air quality is crucial, especially during seasonal virus outbreaks. Acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are among the most prevalent diseases globally, leading to symptoms like coughing, nasal congestion, and fatigue, along with significant healthcare costs. Since aerosols play a key role in infection transmission, improving indoor air quality is essential. Nonthermal plasma (NTP) has shown promise in inactivating airborne microorganisms, offering a potential solution for antiviral air purification without the need for filters. The AirDisP_URTI study investigated whether NTP air germ inactivation in real-world office settings could reduce URTI incidence over a 5-month period. Initially, the NTP air purifier’s effectiveness was tested in a laboratory. This was followed by an intervention study that measured infection events and severity using the WURSS-21 questionnaire, health checks, saliva samples, and an aerobic endurance test. A total of 230 participants were randomized, with 150 included in the final analysis: 73 in the NTP group and 77 in the control group. The NTP group experienced noticeably milder symptoms compared to controls. Statistically, symptom severity was significantly reduced (<i>p</i> = 0.028). Based on infection counts—24 in the NTP group and 32 in the control group—the odds of infection were higher in the control group, with an OR of 1.45 (95% CI: 0.75–2.78), indicating a 45% increased risk of infection without the NTP air purifier. The absolute risk reduction (ARR) was 8.68%, favoring the NTP group. Molecular analysis of saliva revealed lower levels of salivary immunoglobulin A and C-reactive protein in the NTP group, supporting a milder disease course; IgA differences were statistically significant (<i>p</i> = 0.039). These findings suggest that NTP air purifiers can reduce the incidence and severity of URTIs, though larger studies are needed to confirm broader impacts.</p><p><b>Trial Registration:</b> ISRCTN identifier: ISRCTN11050992</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/3380242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144558102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incense and Candle Burning: A Major Source of Phthalate Exposure in Indoor Environments","authors":"Zeyi Moo,&nbsp;Kate DeMarsh,&nbsp;Peizhi Hao,&nbsp;Yaying Wang,&nbsp;Xiaodi Zhang,&nbsp;Pengfei Liu,&nbsp;Xiaobo Mao,&nbsp;Xuan Zhang","doi":"10.1155/ina/5518324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/5518324","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Incense and candle burning, deeply rooted in cultural and aesthetic practices, are increasingly recognized as a significant source of indoor air pollution. The present study employed spectrometry-based techniques to characterize candle and incense emissions at the molecular level, focusing on diethyl phthalate (DEP), a widely used plasticizer raising concerns over its endocrine-disrupting and neurotoxic effects. Experiments were conducted under controlled chamber conditions and in realistic indoor environments to quantify DEP emission factors, temporal profiles, chemical stability, and phase partitioning. As the dominant ester species, DEP was consistently detected across all samples examined, comprising on average ~18.8% and ~2.4% of the identified molecular features in incense and candle aerosols, respectively. Moreover, DEP demonstrated sustained stability under acidic and photolytic conditions, suggesting its persistence in indoor environments. Notably, incense smoke retained DEP primarily in the particle phase, whereas candle emissions exhibited a more dynamic distribution yet still maintained a particle fraction exceeding 80%. These results contrast with other household sources that primarily release DEP as vapors, implying that combustion-derived DEP poses a greater exposure risk due to its efficient pulmonary deposition in particle-bound form. A further exposure assessment integrating our airborne measurements with literature data revealed that inhalation is the dominant exposure pathway, exceeding the combined intake from dermal absorption and ingestion by nearly an order of magnitude. This dominance driven primarily by incense emissions underscores the need for further investigation into the long-term health risks associated with chronic DEP inhalation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/5518324","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Simulation on the Transmission Risk of SARS-CoV-2 During a Typical Elevator Ride","authors":"Hongyu Wu,&nbsp;Hui An,&nbsp;Simon Ching Man Yu","doi":"10.1155/ina/7436897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/7436897","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, several cases of infection associated with elevator rides have been reported. To systematically assess the risk of droplet transmission in an elevator, this study employed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) together with a modified stochastic dose–response model to quantify the infection risk for occupants. Simulation is conducted during a 2-min elevator ride for two individuals facing each other, without considering mask-wearing. Various factors such as ventilation outlet position, ventilation rates, air temperature, relative humidity, ventilation techniques, breathing patterns, and body types have been analyzed in order to assess the inhalation risks for occupants. Their infection probabilities for different viral strains are also considered. The findings highlight the effectiveness of the top-to-bottom ventilation approach. Nasal breathing has risk-reducing benefits, and ventilation rates of 30–50 air changes per hour (ACH) play an important role in reducing the risk of infection. Moreover, the study further reveals that air curtain systems outperform side ventilation. Temperature, relative humidity, the infected individual’s breathing behavior, and the body types between infected and exposed individuals are shown to exert various degrees of influence on droplet transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/7436897","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Airborne Transmission Mitigation in a Naturally Ventilated Humanitarian Emergency Tent Using a Novel Single-Gas Tracer Decay Technique","authors":"Vincenzo Gentile,&nbsp;Marco Perino,&nbsp;Marco Simonetti,&nbsp;Marianna Nigra,&nbsp;Michele Di Marco,&nbsp;Anna Silenzi,&nbsp;Luca Fontana","doi":"10.1155/ina/5169036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/5169036","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rapid deployment of emergency tents for airborne disease containment necessitates effective and sustainable approaches. This study introduces an innovative emergency tent prototype, developed within the INITIATE² project by WFP and WHO, that leverages natural ventilation to mitigate airborne transmission risks when humanitarian tents are deployed in response to epidemics. The tent features a two-zone design with a transparent barrier separating the patient area from the healthcare operator zone and exploits a suitable airflow path to reduce cross-contamination. In order to overcome the constraints imposed by the logistic of the on-site measurements, a novel asynchronous single-gas tracer decay methodology combined with a multizone gray box model was developed, enabling both on-site experimental testing of ventilation effectiveness and estimation of airborne pathogen concentrations for infection transmission risk analysis. This approach allowed for the quantification of interzonal exchanges and ventilation rates under various window configurations, simulating different natural ventilation regimes. Multiple ventilation scenarios were evaluated, revealing that partial windows opening (Scenario 2, with Scenario 1 being windows closed) optimized airflow, achieving up to 15 air changes per hour (ACH), a value aligned with CDC and WHO guidelines. Instead, fully open windows (Scenario 3) increased the ACH in the patient area but compromised, to a certain extent, the containment of the pathogens in the healthcare operator zone. Results highlighted, for all the tested scenarios, an unintended air recirculation between the patient and the doctor zones. While the gray box model effectively estimated flow rates across scenarios, it encountered limitations at ACH &gt; 20 due to the photoacoustic equipment’s sampling constraints. The relatively slow acquisition time impacted on the data accuracy during rapid decay phases, where ventilation time constants were on the order of minutes. The design of the transparent barrier reflects a deliberate trade-off between airtightness and operational functionality, with the field methodology enabling an evidence-based assessment of its performance. These findings emphasize the need for refined airflow management and highlight the potential of natural ventilation in emergency healthcare settings. Future research directions include the development of high sampling rate, multigas, and multipoint monitoring tools, as well as enhanced tent designs that improve airtightness of the transparent barrier.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/5169036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Patterns and Characteristics of Winter Individual Experienced Temperatures (IETs) of Rural Older Adults: A Case Study in Henan, China","authors":"Wei Zhao,&nbsp;Liangliang Ni,&nbsp;Haiyan Yan,&nbsp;David Chow,&nbsp;Steve Sharples,&nbsp;Shanshan Yao,&nbsp;Yi Zhang","doi":"10.1155/ina/4857389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/4857389","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Experienced temperatures significantly affect the health of older adults due to irreversible physiological declines. In heat exposure studies, temperature measurements in specific spaces cannot fully capture individuals’ thermal experience in daily life, as people naturally and actively move between spaces with distinct thermal environments. The dynamic temperature experienced by rural older individuals in complex daily lives remains unclear, which is crucial for understanding its impact on health. This study discusses the concept of individual experienced temperatures (IETs) and investigated the characteristics and patterns of older adults’ IET in rural China during winter. A new method and equipment for longitudinal and noninvasive IET monitoring were developed and collected 157,800 IET data points, which were organized into 362 valid datasets. The data was gathered in China’s cold climate zone and hot summer cold winter (HSCW) climate zone from December 2023 to February 2024. The results revealed that local climate and weather had a significant impact on older adults’ IET. Cold waves reduced IET, while the effects were alleviated by thermal adaptation behavior of older adults. Diurnal IET was categorized into three patterns (stable group, active group, and moderate group) using K-means clustering analysis. The “stable group” was characterized by frequent IET fluctuations within a narrow and low temperature range. The “active group” was characterized by drastic IET fluctuations and high diurnal temperature range. The “moderate group” was characterized by low fluctuation frequency. For each participant, the majority of diurnal IET concentrated in one or two patterns. The IET of older adults exhibited significant individual variation. This research also discussed the significance of IET in comparison to traditional heat exposure studies. It highlights the dynamic and individualized nature of people’s heat exposure, contributing to the body of knowledge in this field. Furthermore, it provides greater accuracy and robustness in the result when assessing the health risks associated with exposure to varying temperatures. Recommendations for IET improvement were proposed from the perspectives of built environment optimization and policy support.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/4857389","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Indoor Environments: A Review and Analysis of Measured Concentrations in Europe","authors":"Nikolina Račić,&nbsp;Ivana Terzić,&nbsp;Nina Karlović,&nbsp;Anja Bošnjaković,&nbsp;Teo Terzić,&nbsp;Ivana Jakovljević,&nbsp;Gordana Pehnec,&nbsp;Tajana Horvat,&nbsp;Goran Gajski,&nbsp;Marko Gerić,&nbsp;Sandra Vitko,&nbsp;Iva Šunić,&nbsp;Michael Forsmann,&nbsp;Pasquale Avino,&nbsp;Ivana Banić,&nbsp;Marcel Lipej,&nbsp;Olga Malev,&nbsp;Bojana Žegura,&nbsp;Jon Switters,&nbsp;Francesco Mureddu,&nbsp;Mario Lovrić","doi":"10.1155/ina/5945455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/5945455","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Indoor air quality is a significant aspect of public health, yet it remains less studied than outdoor air pollution. Understudied indoor pollutants include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This review focuses on these two groups of compounds known for their health effects, including respiratory issues, neurological disorders, and carcinogenicity. We systematically compiled and analyzed data from studies reporting measured concentrations of VOCs and PAHs in European indoor environments—homes, schools, and offices—published in the past two decades. Concentration levels vary substantially across studies, influenced by regional differences, climate, building type, ventilation systems, and indoor activities. Identified sources include tobacco smoke, cooking, heating (e.g., biomass burning), and off-gassing from construction and furnishing materials. Our analysis reveals clear geographic patterns: lower concentrations of VOCs and PAHs are consistently reported in Northern and Western European countries, likely due to stricter air quality regulations, cleaner outdoor air, greater use of electric heating, and more advanced ventilation systems. Conversely, higher concentrations are more commonly observed in Southern and Eastern Europe, where biomass heating and poorer ventilation remain more prevalent. Seasonal variation also has a significant role, with higher indoor levels typically measured during colder months due to increased heating and reduced air exchange. This highlights the need for improved indoor air quality management practices and regulatory standards to minimize the health risks associated with VOCs and PAHs. This review of 46 scientific publications is aimed at informing future studies and guiding future field measurements and risk assessments in epidemiological studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/5945455","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}