Indoor air最新文献

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Different Air Pollutants on the Health of Asian Population by Application of AIRQ+ Tool","authors":"Abhishek Nandan,&nbsp;Subhashree Subhasmita Nayak,&nbsp;Bikarama Prasad Yadav,&nbsp;Damini Rana,&nbsp;Vimal Mohan","doi":"10.1155/ina/6737821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/6737821","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents a comparative analysis of air pollutant–attributed health risks across 15 urban centers in India, China, and Japan using the WHO’s AirQ+ model (V2.2.3). Four major pollutants PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and O₃ were assessed for their contribution to natural mortality, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, postneonatal infant mortality, and respiratory-related deaths. Using city-level annual mean concentration data from 2022 and a modified demographic cohort (adults aged 18+), the study estimated attributable proportion (AP%), relative risk (RR), and number of excess cases (NE) per pollutant–health endpoint pair. Patna, India, exhibited the highest AP for PM_2.5-related natural mortality (77.49%) and lung cancer. Suqian, China, showed similarly high APs for PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, while Shizuoka, Japan, recorded the highest PM₁₀-related chronic bronchitis and infant mortality within its cohort. Mumbai, India, recorded the highest NO₂-attributed AP for bronchitis in asthmatic children (AP: 16.7%). Xian, China, had the highest AP (up to 13.2%) for respiratory mortality due to O₃ exposure. Episodic events such as dust storms and agricultural burning were found to elevate annual PM concentrations by 10%–30%, influencing the overall AP calculations. Statistically, PM_2.5-related AP correlated strongly with urban industrialization and seasonal pollution peaks. The study further integrated spatial variance, adjusting for meteorological and topographic influences across cities. By incorporating nondefault age groups (18+), high-resolution monitoring data, and city-specific exposure sources, the research offers a granular and regionally differentiated health impact profile of air pollution across Asia.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/6737821","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Sterilization Performance of Photocatalysts Used in Indoor Air Purification","authors":"Xiaojian Duan,&nbsp;Yuqi Huang,&nbsp;Chao Shen,&nbsp;Phil Jones,&nbsp;Xi Deng","doi":"10.1155/ina/1071778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/1071778","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the past decade, the application of photocatalytic sterilization technology for indoor air disinfection has been extensively investigated. However, selecting suitable photocatalysts with high sterilization efficiency remains a challenge. By doping and incorporating metals, the bandgap can be narrowed, thereby avoiding the recombination of photogenerated charges. This study compares the photocatalytic sterilization performances of three commonly used photocatalysts (TiO₂–Ag, MnO₂–TiO₂, and MnO₂–CeO₂) in a controlled laboratory setting. The results demonstrated that TiO₂–Ag exhibited the best sterilization performance. Within 20 min, the concentration of <i>Serratia marcescens</i> (the test bacterium) decreased logarithmically with respect to ln3.78 under a light intensity of 640 W/m². During the bacterial inactivation process, <i>Serratia marcescens</i> is inactivated by the destruction of its cell membrane, which decreases its enzyme activity and releases its cell contents. This can be attributed to the efficient generation of reactive oxygen species (O₂•^– and •OH) and the thermal effect. Spectral regulation has the most significant impact on the sterilization efficiency of MnO₂–TiO₂, reducing the probability of photocatalytic materials being excited. A significance analysis indicated that light intensity, exposure duration, photocatalyst type, dilution of used photocatalysts, and spectral regulation substantially impact photocatalytic sterilization outcomes. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to elucidate the mechanism for the adsorption and catalysis of bacterial cell membranes at the atomic scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/1071778","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144573361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonthermal Plasma Air Purification Reduces Infection Rate and Alleviates Symptoms in Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: A Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"Renate Weisböck-Erdheim,&nbsp;Susanna Bordin,&nbsp;Johanna Freidl,&nbsp;Christina Pichler,&nbsp;Michael Bischof,&nbsp;René Zechner,&nbsp;Yara Meilinger,&nbsp;Hannah Hell,&nbsp;Jonathan Griener,&nbsp;Johanna Roth,&nbsp;Vera Foisner,&nbsp;Raphael Mühlmann,&nbsp;Andreas Seidl,&nbsp;Marcus Hermes,&nbsp;Thomas Obholzer,&nbsp;Arnulf Josef Hartl","doi":"10.1155/ina/3380242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/3380242","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As most of our time is spent indoors, indoor air quality is crucial, especially during seasonal virus outbreaks. Acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are among the most prevalent diseases globally, leading to symptoms like coughing, nasal congestion, and fatigue, along with significant healthcare costs. Since aerosols play a key role in infection transmission, improving indoor air quality is essential. Nonthermal plasma (NTP) has shown promise in inactivating airborne microorganisms, offering a potential solution for antiviral air purification without the need for filters. The AirDisP_URTI study investigated whether NTP air germ inactivation in real-world office settings could reduce URTI incidence over a 5-month period. Initially, the NTP air purifier’s effectiveness was tested in a laboratory. This was followed by an intervention study that measured infection events and severity using the WURSS-21 questionnaire, health checks, saliva samples, and an aerobic endurance test. A total of 230 participants were randomized, with 150 included in the final analysis: 73 in the NTP group and 77 in the control group. The NTP group experienced noticeably milder symptoms compared to controls. Statistically, symptom severity was significantly reduced (<i>p</i> = 0.028). Based on infection counts—24 in the NTP group and 32 in the control group—the odds of infection were higher in the control group, with an OR of 1.45 (95% CI: 0.75–2.78), indicating a 45% increased risk of infection without the NTP air purifier. The absolute risk reduction (ARR) was 8.68%, favoring the NTP group. Molecular analysis of saliva revealed lower levels of salivary immunoglobulin A and C-reactive protein in the NTP group, supporting a milder disease course; IgA differences were statistically significant (<i>p</i> = 0.039). These findings suggest that NTP air purifiers can reduce the incidence and severity of URTIs, though larger studies are needed to confirm broader impacts.</p><p><b>Trial Registration:</b> ISRCTN identifier: ISRCTN11050992</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/3380242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144558102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incense and Candle Burning: A Major Source of Phthalate Exposure in Indoor Environments","authors":"Zeyi Moo,&nbsp;Kate DeMarsh,&nbsp;Peizhi Hao,&nbsp;Yaying Wang,&nbsp;Xiaodi Zhang,&nbsp;Pengfei Liu,&nbsp;Xiaobo Mao,&nbsp;Xuan Zhang","doi":"10.1155/ina/5518324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/5518324","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Incense and candle burning, deeply rooted in cultural and aesthetic practices, are increasingly recognized as a significant source of indoor air pollution. The present study employed spectrometry-based techniques to characterize candle and incense emissions at the molecular level, focusing on diethyl phthalate (DEP), a widely used plasticizer raising concerns over its endocrine-disrupting and neurotoxic effects. Experiments were conducted under controlled chamber conditions and in realistic indoor environments to quantify DEP emission factors, temporal profiles, chemical stability, and phase partitioning. As the dominant ester species, DEP was consistently detected across all samples examined, comprising on average ~18.8% and ~2.4% of the identified molecular features in incense and candle aerosols, respectively. Moreover, DEP demonstrated sustained stability under acidic and photolytic conditions, suggesting its persistence in indoor environments. Notably, incense smoke retained DEP primarily in the particle phase, whereas candle emissions exhibited a more dynamic distribution yet still maintained a particle fraction exceeding 80%. These results contrast with other household sources that primarily release DEP as vapors, implying that combustion-derived DEP poses a greater exposure risk due to its efficient pulmonary deposition in particle-bound form. A further exposure assessment integrating our airborne measurements with literature data revealed that inhalation is the dominant exposure pathway, exceeding the combined intake from dermal absorption and ingestion by nearly an order of magnitude. This dominance driven primarily by incense emissions underscores the need for further investigation into the long-term health risks associated with chronic DEP inhalation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/5518324","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Simulation on the Transmission Risk of SARS-CoV-2 During a Typical Elevator Ride","authors":"Hongyu Wu,&nbsp;Hui An,&nbsp;Simon Ching Man Yu","doi":"10.1155/ina/7436897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/7436897","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, several cases of infection associated with elevator rides have been reported. To systematically assess the risk of droplet transmission in an elevator, this study employed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) together with a modified stochastic dose–response model to quantify the infection risk for occupants. Simulation is conducted during a 2-min elevator ride for two individuals facing each other, without considering mask-wearing. Various factors such as ventilation outlet position, ventilation rates, air temperature, relative humidity, ventilation techniques, breathing patterns, and body types have been analyzed in order to assess the inhalation risks for occupants. Their infection probabilities for different viral strains are also considered. The findings highlight the effectiveness of the top-to-bottom ventilation approach. Nasal breathing has risk-reducing benefits, and ventilation rates of 30–50 air changes per hour (ACH) play an important role in reducing the risk of infection. Moreover, the study further reveals that air curtain systems outperform side ventilation. Temperature, relative humidity, the infected individual’s breathing behavior, and the body types between infected and exposed individuals are shown to exert various degrees of influence on droplet transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/7436897","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unmasking Ethylbenzene Exposure in Residential Buildings and Schools With a Comprehensive Systematic Review","authors":"Ali Momen,&nbsp;Ali Taherkhani,&nbsp;Kosar Shahabi,&nbsp;Roohollah Rostami","doi":"10.1155/ina/8893958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/8893958","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the contemporary context of lifestyles, where individuals typically spend around 90% of their lifetimes indoors, indoor air quality becomes a crucial concern with implications for human health. This research examines ethylbenzene concentration in residential and educational buildings, evaluating associated risks. Extensive searches of databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, and Springer were conducted, encompassing data from inception to April 13^th, 2023, focusing on English-language sources. Search terms contained “BTEX,” “Indoor,” “Cigarette,” “Waterpipe,” “Shisha,” “Hookah,” “Tobacco,” and “ETS”. Thirty-one studies were deemed eligible for analysis. Time-series analysis does not show significant trends for ethylbenzene in both indoor and outdoor environments over years. However, ethylbenzene concentrations in residential buildings generally exceeded those in schools (7.49 ± 9.86 vs. 4.67 ± 7.81 <i> μ</i>g/m³). Moreover, smoking within residential buildings correlated with higher ethylbenzene concentrations compared to nonsmoking environments (17.75 ± 18.96 vs. 7.16 ± 7.79 <i> μ</i>g/m³). Additionally, indoor ethylbenzene concentrations surpassed outdoor concentrations. The calculated cancer risk for all studies related to residential buildings, across genders and age groups, and schools in Group 3, exceeded the established permissible limit (i.e., 10⁻⁶). Conversely, the calculated hazard quotient for all studies remained below the permissible limit (i.e., 1).</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/8893958","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Impact of Thermal Performance on Thermal Comfort in Dwellings: A Large-Sample Study With a Homogeneous User Profile","authors":"Beatriz Montalbán Pozas,&nbsp;Marta Lucas Bonilla,&nbsp;José Manuel Lorenzo Gallardo,&nbsp;Inmaculada Bote Alonso","doi":"10.1155/ina/5533639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/5533639","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Initiatives abound for improving energy efficiency in existing dwellings stock, yet the impact in their indoor thermal comfort conditions, postretrofit performance, and comfort levels are insufficiently explored. Studies that evaluate this parameter, enabling the validation or adjustment of current policies of retrofit actions, would be essential. Thus, this paper details the thermal monitoring and behaviour of a sample of 92 dwellings with a homogeneous user profile, with the aim of identifying thermal and comfort patterns. For this purpose, continuous long-term monitoring is proposed for the comparative analysis of time series data for different climatic periods, instead of complex and individual data collection in situ. In order to correlate the envelope’s thermal behaviour, buildings are characterised in terms of building typology and construction period, after which occupant behaviours are examined via questionnaires on self-reported thermal sensations and adaptive actions. Key results point to a lack of relationship between the building typology and construction period and thermal performance, even after the implementation of energy efficiency improvement measures. Additionally, thermal comfort was found to be intermittent, albeit more present in winter than summer, with a marked heterogeneity when it comes to individual habits. These facts indicate that it is necessary to include additional thermal performance driving factors for determining practical comfort implications and characterising its correlation with energy efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/5533639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144292835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracing PAHs in Indoor Dusts as Thirdhand Smoke: The Association With Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and Probabilistic Human Risk Assessment","authors":"Hossein Arfaeinia,&nbsp;Sara Dadipoor,&nbsp;Farshid Soleimani,&nbsp;Yadolah Fakhri,&nbsp;Ehsan Ramezanian Nik,&nbsp;Reza Saeedi,&nbsp;Nooshin Abbasi,&nbsp;Fatemeh Barzin","doi":"10.1155/ina/8882242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/8882242","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tobacco smoke is a significant contributor to indoor air pollution and poses serious health risks. This study surveyed the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoker household dust and the association between PAHs in dust and symptoms of sick building syndrome (SBS). Sixty samples of settled household dust (20 samples from homes with waterpipe smoker, 20 samples from homes with cigarette smoker, and 20 samples from smoke-free home as control group) were collected from Bandar Abbas City. Two residents of each home, who did not smoke, also completed a survey about SBS symptoms. The concentrations of PAHs were determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The average <i>Σ</i>PAH concentrations were 1039.66 ± 75.37, 917.51 ± 63.15, and 330.08 ± 58.22 ng/g in dust samples from homes with waterpipe smokers, homes with cigarette smokers, and smoke-free homes. In waterpipe and cigarette smoker homes, a significant relationship was observed between the <i>Σ</i>PAHs levels and reports of headache, skin dryness, skin itching, dryness and inflammation, and abnormal fatigue. The cancer risk of exposure to PAHs via household dust in adults and children based on home groups was waterpipe smokers residents &gt; cigarette smokers &gt; nonsmokers. Total cancer risk from PAH exposure in all three home groups was higher than 1.00E − 4. Multidisciplinary cooperation and participation, including tobacco control, environmental science, medicine, and health promotion, are needed for the effectiveness of management strategies to have a sufficient understanding of the routes of exposure, mechanisms of damage, and identification of vulnerable groups and how to control exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/8882242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling Near-Field Aerosol Exposure for Respiratory Infection Risk Assessment","authors":"Christiaan J. E. Delmaar,&nbsp;Lucie C. Vermeulen,&nbsp;Jack F. Schijven","doi":"10.1155/ina/5571740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/5571740","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) is a method to estimate the risk of infectious disease transmission from human exposure to pathogens. QMRA is a helpful tool to inform health policies to control the impact of infectious disease transmission from human-to-human transmissible infectious respiratory diseases. QMRA combines an estimate of pathogen exposure with information on the probability of infection given the dose. The infection risk of respiratory diseases is generally assumed to depend on the interpersonal distance between the infectious person (index) and the exposed recipient. To account for close-proximity exposure in QMRA, specific generic models are required. To be helpful in policy information, these models should be sufficiently accurate in describing elevated air concentrations of pathogens near the index. On the other hand, they should be sufficiently generic and flexible to be applied in generalized situations without requiring very specific and detailed situational information. In this work, we identified different models to account for near-field exposure in the literature: multizone, diffusion, and jet models. These methods were tested with respect to their applicability in QMRA. We evaluated them on the criteria of ease of use, the availability of parameter values for generic application, and their ability to describe air concentrations in realistic situations as replicated in experiments. It was found that only diffusion modelling appeared to be both flexible enough to describe experimental data and to be supported by sufficient information to allow for parametrization in a wide variety of situations. The multizone models were found to be easy to use but difficult to parametrize given the arbitrariness of aspects of the modelling method. The jet models were found to be more complex to implement and adapt to specific exposure scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/5571740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Upper-Room Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation on Airborne Bacteria Concentration in Full-Scale Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms","authors":"Jong-Il Bang,&nbsp;Ye-Lim Jo,&nbsp;Anseop Choi,&nbsp;Jae-Weon Jeong,&nbsp;Minki Sung","doi":"10.1155/ina/9222264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/9222264","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the importance of maintaining a healthy indoor environment, particularly in healthcare facilities where strict infection control is essential. Airborne infection isolation rooms (AIIRs) are designed to isolate infectious patients and prevent the spread of airborne pathogens. However, additional microbial contamination control measures are necessary to ensure safe indoor air quality for both healthcare workers and patients. In this study, the disinfection performance of upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UR-UVGI) was experimentally evaluated in a full-scale AIIR environment. Experiments were conducted under the AIIR minimum operational conditions (i.e., ≥ 6 air changes per hour (ACH)), using <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (<i>ATCC 6633</i>) as the microbial contaminant. To simulate practical conditions, two microbial source scenarios were considered: (1) outdoor sources, wherein the microbes infiltrated from the anteroom into the ward, and (2) indoor sources, wherein the microbes were generated directly at the patient’s respiratory position. The results indicate that for outdoor sources, UR-UVGI reduced airborne contaminants by approximately 20% at the ward center and 28% at the patient’s respiratory position, but these reductions were not statistically significant (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). By contrast, for indoor sources, UR-UVGI achieved a statistically significant reduction of approximately 23% at the ward center and 25% at the ward exhaust (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). These findings suggest that UR-UVGI serves as a supplementary disinfection method in AIIRs. In addition, the relatively low disinfection efficacy observed at high ventilation rates (≥ 6 ACH) indicates the need for optimized UR-UVGI placement strategies to enhance disinfection performance. Future research will focus on microbial dispersion and deposition patterns, incorporating computational fluid dynamics modeling to assess UR-UVGI effectiveness under various environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/ina/9222264","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144108896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}