Olivia M Almendares, Jasmine D Ruffin, Luke C Gard, Rangaraj Selvarangan, Anjana Sasidharan, Dithi Banerjee, Nibha Sagar, Amanda Hayes, Sydnie Petty, Brian R Lee, Christopher Young, Janelle Porter, Shannon Tilsworth, Jennifer L Goldman, Jennifer E Schuster, Hannah L Kirking
{"title":"2023年2月至3月密苏里州堪萨斯城小学室内空气质量状况和呼吸道病毒检测","authors":"Olivia M Almendares, Jasmine D Ruffin, Luke C Gard, Rangaraj Selvarangan, Anjana Sasidharan, Dithi Banerjee, Nibha Sagar, Amanda Hayes, Sydnie Petty, Brian R Lee, Christopher Young, Janelle Porter, Shannon Tilsworth, Jennifer L Goldman, Jennifer E Schuster, Hannah L Kirking","doi":"10.1155/ina/9935344","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Respiratory viruses circulate year-round and can spread indoors via inhalation of airborne particles. Effective ventilation and filtration may reduce transmission, particularly in school settings where children and staff spend significant time. This study examines the impact of indoor air quality (IAQ) and ventilation in schools on respiratory virus detection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>During February 27 to March 30, 2023, we assessed the relationship between IAQ and respiratory viruses in two Kansas City, Missouri, elementary schools by collecting bioaerosol samples, student and staff nasal swabs, and monitoring IAQ across 10 rooms (six classrooms, two common spaces, and two nurses' offices). We calculated air changes per hour ( <math><mtext>ACH</mtext></math> ) and analyzed viral detections in nasal swabs and bioaerosol samples by high (≥ 1000 ppm) or low (< 1000 ppm) CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in classrooms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We collected 173 nasal swabs from 100 participants and 30 bioaerosol samples from 10 rooms. Participants were mostly female (68%) and white (60%). Viruses were detected in 90% of bioaerosol and 35% of nasal samples. Four classrooms and both common spaces had the same virus detected in bioaerosol and nasal swab samples. None of the spaces met the CDC recommended <math><mtext>ACH</mtext></math> of 5, and only one exceeded ANSI/ASHRAE 62.1-2022 standards for outdoor air supply. During school hours, 83% of classrooms had high average CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations. Classrooms with high CO<sub>2</sub> levels had higher viral detection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Viral presence was found in bioaerosol and nasal samples with some overlap in concurrently collected samples. Findings suggest a possible connection between high CO<sub>2</sub> levels and virus detection. Improving IAQ and ventilation may reduce respiratory infection risks in schools. However, this study highlights the need to further assess the impact of various environmental modifications on respiratory virus transmission in schools, including determining optimal strategies such as ventilation, filtration, or germicidal ultraviolet energy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2025 1","pages":"9935344"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12416244/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Indoor Air Quality Conditions and Respiratory Virus Detections in Elementary Schools-Kansas City, Missouri, February-March 2023.\",\"authors\":\"Olivia M Almendares, Jasmine D Ruffin, Luke C Gard, Rangaraj Selvarangan, Anjana Sasidharan, Dithi Banerjee, Nibha Sagar, Amanda Hayes, Sydnie Petty, Brian R Lee, Christopher Young, Janelle Porter, Shannon Tilsworth, Jennifer L Goldman, Jennifer E Schuster, Hannah L Kirking\",\"doi\":\"10.1155/ina/9935344\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Respiratory viruses circulate year-round and can spread indoors via inhalation of airborne particles. Effective ventilation and filtration may reduce transmission, particularly in school settings where children and staff spend significant time. This study examines the impact of indoor air quality (IAQ) and ventilation in schools on respiratory virus detection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>During February 27 to March 30, 2023, we assessed the relationship between IAQ and respiratory viruses in two Kansas City, Missouri, elementary schools by collecting bioaerosol samples, student and staff nasal swabs, and monitoring IAQ across 10 rooms (six classrooms, two common spaces, and two nurses' offices). We calculated air changes per hour ( <math><mtext>ACH</mtext></math> ) and analyzed viral detections in nasal swabs and bioaerosol samples by high (≥ 1000 ppm) or low (< 1000 ppm) CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in classrooms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We collected 173 nasal swabs from 100 participants and 30 bioaerosol samples from 10 rooms. Participants were mostly female (68%) and white (60%). Viruses were detected in 90% of bioaerosol and 35% of nasal samples. Four classrooms and both common spaces had the same virus detected in bioaerosol and nasal swab samples. None of the spaces met the CDC recommended <math><mtext>ACH</mtext></math> of 5, and only one exceeded ANSI/ASHRAE 62.1-2022 standards for outdoor air supply. During school hours, 83% of classrooms had high average CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations. Classrooms with high CO<sub>2</sub> levels had higher viral detection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Viral presence was found in bioaerosol and nasal samples with some overlap in concurrently collected samples. Findings suggest a possible connection between high CO<sub>2</sub> levels and virus detection. Improving IAQ and ventilation may reduce respiratory infection risks in schools. However, this study highlights the need to further assess the impact of various environmental modifications on respiratory virus transmission in schools, including determining optimal strategies such as ventilation, filtration, or germicidal ultraviolet energy.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":13529,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Indoor air\",\"volume\":\"2025 1\",\"pages\":\"9935344\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":4.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-01-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12416244/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Indoor air\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/9935344\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Indoor air","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ina/9935344","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Indoor Air Quality Conditions and Respiratory Virus Detections in Elementary Schools-Kansas City, Missouri, February-March 2023.
Background/objectives: Respiratory viruses circulate year-round and can spread indoors via inhalation of airborne particles. Effective ventilation and filtration may reduce transmission, particularly in school settings where children and staff spend significant time. This study examines the impact of indoor air quality (IAQ) and ventilation in schools on respiratory virus detection.
Methods: During February 27 to March 30, 2023, we assessed the relationship between IAQ and respiratory viruses in two Kansas City, Missouri, elementary schools by collecting bioaerosol samples, student and staff nasal swabs, and monitoring IAQ across 10 rooms (six classrooms, two common spaces, and two nurses' offices). We calculated air changes per hour ( ) and analyzed viral detections in nasal swabs and bioaerosol samples by high (≥ 1000 ppm) or low (< 1000 ppm) CO2 concentration in classrooms.
Results: We collected 173 nasal swabs from 100 participants and 30 bioaerosol samples from 10 rooms. Participants were mostly female (68%) and white (60%). Viruses were detected in 90% of bioaerosol and 35% of nasal samples. Four classrooms and both common spaces had the same virus detected in bioaerosol and nasal swab samples. None of the spaces met the CDC recommended of 5, and only one exceeded ANSI/ASHRAE 62.1-2022 standards for outdoor air supply. During school hours, 83% of classrooms had high average CO2 concentrations. Classrooms with high CO2 levels had higher viral detection.
Conclusions: Viral presence was found in bioaerosol and nasal samples with some overlap in concurrently collected samples. Findings suggest a possible connection between high CO2 levels and virus detection. Improving IAQ and ventilation may reduce respiratory infection risks in schools. However, this study highlights the need to further assess the impact of various environmental modifications on respiratory virus transmission in schools, including determining optimal strategies such as ventilation, filtration, or germicidal ultraviolet energy.
期刊介绍：
The quality of the environment within buildings is a topic of major importance for public health.
Indoor Air provides a location for reporting original research results in the broad area defined by the indoor environment of non-industrial buildings. An international journal with multidisciplinary content, Indoor Air publishes papers reflecting the broad categories of interest in this field: health effects; thermal comfort; monitoring and modelling; source characterization; ventilation and other environmental control techniques.
The research results present the basic information to allow designers, building owners, and operators to provide a healthy and comfortable environment for building occupants, as well as giving medical practitioners information on how to deal with illnesses related to the indoor environment.
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