Indoor air最新文献

{"title":"Potential Health Risks for Long-Term Stays in Underground Parking Garages: Implications of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Dust","authors":"Shiji Ge,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Jiao,&nbsp;Chenyang Gao,&nbsp;Muhammad Zaib,&nbsp;Xinling Ruan,&nbsp;Yangyang Wang","doi":"10.1155/2024/5527710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5527710","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Surface dust in urban environments is an important carrier and potential source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, information regarding PAHs in underground parking garage (UPG) surface dust is still limited. In the present study, a total of 30 surface dust samples were collected from UPGs in apartment communities to assess the content, potential health risks to residents and sources of PAHs. The results showed that the total PAH content in the surface dust in the UPGs ranged from 636.27 to 25448.62 <i>μ</i>g/kg, with a mean content of 4097.73 <i>μ</i>g/kg. The distribution pattern of PAHs based on ring number exhibited the following order: 2–3 &gt; 5–6 &gt; 4 rings. All these surface dust samples were contaminated with PAHs, and 80% were heavily contaminated (<i>Σ</i>PAH &gt; 1000 <i>μ</i>g/kg). Health risk assessment revealed that the mean total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for children and adults was 1.33 × 10⁻⁶ and 1.01 × 10⁻⁶, respectively, indicating that residents suffered acceptable carcinogenic risk. The diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization results indicate that pyrogenesis was the primary source of PAHs in UPG surface dust, with diesel combustion, gasoline combustion, vehicular emission, and coal combustion contributing 8.2%, 42.8%, 27.9%, and 21.1%, respectively. These results indicate that effective measures should be implemented to protect local workers and residents from carcinogenic effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/5527710","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141994119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overheating and Air Velocities in Modern Office Buildings During Heating Season","authors":"Martin Kiil,&nbsp;Raimo Simson,&nbsp;Martin Thalfeldt,&nbsp;Jarek Kurnitski","doi":"10.1155/2024/9992937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9992937","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Proper design and operation of buildings are expected to result in optimal thermal comfort and energy performance at the same time. If occupants are not satisfied with thermal conditions, corrective actions by building managers and maintenance staff may lead to elevated room temperatures with evident energy penalties. Because of complicated technical systems and control logic, it is worth studying how well the design intent has been realised in new office buildings. In this study, thermal comfort was analysed by measurements of draught, room, and supply air temperature as well as with occupant questionnaire surveys in five modern office buildings. Both short- and long-term measurements were conducted to demonstrate problems in the operation and to find potential solutions for improvement. The results revealed an issue of excessive overheating during the heating season despite generally low air velocities. Radiant ceiling panels had the lowest velocities in both summer and winter, while buildings with active chilled beams showed the potential to meet Category II air velocity and temperature requirements. The building with thermally activated building systems experienced the most overheating during the heating season. Occupants were satisfied with the heating season temperatures of 23°C–25°C that can be attributed to lighter clothing (0.7 clo) instead of the standard 1.0 clo. Ventilation supply air and indoor temperature analyses indicate that elevated setpoints have been used to compensate for draught, resulting in overheating. As a measure of improvement to avoid overheating, we propose control curves for room temperature based on the outdoor running mean temperature and for supply air temperature based on the extract air temperature.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/9992937","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141980213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calculating Comfort Indexes and Applying Comfort Models to Predict Thermal Sensation Vote in Sports Centres","authors":"Luca Borghero,&nbsp;Santiago Escudero,&nbsp;Joana Ortiz,&nbsp;Jaume Salom","doi":"10.1155/2024/9142303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9142303","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Predicting the indoor thermal comfort of people while doing sports might pose challenges, as the combination of high metabolic rate, increased humidity of the space due to physical exercise, and the alternate of more and less intense tasks influence perception. This paper is aimed at comparing environmental data (temperature and relative humidity) and calculating comfort indexes (heat index) and two comfort models (Fanger’s predicted mean value and the adaptive thermal comfort model) with people’s perceptions of the environment. Indoor environmental data for the analysis were collected by monitoring several rooms in eight sports centres in a Mediterranean climate. The thermal sensation votes (TSVs) of the occupants were obtained through an online survey. A detailed explanation of the methodology of the monitoring, creation, and management of the survey and the tools used to analyse the data is provided. Results compare the relation between the TSV and the parameters or indexes calculated. Fanger’s predicted mean vote (PMV) model is not able to correctly predict people’s sensations, neither for low nor for high metabolic rates. Finally, the neutral temperature of the adaptive model for the studied conditions is calculated. Among the studied parameters and indices, temperature exhibits the strongest correlation with the thermal sensation of the occupants. However, occupants did not report a significant sensation regarding humidity in accordance with the objective conditions of the rooms. The heat index also did not show any significant correlation with the TSV. Nevertheless, across a wide range of conditions, including variations in metabolic activities, temperature, and relative humidity, the percentage of thermal dissatisfaction (indicated by “very hot” responses) remains consistently high. Notably, the temperature at which a peak in neutral sensation can be achieved is less than 21° for low metabolic rate activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/9142303","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141980431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an Optimal Control Method for the Concentration of Degradable Substances","authors":"Tomohito Matsuo,&nbsp;Hikari Shimadera,&nbsp;Akira Kondo","doi":"10.1155/2024/1094914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1094914","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Indoor environments affect occupant hygiene, comfort, and productivity. Special treatments, such as spraying essential oils, disinfectant gases, and water vapor or droplets, have been proposed to improve indoor comfort in recent years. Therefore, a method to control the concentrations of these beneficial substances is required. To control the indoor concentration distribution of various degradable substances emitted indoors, this article proposes a novel method that uses the linear relationship between the source and concentration distributions. The method was evaluated through numerical experiments using CFD. Furthermore, the effects of the deposition (Dep) and decomposition (Dec) of the substances on the performance were assessed. The method successfully determined the optimal emission intensities for each emission source to make the concentration field close to the objective—the uniform distribution—in the experiment. When substances decomposed in the air or were deposited on the walls, the performance of the optimal control decreased compared to the case without Dec or Dep. This indicated that the occurrence of Dec or Dep lowered the optimization performance by enhancing the unevenness of the concentration field in the area near the emission source and far from the source. The Dep case showed relatively lower performance than the Dec case because the Dep occurred more spatially unevenly than the Dec. In addition, the more emission sources employed, the smaller the gap between the objective and the optimized concentration field. This method will help control indoor air quality more efficiently.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/1094914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141968331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations Between Postnatal Pollution Exposures, 24-h Movement Behaviours, and Motor Development Outcomes Among Children (0–12 Years Old): A Systematic Review","authors":"Claudia I. Maddren,&nbsp;Gursimran Dhamrait,&nbsp;Kayla Elliott,&nbsp;Marcelo Toledo-Vargas,&nbsp;Ihsane Gryech,&nbsp;Anthony D. Okely","doi":"10.1155/2024/6405166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6405166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Background:</b> Little is known about how exposure to different types of pollution is associated with motor development in children or how pollution may be related to time spent in physical activity, sedentary behaviour—including screen time, and sleep. The purpose of this study was to review the evidence on these associations, especially in light of the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for these behaviours.</p><p><b>Methods:</b> We searched eight electronic databases: CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, Global Health, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science, from inception to May 2023. Studies that reported an association between a pollution measure (air, water, noise, or land) and at least one movement behaviour (physical activity, sleep, or sedentary time) or motor development outcome (fine or gross motor) among apparently healthy children from birth to 12 years were included. Eligibility of the studies was assessed, and extracted data was based on the study design, sample characteristics, pollution type, and type of association reported.</p><p><b>Results:</b> The search returned 5358 studies, of which 18 were eligible for inclusion. Most studies were conducted in high-income countries (<i>n</i> = 13). Studies reported measures of outdoor air (<i>n</i> = 7), indoor air (<i>n</i> = 4), land (<i>n</i> = 3), and noise pollution (<i>n</i> = 4). Findings from the review were mixed and inconsistent. Most studies reported associations between a pollution measure and motor development outcomes (<i>n</i> = 12), followed by sleep (<i>n</i> = 5) and physical activity and sedentary behaviour (<i>n</i> = 1).</p><p><b>Conclusions:</b> There is limited evidence regarding associations between pollution measures, 24-h movement behaviours, and motor development. Future research should pay more attention to postnatal exposure to different types of pollution and its impact on healthy levels of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep, and motor development and consider confounders such as geographic location, weather conditions, and country income level.</p><p><b>Trial Registration:</b> PROSPERO: CRD42022340130.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/6405166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141967579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Method Development to Assess the Ventilated and Nonventilated Sources of Indoor Dust Deposits, Applied in a Museum","authors":"Terje Grøntoft,&nbsp;Oliwia Buchwald-Zięcina","doi":"10.1155/2024/6086442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6086442","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A method was developed to analytically distinguish between the ventilated (v) and nonventilated (nv) fractions of water-soluble ions in deposits of particle indoors. The indicative method was based on low-cost passive outdoor and indoor sampling of the particle and ion deposits and NO₂ gas and analysis of the regression values and residuals of the correlations between these parameters. The method was applied to measurements in the Pieskowa Skała Castle Museum in Poland. A dominating source of “soil and building dust” was indicated all year round, probably partly from renovation works of the castle, with larger total infiltration in the winter–spring (W-S) but with a higher proportion of ventilation ingress in the summer–autumn (S-A). About 60%–80%, by mass, of the water-soluble ions in the soil and building dust were calcium and probably some magnesium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO₃)₂, Mg(HCO₃)₂) and about 10%–20% sulfates (SO₄⁻⁻) with calcium (Ca⁺⁺) and several other cations. The other main source of the ion deposits was indicated to be air pollution, with chloride (Cl⁻), sulfate (SO₄⁻⁻), and nitrate (NO₃⁻), from outdoor combustion sources, like traffic, residential heating, and industry. These were mainly v from outdoors in the colder parts of the year, but also to the more open locations in the S-A. A small source of nv sulfate (SO₄⁻⁻) was identified inside two showcases in the S-A. The study showed good enclosure protection of the museum objects against exposure to particle pollution, but also the need to avoid the trapping of particle pollution inside showcases or closed rooms. The identification of the probable different amounts and sources of v and nv ions in the castle aided preventive actions to reduce the pollution exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/6086442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Effects of Dust Particle Size and Respiratory Intensity on the Pattern of Respiratory Particle Deposition in Humans","authors":"Gang Zhou,&nbsp;Zengxin Liu,&nbsp;Wenqi Shao,&nbsp;Biao Sun,&nbsp;Lin Li,&nbsp;Jianguo Liu,&nbsp;Gang Li,&nbsp;Xueqiang Lv","doi":"10.1155/2024/5025616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5025616","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nowadays, dust exposure pollution is receiving a lot of attention due to its significant impact on public health. To investigate the impact of dust particle size and human respiratory strength on respiratory particle deposition patterns, data was collected through on-site surveys. The study analyzed the equivalent respiratory strength, dust environment characteristics, and bronchial particle escape and deposition patterns of humans in fully mechanized mining faces at various operating times. This was done using ergonomic energy consumption simulation experiments and a fluid–solid interaction method of CFD-DEM. The findings revealed that as humans worked continuously for 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min, their respiratory intensity corresponded to 8, 18, 30, 42, and 50 L/min, respectively. According to the field investigation and particle size analysis, the particle size distribution of 1~5, 5~10, 10~20, 20~30, and 30~40 <i>μ</i>m particles accounted for 36%, 26%, 15%, 11%, and 10%, respectively. In general, the deposition rate of dust was highest in the main bronchus of the respiratory tract, followed by the trachea area. Particles ranging from 5 to 10 <i>μ</i>m in size were observed to have a higher likelihood of escaping from the tertiary bronchioles and entering the secondary bronchial regions. Conversely, particles larger than 20 <i>μ</i>m exhibited a deposition rate of up to 80% in the tertiary bronchial regions. It was noted that the bronchial deposition rate of particles of varying sizes increased with respiratory strength, with smaller particles showing greater sensitivity to changes in respiratory strength in terms of the deposition fraction. Among the different particle sizes, the deposition rate of 5–10 <i>μ</i>m particles exhibited the most variation with increasing respiration intensity, ranging up to 17%.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/5025616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Monoxide Exposure and Risk of Cognitive Impairment Among Cooks in Africa","authors":"Ryan McCord,&nbsp;Stephanie Parsons,&nbsp;Ashley S. Bittner,&nbsp;Charles B. L. Jumbe,&nbsp;Gillian Kabwe,&nbsp;Joseph Pedit,&nbsp;Nancy Serenje,&nbsp;Andrew P. Grieshop,&nbsp;Pamela Jagger","doi":"10.1155/2024/7363613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7363613","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We use air pollution exposure measurements and household survey data from four studies conducted across three countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to analyze the association between carbon monoxide (CO) exposure from cooking with biomass and indicators of cognitive impairment. While there is strong evidence on the relationship between ambient air pollution exposure and cognitive impairment from studies in high-income countries, relatively little research has focused on household air pollution (HAP) in low-income country settings where risks of HAP exposure are high. This study is the first to our knowledge to focus on the association between HAP exposure (specifically CO exposure) and cognitive impairment across diverse settings in SSA. We use 24-hour measurements of primary cooks’ exposure to CO across four study sites: urban Zambia (<i>n</i> = 493); urban Malawi (<i>n</i> = 130); rural Malawi (<i>n</i> = 102); and urban Rwanda (<i>n</i> = 2,576). We model the estimated percent carboxyhemoglobin (%COHb) of cooks and map values to a toxicological profile for risk of cognitive impairment. We find that across all study settings, cooks’ average %COHb levels are below levels of daily concern, but that cooks who use charcoal for preparing greater than 40% of meals are more likely to spend additional time at higher levels of risk. For the urban Zambia sample, we compare %COHb and frequency of charcoal use to a series of cognitive test scores and find no consistent relationships between %COHb and cognitive test scores. High levels of daily CO exposure from cooks across SSA highlight the potential for longer-term negative cognitive (and other) health outcomes motivating additional research and efforts to characterize and mitigate risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/7363613","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141488709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Airborne Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Chicken Farm during Winter and Summer","authors":"Lu Song,&nbsp;Jinbiao Ma,&nbsp;Guanyu Jiang,&nbsp;Can Wang,&nbsp;Yuan Zhang,&nbsp;Hong Chen,&nbsp;Ru-jin Huang","doi":"10.1155/2024/1707863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1707863","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Information regarding the abundance and dissemination of airborne antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in chicken farms and their correlations with airborne bacteria is limited. In this study, we investigated the bacterial communities and quantified the ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in fecal and air samples in summer and winter. The concentrations of nearly all the airborne ARG and MGE subtypes in winter are three or four orders of magnitude higher than those in summer. Findings reveal that the indoor air of a chicken farm is a reservoir of ARGs. Based on the fecal samples, bacteria might be easily distributed in the air in the intensive chicken farm during winter. The mobility of target ARGs during winter might be stronger than during summer. These results may improve the understanding of airborne ARG transmission and its distribution characteristics and provide a reference for assessing the risks arising from chicken farms. More effort is needed to prevent and control the potential health risks induced by airborne ARGs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/1707863","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141286816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on Electrostatic Changes in Respirators and Their Filtration Efficiency","authors":"Jimin Kim,&nbsp;Jongmin Park,&nbsp;Perng-Jy Tsai,&nbsp;Chungsik Yoon","doi":"10.1155/2024/5503400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5503400","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>The filtering mechanism of respirators involves static electricity and physical mechanisms, such as inertial impaction, interception, and diffusion. Static electricity is used to reduce pressure resistance, but electrostatic effects and the environmental variables that affect them are not well studied. Therefore, this study evaluated the contribution of static electricity to the filtration efficiency of respirators and the effects of changes in temperature and humidity on static electricity and the resulting filtration efficiency. Eight respirators from four manufacturers—four for workers (1^st class respirators) and four for citizens (KF-94 respirators)—were selected, all of which met legal standards in Korea. The filtration efficiency and pressure drop were evaluated at baseline and after removing static electricity with isopropanol. To study the effects of humidity and temperature on the efficiency of the respirators, the respirators were exposed to 30, 50, and 98% humidity while the temperature was fixed at 25°C and to temperatures of −30, 25, and 70°C while the humidity was fixed at 50%. Static electricity was measured using a surface-potential meter, and the filtration efficiency was measured using NaCl and paraffin oil. When static electricity was removed from the 1^st class and KF-94 respirators, the filtration efficiency decreased by 21.7% and 19.5%, respectively. Humidity affected the change in static electricity slightly more than temperature, but since not all static electricity was removed, the filtration efficiency was not affected greatly. The changes in static electricity and filtration efficiency due to humidity were significant, but this was because the standard deviation was small. Even under 98% humidity, the filtration efficiency was only 1–2% lower than that at 30% humidity and still met the 94% filtration efficiency criterion for respirators.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/5503400","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141264575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}