Indoor air最新文献

{"title":"Indoor Exchange Rates and Penetration From Outdoors in an Instrumented Terraced House (Townhouse) Using Gas Tracers: Implications for Particles and Gases Indoors","authors":"James C. Matthews,&nbsp;M. Anwar H. Khan,&nbsp;Matthew D. Wright,&nbsp;Prem K. Perumal,&nbsp;Carl J. Percival,&nbsp;Ian D. Bull,&nbsp;Ian J. Craddock,&nbsp;Dudley E. Shallcross","doi":"10.1155/2024/9204433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9204433","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Air exchange rate is a key determinant of indoor air quality which is highly variable within the rooms of a naturally ventilated terraced house (townhouse). Window opening can increase the air exchange rate, but internal door opening between rooms inside decreases the rate. Inert perfluorocarbon gas-phase tracers demonstrated flow within the house, and the penetration of tracers released outside into the house showed a strong dependence on wind speed and wind direction. Between experiments, it was found that the tracer could be detected within certain parts of the house weeks after the initial release, with implications for pollutants and their impact on the indoor environment. A limited number of reactive tracer experiments suggested an upper limit for indoor [OH]~1 × 10⁵ molecule cm^-3 with up to 0.5 ppt of [NO₃] estimated, leading to an estimated indoor lifetime for d5 isoprene of many hours. Ultrafine particulate matter generated in the kitchen travels throughout the house, and the persistence of elevated aerosol concentrations is seen even in well-ventilated rooms, with implications for particle exposure in the evening and during the night.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/9204433","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142524843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Respiratory Simulator for the Study of Pathogen Transmission in Indoor Environments","authors":"Claudio Mucignat,&nbsp;Bernhard Roth,&nbsp;Ivan Lunati","doi":"10.1155/2024/8368202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8368202","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Detailed investigation of pathogen transmission by respiratory droplets requires extensive experimental datasets with high spatial–temporal resolution in a wide range of ambient conditions. Respiratory simulators are attractive tools for those measurements, because they improve repeatability, endurance, and control of experimental conditions with respect to studies on human subjects. They also enable the use of powerful experimental techniques, which may raise health concerns if employed on humans. In this paper, we design and present a respiratory simulator, which is capable of accurately reproducing physiological flow rate profiles and allows the investigation of the spatial and temporal features of the exhaust flow by background-oriented schlieren (BOS) and particle image velocimetry (PIV). We use laser interferometry and high-magnification shadowgraphy to verify the size distributions of the emitted droplets, and we quantify the evolution of the droplet concentration during cough events by Mie scattering analysis. The experiments demonstrate the ability of the respiratory simulator to generate highly reproducible cough events with precise and controllable droplet size distributions over a wide range of flow rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/8368202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Centralised Air Sampling From a Ventilation System for the Surveillance of Respiratory Pathogens","authors":"Michiel Happaerts,&nbsp;Caspar Geenen,&nbsp;Jade Michiels,&nbsp;Sarah Gorissen,&nbsp;Jens Swinnen,&nbsp;Kurt Beuselinck,&nbsp;Lies Laenen,&nbsp;Joren Raymenants,&nbsp;Natalie Lorent,&nbsp;Sien Ombelet,&nbsp;Els Keyaerts,&nbsp;Emmanuel André","doi":"10.1155/2024/5176619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5176619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Background:</b> The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a renewed interest in indoor air sampling for infectious disease surveillance. However, scalability is currently limited, as samples are usually collected in a single indoor space. An alternative is to place the device within a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system (HVAC), but this approach has not been tested against room air sampling.</p><p><b>Methods:</b> In this observational study, we sampled the air in an indoor fitness centre for 2 or 6 h, simultaneously in three locations of the main exercise hall and in the return plenum of the HVAC system. Samples were collected twice weekly for 11 weeks. All samples were tested for 29 respiratory pathogens using PCR. We compared the ventilation system and exercise hall air with regard to the presence and quantity of pathogens.</p><p><b>Findings:</b> Samples collected in two locations in the exercise hall had a similar overall sensitivity to the HVAC sampler for detecting pathogens, while a third sampling location was associated with significantly lower sensitivity. Overall, the pathogen concentration was similar in the ventilation system and the exercise hall air (ratio: 1.0; 95% CI: 0.8–1.3).</p><p><b>Interpretation:</b> Our results show that air sampling within a ventilation system can have equal sensitivity for detecting respiratory pathogens, compared to room-based sampling. Thus, placing samplers within central ventilation systems could increase the scalability of air sampling for infectious disease surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/5176619","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142448995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microclimate Assessment in a 19th-Century Heritage Building From Romania","authors":"Tudor Caciora,&nbsp;Dorina Camelia Ilies,&nbsp;Monica Costea,&nbsp;Lucian Blaga,&nbsp;Zharas Berdenov,&nbsp;Alexandru Ilies,&nbsp;Thowayeb H. Hassan,&nbsp;Ana Cornelia Peres,&nbsp;Bahodirhon Safarov,&nbsp;Ioana Josan,&nbsp;Ioan-Cristian Noje,&nbsp;Olivier Dehoorne,&nbsp;Vasile Grama,&nbsp;Stefan Baias","doi":"10.1155/2024/2989136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2989136","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The quality of the internal microclimate is a very important issue nowadays, considering that people in developed societies spend a good part of their day inside buildings and means of transport. But the poor quality of indoor air has a double effect; on the one hand, it can harm human health, and on the other hand, it can cause the degradation of materials. Thus, the current study considers the potential influence of a number of 20 pollutants on the exhibits, visitors, and employees of a synagogue that is over 140 years old in the Municipality of Oradea (Romania), which today is included in the list of historical monuments and is open to be visited. The monitoring period consisted of 9 months, during which parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, CO concentration, light intensity, concentration of particulate matter, and other pollutants were monitored. All the obtained values were then reported to the international standards in force for each indicator, both regarding the potential for human health and the integrity of the exhibits. The results indicate that the values of most pollutants respect the allowed thresholds, with more or less permitted exceptions. The most problematic are the values of temperature, relative humidity, HCHO, and VOC, which substantially exceed the allowed limits and vary a considerable difference. This can induce additional stress on the exhibits, leading over time to damage and premature aging; in terms of human health, the indoor microclimate can, in rare cases, cause discomfort associated with headaches, dizziness, and irritation, but the potential to cause persistent ailments is quite low. To maintain a clean internal microclimate, preventive conservation through the continuous monitoring of internal parameters as well as the establishment of long-term strategies to stabilize the values of pollutants are necessary actions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/2989136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invisible Threats in Daily Life: Evaluating VOCs, Metals, and Hazards of Household Cleaning Products by Type","authors":"Minjung Kim,&nbsp;Chungsik Yoon,&nbsp;Jeongyeon Park,&nbsp;Kiyoung Lee,&nbsp;Kyung-Duk Zoh,&nbsp;Miyoung Lim,&nbsp;Soyeon Lee","doi":"10.1155/2024/2125845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2125845","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Household cleaning products (HCPs) are widely used; however, their airborne emissions and hazards have not been thoroughly studied. This study is aimed at evaluating the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metals present in HCPs and the hazards associated with them. A total of 23 VOCs and 19 metals from 75 HCPs (four spray types and 14 intended usage categories) were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry/optical emission spectroscopy. The largest number of VOCs (21 of 23 ingredients) were detected in spray-type and had the highest frequency (176). d-Limonene was found in almost all products (69 of 75) and had the highest concentration. Benzene, a carcinogen, was detected in six spray-type products. Only three of the 23 VOCs—d-limonene, ethyl acetate, and heptane—appeared in three, one, and one product labels, respectively. Eight of 19 metals were primarily detected in spray-type and spray foam-type products, with sodium, magnesium, and calcium as the main components. Nickel, another carcinogen, was detected in both spray-type and trigger-type products. Caution is required when using spray-type products, especially sticker/glue/tar/oil removers containing benzene and nickel. The study discovered that the VOCs and metals varied by their spray type and lacked sufficient harmful information.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/2125845","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sick Building Syndrome (SBS): A Proactive Mitigation Strategy Focused on University Office Buildings in the United Kingdom","authors":"Sneha Francis,&nbsp;Ayomikun Solomon Adewumi","doi":"10.1155/2024/3103164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3103164","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Since most people spend more time at work in recent times, this has led to more workplace issues and health problems. The well-being of occupants and their overall health are strongly impacted by factors that determine the standard of indoor environments. These factors include the air quality, the level of thermal comfort, the inclusion of indoor plants, the admission of daylighting, and a variety of other factors. The absence of any of these may result in sick building syndrome (SBS). Therefore, well-planned indoor workspaces are vital for occupants’ health and productivity at work. The aim of this article is to investigate proactive measures for mitigating SBS in office buildings located within universities in the United Kingdom. The study administered a questionnaire to gather perceptions of office occupants, followed by a comparative case study analysis of two office buildings at the University of Greenwich located on different campuses to highlight the correlation among the physical parameters of indoor office spaces and the occurrence of SBS. The results showed that a notable percentage of participants reported experiencing at least two symptoms of SBS. This study provided clear evidence that symptoms of SBS are primarily associated with the physical characteristics of the building, and these elements significantly influence the occupants’ experiences. The mitigation of potential adverse effects on the well-being of inhabitants during the operating phase of a building resulting from physical variables can be achieved by the implementation of conscious design considerations during the initial planning stages of future buildings. One of the practical implications of this study is that it raises the urgency for built environment professionals to be fully aware of how their design decisions could either contribute to or prevent SBS symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/3103164","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Distance, Temperature, and Relative Humidity on the Irradiance of Ultraviolet-C Germicidal Lamp: A Quantitative Study","authors":"Yu Wu,&nbsp;Yuqi Wang,&nbsp;Jinyang Liu,&nbsp;Xinyang Xu,&nbsp;Youwen Song,&nbsp;Xiaorong Zhang,&nbsp;Lili Jiang,&nbsp;Peng Chen","doi":"10.1155/2024/1951792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1951792","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) as an engineering control against pathogenic microbes necessitates a clear understanding of operational parameters and environmental effects on inactivation rates. Here, we investigated the variation laws of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiance under the influence of distance, ambient conditions of temperature, and relative humidity (RH) in a dark chamber using 30-W low-pressure mercury lamps, and all data were analyzed with curve fitting methods. UV-C irradiances in each plane were measured as the distance adjusting between 0.5 and 1.2 m, and a threshold of 70 <i>μ</i>W/cm² was utilized to calculate the effective irradiation area. For the temperature and RH, UV-C irradiances were measured at 1 m perpendicular from the lamp axis at the lamp midpoint, with the ambient temperature increasing from 15.5°C to 40°C and RH adjusting from 10% to 97%. Results showed that the UV-C irradiance and effective irradiation area exhibited a notable decrease as the distance increased, both corresponded to polynomial 2nd order fits. The UV-C lamps operate at maximum efficiency at 20°C. Temperature above or below the optimum value will decrease UV output, especially when the ambient temperature exceeds 38°C and the irradiance decreases by 16% compared to the observed maximum. However, the impact of RH on radiant power is negligible with the UV-C irradiance maintaining an overall steady state (84–91 <i>μ</i>W/cm²) in the 10%–97% RH range. The use of the measurement and modeling techniques demonstrated in this study may help understand various ambient conditions that influence the irradiance of UV-C and improve reliability and working performance of UVGI systems through better design.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/1951792","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the Emissions of Vehicles Ahead on In-Car Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollutants: A Multiple Statistical Analysis Approach","authors":"Davide Campagnolo,&nbsp;Andrea Cattaneo,&nbsp;Simona Iodice,&nbsp;Chiara Favero,&nbsp;Simone Lioi,&nbsp;Luca Boniardi,&nbsp;Francesca Borghi,&nbsp;Giacomo Fanti,&nbsp;Marta Keller,&nbsp;Sabrina Rovelli,&nbsp;Carolina Zellino,&nbsp;Giovanni De Vito,&nbsp;Andrea Spinazzè,&nbsp;Silvia Fustinoni,&nbsp;Valentina Bollati,&nbsp;Domenico M. Cavallo","doi":"10.1155/2024/6377126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6377126","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traffic-related air pollutants inside vehicle cabins are often extremely high compared to background pollution concentrations. The study of the determinants of these concentrations is particularly important for professional drivers and commuters who spend long periods in vehicles. This study is aimed at identifying and quantifying the effect of several exposure determinants on carbon monoxide (CO), equivalent black carbon (eBC), two particulate matter (PM) fractions (PM_0.3–1 and PM_1–2.5), and ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations inside a passenger car cabin. The novelty of this work consists in examining the effects of the emissions of the first vehicle ahead (henceforth called “leading vehicle”) on pollutant concentrations inside the cabin of the following vehicle (i.e., the car that was equipped with the air monitoring devices), with particular emphasis on the role of the leading vehicle characteristics (e.g., emission reduction technologies). The real-time instrumentation was placed inside the cabin of a petrol passenger car, which was driven by the same operator two times per day on the same route in real driving conditions. The in-cabin ventilation settings were set as follows: windows closed, air conditioning and recirculation modes off, and the fanned ventilation system on. The measurements were conducted over a total of 10 weekdays during two different seasons (i.e., summer and autumn). A video camera fixed to the windscreen was used to retrieve information about traffic conditions and leading vehicle characteristics through careful video analysis. The associations among pollutant concentrations and their potential determinants were evaluated using generalized estimating equation univariate and multiple models. The results confirmed the significant impact of several well-known determinants such as seasonality, microclimatic parameters, traffic jam situations, and route characteristics. Moreover, the outcomes shed light on the key role of leading vehicle emissions as determinant factors of the pollutant concentrations inside car cabins. Indeed, in the tested cabin ventilation conditions, it was demonstrated that in-cabin pollutant concentrations were significantly higher with leading vehicles ahead (from +14.6% to +67.5%) compared to empty road conditions, even though the introduction of newer technologies with better emissions reduction helped mitigate their effect. Additionally, diesel-fuelled leading vehicles compared to petrol-fuelled leading vehicles were impactful on in-cabin CO (−7.2%) and eBC (+45.3%) concentrations. An important effect (+30.4%) on in-vehicle PM_1–2.5 concentrations was found with heavy-duty compared to light-duty leading vehicles. Finally, this research pointed out that road-scale factors are more important determinant factors of in-cabin concentrations than local pollution and meteorological conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/6377126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Serum Levels of Terpenes With Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Adults","authors":"Jianmei Zhou,&nbsp;Rongfang Zhou,&nbsp;Xiaoling Lv,&nbsp;Jing Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Qiao,&nbsp;Genxiang Mao,&nbsp;Qing Wu","doi":"10.1155/2024/7714151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7714151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Aim:</b> Environmental exposure constitutes a significant determinant in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Nevertheless, the contribution of environmental factors to MetS remains ambiguous. The present study was aimed at investigating the correlation between serum terpenes and the risk of MetS in the general population.</p><p><b>Methods:</b> A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1266 individuals from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Serum terpenes and MetS risk were analyzed using a weighted logistic regression model. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression was utilized to explore the relationship between the mixture of serum terpenes and MetS. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) method was employed to assess the dose–response relationship between them. All data and analyses were conducted using the “Survey” package in R software (Version 4.3.2).</p><p><b>Results:</b> The study population, with an average age of 46.82 ± 0.46 years and a body mass index (BMI) of 28.97 kg/m², consisted of 48.15% males and 67.99% Whites. Among the participants, 35.78% were diagnosed with MetS. The weighted logistic regression showed that tertiles of serum levels of <i>α</i>-pinene, <i>β</i>-pinene, and limonene were positively correlated with MetS risk with a OR value of 1.90 (1.14, 3.16), 2.02 (1.23, 3.31), and 2.35 (1.33, 4.13) and elevated triglycerides (TGs) with a OR of 2.36 (1.63, 3.43), 3.51 (2.30, 5.38), and 3.96 (2.55, 6.15) (all <i>p</i>_trend &lt; 0.05). The WQS regression indicated a positive association between serum terpene mixture and MetS risk (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.18–2.3), increased TG (OR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.94–3.71), and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.03–2.07) (all <i>p</i>_trend &lt; 0.01). The RCS analysis further supported the dose–response relationship.</p><p><b>Conclusion:</b> This study suggested potential adverse effects of terpene exposure on human health, emphasizing the importance of environmental interventions in maintaining health.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/7714151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Ventilation: Optimizing Window Opening Size for CO2 Concentration Control and Thermal Comfort on Nonwindward Facades","authors":"Hsieh-Chih Hsu,&nbsp;Chin-Wei Chang,&nbsp;Chien-Chih Chen,&nbsp;Chen-Yu Pan","doi":"10.1155/2024/1435400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1435400","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Natural ventilation has become a focal point due to its positive impact on indoor air quality, expanding its role in addressing thermal comfort issues in schools. Despite previous studies exploring various approaches to enhance natural ventilation, factors such as classrooms facing non-windward directions and optimal window opening sizes have not been adequately considered. This lack of consideration poses challenges for implementation in school environments. To address this issue, this study employed response surface methodology, back-propagation neural network, and multiple linear regression to investigate the effects of different factors on natural ventilation. Experiments were conducted in classrooms facing nonwindward directions, measuring indoor air changes per hour (ACH) during peak noon temperatures. Thermal comfort was assessed using the predicted mean vote (PMV). The experimental results showed that single window openings provided better thermal comfort compared to cross window openings while maintaining indoor CO2 concentrations below 1000 ppm. Furthermore, subsequent analysis revealed that the opening size (open and open/gap) increases the range of ACH, suggesting avenues for future research to enhance natural ventilation practices. This underscores natural ventilation’s potential in maintaining indoor thermal comfort and CO2 levels under challenging conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13529,"journal":{"name":"Indoor air","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/1435400","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}