Logan Schorr;Wesley Lohr;Sabeya Neeha;Mahdi Paslar;Ravi L. Hadimani
{"title":"Collaborative Robot Automated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Coil Characterization","authors":"Logan Schorr;Wesley Lohr;Sabeya Neeha;Mahdi Paslar;Ravi L. Hadimani","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2026.3701310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2026.3701310","url":null,"abstract":"Despite widespread advances in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), there exist relatively few experimental methods to evaluate how coils stimulate the brain beyond computational simulations or clinical testing. Collaborative robots offer a promising solution, providing precise coil positioning, integrated force-torque sensing for alignment, and unparalleled safety in human environments. A novel coil characterization platform is presented that integrates a collaborative robot with a custom-designed brain phantom to enable automated and reproducible qualification of TMS coils. In this platform, a collaborative robot manipulates a TMS coil around the surface of a brain phantom instrumented with embedded tri-axial probes. At each pose, the coil is pulsed, and the resulting electric field (E-field) is recorded, enabling automated acquisition of spatial maps that capture the relationship between coil placement and induced stimulation patterns. Using this methodology, both a figure-of-eight (FOE) and a quadruple-butterfly coil (QBC) were characterized, producing E-field heatmaps that demonstrated the capability of the system to resolve coil-specific differences in field distribution. By providing a safe, repeatable, and automated workflow, the platform addresses a critical bottleneck in coil development: the absence of standardized experimental methods for qualification prior to clinical use. Beyond facilitating rapid testing of new coil designs, the utility of the system can be extended to validate the fidelity of brain phantoms themselves. This work serves to highlight collaborative robots as a key asset for not only advancing TMS research but also rapidly accelerating the development of novel stimulation hardware.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 10","pages":"5800306-5800306"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149249568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DFT Calculations of Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy Energy With Fixed Spin Moment","authors":"Justyn Snarski-Adamski;Joanna Marciniak;Wojciech Marciniak;Justyna Rychły-Gruszecka;Mirosław Werwiński","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2026.3699498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2026.3699498","url":null,"abstract":"The development of new-generation permanent magnets is based on experimental efforts and innovative theoretical tools for modeling magnetic properties. Magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE)—one of the main intrinsic properties of permanent magnets—can be calculated using density functional theory (DFT). However, MAEs determined with different exchange-correlation potentials can vary widely. We show how these seemingly contradictory results can be reconciled using the fully relativistic fixed spin moment (FR-FSM) method. This is because the equilibrium pairs [MAE, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol{m_s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>] calculated with different exchange-correlation potentials overlap with the MAE (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol{m_s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) curve determined from the FR-FSM method (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol{m_s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> denotes the spin magnetic moment). The FR-FSM method also enables the hypothetical maximum MAE value for a given material to be estimated. In the case of magnetic alloys, MAE fixed spin moment (FSM) analysis allows the optimal alloying additions to be determined in order to improve the MAE value. The high independence of the MAE (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol{m_s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) works well for exchange-correlation functionals, such as local density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA). However, it is not a universal measure and varies with changes in the value of the U parameter when using LDA+U or GGA+U functionals. Concluding, the framework we describe for MAE <inline-formula> <tex-math>$textit{versus}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> FSM calculations can be a useful tool in the design of new permanent magnets.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 10","pages":"1700106-1700106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149249589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Perpendicular Coercivity Development in Tetragonally Distorted FeCo Films Due to Chromium Addition","authors":"Takashi Hasegawa;Tsubasa Satou;Jiaxiang Liu","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2026.3688201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2026.3688201","url":null,"abstract":"FeCo exhibits the highest saturation magnetization among all transition metal alloys. Development of its coercivity is expected to result in superior permanent magnet properties. However, because typical FeCo possesses a body-centered cubic structure, its uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$K_{mathrm{u}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) is extremely low; consequently, high coercivity (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$H_{mathrm{c}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) is not achieved even in a granular state with fine particles. The epitaxial growth of FeCo on a buffer layer, whose lattice constant is smaller than that of FeCo (such as Rh), reportedly induces a body-centered tetragonal (bct) structure owing to lattice mismatch, resulting in high <inline-formula> <tex-math>$K_{mathrm{u}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. In addition, Cr-added FeCo segregates into Cr-poor ferromagnetic and Cr-rich nonmagnetic phases. In this study, the combined effects of the bet formation and two-phase segregation induced by Cr additions were examined by depositing <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm{Fe}-mathrm{Co}-mathrm{Cr}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> on a Rh buffer layer. FeCo film with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$30 mathrm{at} . %$ </tex-math></inline-formula> added Cr achieved a high <inline-formula> <tex-math>$K_{mathrm{u}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of approximately <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4 times 10^5 mathrm{~J} / mathrm{m}^3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and high coercivity of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu_0 H_{mathrm{c}} approx 0.5 mathrm{~T}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The addition of Cr promoted phase separation, producing a granular microstructure of ferromagnetic nanoparticles embedded in a nonmagnetic matrix, and contributed to the enhanced coercivity. On the contrary, films deposited on amorphous SiO2 exhibited a significantly lower coercivity of 0.04 T, dominated by shape anisotropy.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 10","pages":"2100705-2100705"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149249591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling and Prediction of Post-Assembly Magnetization Characteristics in IPMSM Based on Nonlinear MEC Analysis","authors":"Yeon-Tae Choi;Soo-Jin Lee;Jun-Ho Jang;Jun-Won Yang;Kyong-Hwan Kim;Ji-Yong Park;Kyung-Hun Shin;Jang-Young Choi","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2026.3700321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2026.3700321","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC)-based analytical model to rapidly predict the feasibility of achieving full magnetization during post-assembly magnetization (PAM) in the mass production of interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs). To account for strong magnetic saturation in both the magnetizing yoke and the rotor, the MEC is combined with a Newton–Raphson iterative scheme that continuously updates the nonlinear permeance values. The predicted magnetization state (i.e., magnetization ratio) of the permanent magnets (PMs) obtained from the proposed model is evaluated and validated through comparison with finite-element method (FEM) simulations.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 10","pages":"7002405-7002405"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149249609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigation of Stator-Yoke Oil-Channel Effects on Performance of High-Power-Density Fractional-Slot Concentrated-Winding Machines","authors":"Jianzong Yu;Jiangtao Yang;Peng Zhang;Sheng Huang;Shoudao Huang","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2026.3692163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2026.3692163","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the effects of stator-yoke oil-channel orientation and location on the electromagnetic and vibration performance of a 48-slot/40-pole high-power-density direct oil-cooled permanent-magnet machine. The effects of different oil channels configurations on the electromagnetic and vibration performances are systematically investigated. The results show that oil channels located at the slot bottom disturb the main flux path more severely, especially when the yoke is relatively thin. In contrast, the radially arranged oil channel at the tooth root has the smallest effect on the magnetic circuit and therefore causes the least degradation in output performance. A decoupled analysis further shows that the vibration variation introduced by the yoke oil channels originates from both the change in electromagnetic excitation and the change in structural stiffness, with the latter playing the dominant role. From the structural-response perspective, tangential oil channels are generally more favorable than radial ones, and tooth-root oil channels outperform slot-bottom ones. Test results agree well with the finite element analysis (FEAs) results, validating the proposed analysis. The findings provide useful guidance for the design of stator-yoke oil-channel structures in high-power-density oil-cooled permanent-magnet machines.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 10","pages":"8201807-8201807"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149249610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhang Zhang;Mingyuan Jiang;Zixu Dong;Zhouyang Zhang;Shuangxia Niu;K. T. Chau
{"title":"Decoupled Current-Transformation Control Design for a Dual-Rotor PMSM Drive With Integrated Winding","authors":"Zhang Zhang;Mingyuan Jiang;Zixu Dong;Zhouyang Zhang;Shuangxia Niu;K. T. Chau","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2026.3698454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2026.3698454","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional dual-electrical-port, dual-mechanical-port (DMP) permanent magnet synchronous machine design with two separate stator windings with different pole pairs increases structural complexity, losses, and electromagnetic coupling. The integrated winding instead superimposes current components with different pole-pair numbers in a single winding, forming two independently controllable magnetomotive force (MMF) distributions and a more compact topology. However, the control algorithm for integrated winding machines is still limited. This article presents a control system design for a dual-rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor (DRPMSM) with an integrated winding. Using a linear transformation between equivalent separated winding currents and integrated winding currents, a decoupled control structure is built with individual speed loops for each rotor and two inner current control loops, enabling independent control of both rotors. Experimental results and simulations confirm a good tracking performance and effective decoupling between the two rotors, indicating the feasibility of the proposed approach for dual-rotor integrated winding drive systems.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 10","pages":"8600605-8600605"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149249616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chencheng Wu;Zhiquan Deng;Xiaowei Quan;Zeyuan Liu;Lei Mei;Xin Cao
{"title":"Electromagnetic Performance Analysis of an Axially Active-Radially Passive Magnetically Levitated Motor","authors":"Chencheng Wu;Zhiquan Deng;Xiaowei Quan;Zeyuan Liu;Lei Mei;Xin Cao","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2026.3693073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2026.3693073","url":null,"abstract":"To address the issues of long axial length, low critical speed, and low power density in traditional magnetically levitated motors, an axially active-radially passive magnetically levitated motor is proposed. This motor integrates a consequent-pole motor, an axial magnetic bearing, and a radial passive magnetic bearing (RPMB). RPMBs do not occupy additional axial space and feature a compact structure with a short axial length. Meanwhile, the axial control flux generated by the excitation of axial coils does not pass through the motor stator, enabling natural decoupling between the axial suspension force and the torque. First, its structure and suspension principles are analyzed. Second, finite element analysis (FEA) is conducted to validate the magnetic field paths, flux distribution, axial suspension performance, and torque output capability. Finally, a coupling analysis is performed on the torque and the axial suspension force. Simulation results show that the proposed motor exhibits excellent regulation and decoupling performance between torque and axial suspension force.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 10","pages":"8202306-8202306"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149249674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Markus Peer;Daniel Wöckinger;Martin Koll;Gabriel Weissitsch;Thomas Krainer;Gerd Bramerdorfer
{"title":"An Advanced Open-Ring Measurement System for Efficient and Reliable Characterization of Weak Soft Magnetic Materials","authors":"Markus Peer;Daniel Wöckinger;Martin Koll;Gabriel Weissitsch;Thomas Krainer;Gerd Bramerdorfer","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2026.3686983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2026.3686983","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a segmented, ring-shaped measurement system for the electromagnetic characterization of weak soft magnetic materials (weak SMMs), e.g., ferrofluids and uncompressed ferrous powders, which offer advantageous properties for modern electrical machine applications. The proposed setup is designed to achieve magnetic flux densities up to <inline-formula> <tex-math>${B}=1.4 mathrm{~T}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for samples with an effective, relative permeability of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu geq 5$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The setup consists of six coil segments and two half-shelled sample holders, which can be easily inserted into the corresponding coil system. This reusable system enables fast, easy sample preparation compared to the conventional setup, in which each sample is wound individually. Furthermore, it reduces the coefficient of variation in the estimation of field quantities to <inline-formula> <tex-math>${leq 0 . 3 %}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and thus increases reproducibility. To calculate the magnetic properties from the measurement results, an analytical model is introduced that considers the sample's open-ring geometry and the permeability-dependent stray-flux compensation. This model is verified through numerical 3-D simulations and shows good agreement, with a relative error of <3%,> <tex-math>$mu in[1,90]$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. This work further aims to enhance the material’s effective magnetic properties by mixing ferrous powders with different particle sizes. For this purpose, 24 samples were prepared from three ferrous powders with different grain sizes, each with a different mixing ratio. Their experimental evaluation shows that the effective permeability of samples with optimized mixing ratios can be more than doubled when compared to the individual materials.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 10","pages":"2001906-2001906"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11494095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149249687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wafer-Scale Estimation of Thermal Stability With Magneto-Optical Measurement System for STT-MRAM","authors":"Kenji Suzuki;Ingi Kim;Shinji Ueyama;Junho Shin;Je Ung Song;Wookrae Kim;Taehyun Kim;Junho Jeong;Sangwoo Bae;Sungho Jang;Jeong-Heon Park;Myungjun Lee","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2026.3693024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2026.3693024","url":null,"abstract":"The magnetic anisotropy field of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) films is an important magnetic characteristic directly linked to data retention for Spin Transfer Torque Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (STT-MRAM). To measure the fullwafer characterization, we develop a polar magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) measurement system incorporating a unique electromagnet with a temperature-controlled chuck and stage. The validity of this system is confirmed by correlation with the conventional technique. The spatial resolution of the system is demonstrated to 20 μm, which is on the order of millimeters with a conventional inline MOKE tool. We also measured the uniformity of magnetic anisotropy across the full wafer at 150 °C and estimated the temperature stability of patterned MTJ. The magneto-optical measurement system is expected to be promising for inline inspection of device characteristics.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 10","pages":"3400805-3400805"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149249923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Magnetic Field Reconstruction and Internal Current Inversion of GIS via Physics-Informed Deep Operator Network","authors":"Xiangyu Guan;Xiaokun Chen;Hang Zhang;Chaoqun Xu","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2026.3694184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2026.3694184","url":null,"abstract":"With a multi-contact element parallel design, current distribution is closely related to the assembly status of the plug-in connector used in gas-insulated switchgear (GIS). This work designs a physics-informed deep operator network (PI-DeepONet) framework to retrieve the internal current distribution among contact elements from reinforcement learning (RL) optimized sparse outside tank surface magnetic sensor array. The proximal policy optimization (PPO)-based RL algorithm is first adopted to confirm the optimal tank surface magnetic sensor layout. The PI-DeepONet consists of two parallel sub-networks; the branch network is employed to encode the feature magnetic field and current vector from the magnetic sensor array observed data. Meanwhile, the trunk network encodes space–time coordinates, efficiently mapping measurements to field solutions through operator learning. The governing partial differential equations for electromagnetic fields are embedded as physics loss terms to ensure physical consistency, while discrepancies between reconstructed and measured tank surface magnetic fields, along with total operational current differences, are incorporated as data loss terms to maintain measurement fidelity. The effectiveness of the proposed method is compared with finite element analysis (FEAs) and physical experiments, results show that the proposed approach achieves a magnetic field reconstruction maximum absolute error of 0.33 mT using seven optimized outside magnetic sensors. With 28 times faster prediction speed compared to conventional simulations while maintaining a current inversion maximum absolute error of 0.55 A under background noise conditions. The proposed technique can be implemented on magnetic-based monitor systems, thus enabling accurate internal contact fault diagnosis of GIS.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 10","pages":"7001806-7001806"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149249994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}