{"title":"An investigation of image fusion algorithms using a visual performance-based image evaluation methodology","authors":"Kelly E. Neriani, A. Pinkus, David W. Dommett","doi":"10.1117/12.779752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.779752","url":null,"abstract":"It is believed that the fusion of multiple different images into a single image should be of great benefit to Warfighters engaged in a search task. As such, more research has focused on the improvement of algorithms designed for image fusion. Many different fusion algorithms have already been developed; however, the majority of these algorithms have not been assessed in terms of their visual performance-enhancing effects using militarily relevant scenarios. The goal of this research is to apply a visual performance-based assessment methodology to assess four algorithms that are specifically designed for fusion of multispectral digital images. The image fusion algorithms used in this study included a Principle Component Analysis (PCA) based algorithm, a Shift-invariant Wavelet transform algorithm, a Contrast-based algorithm, and the standard method of fusion, pixel averaging. The methodology used has been developed to acquire objective human visual performance data as a means of evaluating the image fusion algorithms. Standard objective performance metrics, such as response time and error rate, were used to compare the fused images versus two baseline conditions comprising each individual image used in the fused test images (an image from a visible sensor and a thermal sensor). Observers completed a visual search task using a spatial-forced-choice paradigm. Observers searched images for a target (a military vehicle) hidden among foliage and then indicated in which quadrant of the screen the target was located. Response time and percent correct were measured for each observer. Results of this study and future directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122142802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Zatezalo, A. El-Fallah, R. Mahler, R. Mehra, K. Pham
{"title":"Joint search and sensor management for geosynchronous satellites","authors":"A. Zatezalo, A. El-Fallah, R. Mahler, R. Mehra, K. Pham","doi":"10.1117/12.778225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.778225","url":null,"abstract":"Joint search and sensor management for space situational awareness presents daunting scientific and practical challenges as it requires a simultaneous search for new, and the catalog update of the current space objects. We demonstrate a new approach to joint search and sensor management by utilizing the Posterior Expected Number of Targets (PENT) as the objective function, an observation model for a space-based EO/IR sensor, and a Probability Hypothesis Density Particle Filter (PHD-PF) tracker. Simulation and results using actual Geosynchronous Satellites are presented.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134332540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An approach for evaluating assisted target detection technology","authors":"J. Irvine, J. Leonard, Peter Doucette, Ann Martin","doi":"10.1117/12.777612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.777612","url":null,"abstract":"The literature is replete with assisted target recognition (ATR) techniques, including methods for ATR evaluation. Yet, relatively few methods find their way to use in practice. Part of the problem is that the evaluation of an ATR may not go far enough in characterizing its optimal use in practice. For example, a thorough understanding of a method's operating conditions is crucial, e.g., performance across different sensor capabilities, scene context, target occlusions, etc. This paper describes a process for a rigorous evaluation of ATR performance, including a sensitivity analysis. Ultimately, an ATR algorithm is deemed valuable if it is actually utilized in practice by users. Thus, quantitative analysis alone is not necessarily sufficient. Qualitative user assessment derived from user testing, surveys, and questionnaires is often needed to provide a more complete interpretation of an evaluation for a particular method. We demonstrate our ATR evaluation process using methods that perform target detection of civilian vehicles.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124609462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Service-based extensions to the JDL fusion model","authors":"R. Antony, J. Karakowski","doi":"10.1117/12.779748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.779748","url":null,"abstract":"Extensions to a previously developed service-based fusion process model are presented. The model accommodates (1) traditional sensor data and human-generated input, (2) streaming and non-streaming data feeds, and (3) the fusion of both physical and non-physical entities. More than a dozen base-level fusion services are identified. These services provide the foundation functional decomposition of levels 0 - 2 in JDL fusion model. Concepts, such as clustering, link analysis and database mining, that have traditionally been only loosely associated with the fusion process, are shown to play key roles within this fusion framework. Additionally, the proposed formulation extends the concepts of tracking and cross-entity association to non-physical entities, as well as supports effective exploitation of a priori and derived context knowledge. Finally, the proposed framework is shown to support set theoretic properties, such as equivalence and transitivity, as well as the development of a pedigree summary metric that characterizes the informational distance between individual fused products and source data.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133302615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Esfandiari, P. Koskey, K. Vaccaro, W. Buchwald, F. Clark, B. Krejca, C. Rekeczky, Á. Zarándy
{"title":"Integration of IR focal plane arrays with massively parallel processor","authors":"P. Esfandiari, P. Koskey, K. Vaccaro, W. Buchwald, F. Clark, B. Krejca, C. Rekeczky, Á. Zarándy","doi":"10.1117/12.777057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.777057","url":null,"abstract":"The intent of this investigation is to replace the low fill factor visible sensor of a Cellular Neural Network (CNN) processor with an InGaAs Focal Plane Array (FPA) using both bump bonding and epitaxial layer transfer techniques for use in the Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) interceptor seekers. The goal is to fabricate a massively parallel digital processor with a local as well as a global interconnect architecture. Currently, this unique CNN processor is capable of processing a target scene in excess of 10,000 frames per second with its visible sensor. What makes the CNN processor so unique is that each processing element includes memory, local data storage, local and global communication devices and a visible sensor supported by a programmable analog or digital computer program.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124537658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Statistical methods for analysis of hyperspectral anomaly detectors","authors":"D. Rosario","doi":"10.1117/12.776982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.776982","url":null,"abstract":"Most hyperspectral (HS) anomaly detectors in the literature have been evaluated using a few HS imagery sets to estimate the well-known ROC curve. Although this evaluation approach can be helpful in assessing detectors' rates of correct detection and false alarm on a limited dataset, it does not shed lights on reasons for these detectors' strengths and weaknesses using a significantly larger sample size. This paper discusses a more rigorous approach to testing and comparing HS anomaly detectors, and it is intended to serve as a guide for such a task. Using randomly generated samples, the approach introduces hypothesis tests for two idealized homogeneous sample experiments, where model parameters can vary the difficulty level of these tests. These simulation experiments are devised to address a more generalized concern, i.e., the expected degradation of correct detection as a function of increasing noise in the alternative hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116276079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Guellec, M. Tchagaspanian, E. de Borniol, P. Castelein, A. Perez, J. Rothman
{"title":"Advanced pixel design for infrared 3D LADAR imaging","authors":"F. Guellec, M. Tchagaspanian, E. de Borniol, P. Castelein, A. Perez, J. Rothman","doi":"10.1117/12.779284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.779284","url":null,"abstract":"CEA Leti has demonstrated the good performances of its MWIR HgCdTe avalanche photodiode arrays. Gains above 20 at a moderate bias voltage of 5V have typically been measured with an excess noise factor of only 1.2. The next generation of infrared focal plane arrays will take advantage of these characteristics to address new applications, reduce system complexity and enhance performances. One of the main opportunities offered by avalanche photodiode detectors concerns long range active imaging. This paper reports the development of two novel pixel architectures for 3D active imaging based on flash LADAR technology. Both pixels have been designed in a standard 0.35μm CMOS process and perform time-of-flight measurement in addition to 2D intensity imaging with a single emitted laser pulse. The analog input circuits have been optimized to allow fast pulse detection while providing robustness to process variability. A small readout IC demonstrator has been fabricated and coupled to a 10x10 avalanche photodiode array at 40μm pixel pitch. The first test results in lab conditions show good electro-optical performances with a ranging resolution around 30cm (2ns).","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116038460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Price, C. L. Jones, L. Hipwood, C. Shaw, P. Abbot, C. Maxey, H. W. Lau, J. Fitzmaurice, R. Catchpole, M. Ordish, P. Thorne, H. Weller, R. Mistry, K. Hoade, A. Bradford, D. Owton, P. Knowles
{"title":"Dual-Band MW/LW IRFPAs made from HgCdTe grown by MOVPE","authors":"J. Price, C. L. Jones, L. Hipwood, C. Shaw, P. Abbot, C. Maxey, H. W. Lau, J. Fitzmaurice, R. Catchpole, M. Ordish, P. Thorne, H. Weller, R. Mistry, K. Hoade, A. Bradford, D. Owton, P. Knowles","doi":"10.1117/12.784483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.784483","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the design, fabrication and performance of dual-band MW/LW infrared detectors made from HgCdTe (MCT) grown by Metal Organic Vapour Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE). The detectors are staring, focal plane arrays consisting of HgCdTe mesa-diode arrays bump bonded to silicon read-out circuits. Each mesa has one connection to the ROIC and the bands are selected by varying the applied bias. Arrays of 320x256 pixels on a 30 μm pitch have performed exceedingly well. For example, arrays with a cut-off wavelength of 5 μm in the MW (mid-wave) band and 10 μm in the LW (long-wave) band have median NETDs of 10 and 17 mK and defect levels of 0.3% and 0.05%, in the MW and LW bands respectively. Interestingly the LW defect level is often lower than the MW defect level and the defects are not correlated; i.e. a pixel that is defective in the MW band is usually not defective in the LW band. Arrays of 640x512 pixels on a 24 μm pitch have been developed. These use a read-out integrated circuit (ROIC) that has two capacitors per pixel and the ability to switch bands during a frame giving quasi-simultaneous images. The performance of these arrays has been excellent with NETDs of 14mK in the MW band and 23mK in the LW band. Dual band-pass filters have been designed and built into a detector.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132130214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Registration of multi-sensor remote sensing imagery by gradient-based optimization of cross-cumulative residual entropy","authors":"M. Pickering, Yi Xiao, X. Jia","doi":"10.1117/12.777016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.777016","url":null,"abstract":"For multi-sensor registration, previous techniques typically use mutual information (MI) rather than the sum-of-the-squared difference (SSD) as the similarity measure. However, the optimization of MI is much less straightforward than is the case for SSD-based algorithms. A new technique for image registration has recently been proposed that uses an information theoretic measure called the Cross-Cumulative Residual Entropy (CCRE). In this paper we show that using CCRE for multi-sensor registration of remote sensing imagery provides an optimization strategy that converges to a global maximum with significantly less iterations than existing techniques and is much less sensitive to the initial geometric disparity between the two images to be registered.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127484593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Minassian, J. Tissot, M. Vilain, O. Legras, S. Tinnes, B. Fièque, J. Chiappa, P. Robert
{"title":"Uncooled amorphous silicon TEC-less 1/4 VGA IRFPA with 25 μm pixel-pitch for high volume applications","authors":"C. Minassian, J. Tissot, M. Vilain, O. Legras, S. Tinnes, B. Fièque, J. Chiappa, P. Robert","doi":"10.1117/12.779486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.779486","url":null,"abstract":"The high level of accumulated expertise by ULIS and CEA/LETI on uncooled microbolometers made from an amorphous silicon layer enables ULIS to develop 384 x 288 (1/4 VGA) IRFPA format with 25 μm pixel-pitch designed for low end application. This detector has kept all the innovations developed on the full TV format ROIC (detector configuration by serial link, low power consumption or wide electrical dynamic range ...). The specific appeal of this unit lies in the miniaturization of the TEC-less (Thermo-Electric Cooler) package and its extremely light weight. The reduction of the pixel-pitch and the innovative package turn this array into a low cost product well adapted for mass production. We will present first the simple TEC-less operating mode which has been developed. The electro-optical characterization versus environmental temperature will be presented.","PeriodicalId":133868,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing","volume":"197 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115655637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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