{"title":"Null-depth coordinated synthesis design approach to azimuthal null frequency scanning antennas","authors":"Xiao-Hui Mao, Wen-Jun Lu, Fei-Yan Ji, Lei Zhu","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12500","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A novel synthesis design approach to multimode resonant, azimuthal null frequency scanning antennas (ANFSAs) coordinated by null-depth is presented. The antenna is composed of a principal radiator and an auxiliary one fed by different ports. A synthesis chart gauged by different null-depths is developed to determine the respective exciting amplitude and phase conditions for the principal and auxiliary radiators. As is theoretically demonstrated and numerically verified, the ANFSA can exhibit an adjustable null-depth varying from −12∼−30 dB. A three-port unequal-split power divider with the simplest configuration is properly designed, utilised and integrated to meet the oriented power and phase conditions. A prototype with in-band null-depth of −30 dB is designed, fabricated and validated in such a way that its available bandwidth can reach up to 32.7%, and the null can continuously scan from <i>φ</i> = 160°–275° in azimuth plane.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 10","pages":"763-770"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12500","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142524625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hang Yang, Xiang Wang, Xian-Long Yang, Xiao-Wei Zhu, Wen Wu
{"title":"Compact linear-phase bandpass filters with notched frequency response employing eighth-mode substrate integrated waveguide and dual-mode microstrip line structure","authors":"Hang Yang, Xiang Wang, Xian-Long Yang, Xiao-Wei Zhu, Wen Wu","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12496","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A series of fourth-order bandpass filters (BPFs) with compact footprints, broad bandwidth, high selectivity, linear phase and notched response are proposed. The sketch of these BPFs is in accordance with the combination of the eighth-mode substrate integrated waveguide (EMSIW) and dual-mode microstrip line (DMML) resonators. The DMML resonator is constructed by means of metallic via-holes and pad in the double-layered structures. Among them, the DMML resonator can provide two transmission poles. Besides, the cross coupling is introduced through the vertical slot or fan-shaped aperture in the dual-layered substrates. The coupling schemes of the proposed BPFs can introduce two transmission zeros in the vicinity of operating passband, and the coupled scheme also exhibits a relatively flat in-band group delay. Notched frequency responses have been obtained by exploiting the U-shaped resonator and folded-ring resonator embedded with the mixed EMSIW and DMML BPFs. To validate the conceptual design, the proposed BPFs are simulated, fabricated and measured. Both the simulation and measurement have reached to a satisfactory agreement.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 9","pages":"691-701"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12496","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142316865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A high-power, high-isolation, dual-polarised planar phased array antenna","authors":"Junxing Jiang, Shaoqiu Xiao, Yiming Zhang, Shaoyi Xie","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12498","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A high-power, high-isolation, dual-polarised planar phased array antenna is presented. Based on a multi-layer microstrip structure, two sets of polarisation ports are fed through orthogonal slot coupling, achieving high isolation and low cross-polarisation. Double-layer radiation patches and cavity interlayers are used to expand the bandwidth and increase the gain. Metal vias are added around microstrip feeders and between array units to suppress surface waves, thereby improving the scanning performance of the phased array. A smooth gradient microstrip structure is designed to improve the power capacity while realising broadband impedance matching. The measured results show that in the 8–10 GHz frequency band, the isolation of the dual polarisation ports is greater than 50 dB, and the impedance bandwidth reaches 22.2%, with active VSWR <1.5 when not scanning. Both sets of polarisation can achieve 2-D beam scanning in the range of E-plane ±20° and H-plane ±40° without grating lobes, maintaining the scan loss below 2.4 dB, cross-polarisation below −20 dB and active VSWR <2. Each unit achieves a high gain of 7.4 dB and large power capacity of 5 kW; so the entire 8 × 8 phased array can achieve a main lobe gain of 25.5 dB and realise high-power directional radiation with the effective isotropic radiated power of 92.5 dBm. The proposed planar antenna has a low profile of 5.5 mm (0.17<b><i>λ</i></b><sub>0</sub>).</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 9","pages":"702-713"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12498","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142316965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhuoheng Xie, Shi Chao Jin, Jia Xing Sun, Dunge Liu, Bo Huang, Yuqian Yang, Chenyu Mei, Jinhuai Su, Jun Huang, Xiulong Wu, Lei Zhang
{"title":"A K-band eight-element reconfigurable phased-array receiver with high Tx-band rejection","authors":"Zhuoheng Xie, Shi Chao Jin, Jia Xing Sun, Dunge Liu, Bo Huang, Yuqian Yang, Chenyu Mei, Jinhuai Su, Jun Huang, Xiulong Wu, Lei Zhang","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12490","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A K-band eight-element phased-array receiver is proposed, featuring a reconfigurable beam count and high Tx-band rejection, tailored for satellite communication applications. By precisely designing the inter-stage and output matching networks of the four-stage low-noise amplifier, the Tx-band rejection of the receiver can be effectively enhanced to align with the requirements of more than 35 dB in shared-aperture phased-array applications. Meanwhile, the reconfigurable power divider is meticulously designed to achieve three different operation modes, which allows the eight-element receiver to be configured for one, two, or four simultaneous beams. In addition, an active vector-modulated phase shifter is designed to meet the demands of precise phase shifts of phased-array systems. Based on the proposed method, a K-band eight-element reconfigurable phased-array receiver operating from 17.7 to 21.2 GHz is designed and measured. The measurement exhibits more than 35-dB Tx-band rejection, 21–24.5 dB for single-channel gain, and lower than 2.6 dB for noise figure within the design bandwidth. Meanwhile, the measured root mean square (RMS) gain error and RMS phase error are confined within 0.8 dB and 3.7°, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 12","pages":"869-877"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12490","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143252953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multi-band millimetre wave indoor directional channel measurements and analysis for future wireless communication systems","authors":"Amar Al-Jzari, Sana Salous","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12494","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Single-input single-output (SISO) three-dimensional (3D) wideband indoor directional measurements collected in a factory environment and an office environment at 38 and 70 GHz are presented. 3D single-input multiple-output (SIMO) dual polarised measurements with 1 × 2 antenna configurations were also carried out in a meeting room, a conference room, and an office room at the 60 GHz band. The measurements cover both azimuth and elevation by rotating the directional antenna (RDA) at the receiver side. Different statistical channel parameters such as power delay profile, power angle profile, root-mean-square delay spread, angular spread, and path loss were estimated for different possible antenna orientations between the transmitter and the receiver, which include line-of-sight, obstructed line-of-sight, and non-line-of-sight. The polarisation effects on path loss models and the delay and angular spread models based on the surface area of the environment are studied. The results will be valuable for the design of indoor millimetre wave cellular networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 9","pages":"667-680"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12494","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142316663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Viswanadh Raviteja Gudivada, Yi Huang, Elliot L. Bennett
{"title":"A passive beamforming hemispherical liquid antenna using a simple metal ball","authors":"Viswanadh Raviteja Gudivada, Yi Huang, Elliot L. Bennett","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12497","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The authors propose a novel yet simple way of passive beamforming using a liquid antenna. A hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna filled with a dielectric liquid is considered to realise the fundamental TE<sub>111</sub> mode, and a small, weighted metal ball is dropped inside the hemispherical container. This metal ball functions as a movable director and passively steers the realised fundamental mode of the DRA always towards the ground. The proposed design finds its applications in static-subject-based applications such as indoor base stations, and beam-stabilisation/pattern-correction works in case of dynamic-subject-based applications. The overall profile of the antenna is 0.60λ<sub>0</sub> × 0.60λ<sub>0</sub> × 0.19λ<sub>0</sub> targeting the ISM band at 2.4 GHz with decent efficiency and far-field characteristics. The working prototype is developed and experimentally verified.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 9","pages":"681-690"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142316808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of an electrically small printed square loop antenna for closely spaced Tx/Rx systems","authors":"Nhat Truong, Sanghamitro Das, Satish K. Sharma","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12491","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A highly miniaturised electrically small square loop antenna has been designed for operation at 2.5 GHz. The antenna is loaded using a simple series combination of two lumped inductors and two interdigitated capacitors in order to realise inherent impedance matching at a given miniaturisation level with respect to a specified source impedance, without using any external matching network. The designed antenna has an overall size of 0.061<i>λ</i><sub>0</sub> × 0.061<i>λ</i><sub>0</sub>, which is approximately 75.6% miniaturised in terms of total loop length and 94% miniaturised in terms of overall footprint. The designed antenna is fabricated and the corresponding impedance matching and radiation patterns are measured, which are found to be in reasonable agreement with their simulated counterparts. Moreover, an investigation with two closely spaced electrically small SLAs, one for transmitting and the other for receiving, is carried out in this work in pursuit of maximising the isolation, which plays a crucial role in the Tx/Rx systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 10","pages":"723-730"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12491","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142524722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Malfunctioning conformal phased array: Radiation pattern recovery with particle swarm optimisation","authors":"Hina Munsif, Irfan ullah","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12495","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The electronic beam steering in conformal phased arrays is formed by exciting the multiple antennas with appropriate phase shifts. However, the malfunctioning of phase shifters connected to the central antenna elements in the conformal array distorts the radiation pattern of the array system severely as compared to edge elements resulting in the reduction of the array gain and increase in the side lobe levels. Here, the authors propose a non-dominated sorting multi-objective particle swarm optimisation (NS-MOPSO) technique capable of recalculating the independent phases of working antenna elements in the array in such a manner as to correct the overall radiation pattern. To illustrate the radiation pattern's recovery capabilities of the optimisation technique in case of malfunctioning of any random phase shifter(s), a 1 x 7 microstrip patch antenna array operating at 2.45 GHz on a wedge-shaped conformal structure was designed in CST simulator. To test, the radiation pattern's recovery capabilities of the NS-MOPSO approach, phase shifters connected to the antenna elements in the array were made to malfunction. Then the optimisation algorithm recalculates the phases for individual antenna elements to achieve the desired corrected radiation pattern. The simulated and measured radiation pattern recovery results are in good agreement with each other.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 9","pages":"654-666"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12495","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142316807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qing Liu, Dong-Fang Zhou, Ke Gong, Na An, De-Wei Zhang, Hang Qian
{"title":"High-isolation single-layer dual-mode substrate-integrated waveguide diplexers for millimetre-wave applications","authors":"Qing Liu, Dong-Fang Zhou, Ke Gong, Na An, De-Wei Zhang, Hang Qian","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12493","url":null,"abstract":"<p>New coupling scheme substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) diplexers based on dual-mode cavities are proposed for millimetre-wave applications. Dual-mode SIW cavities are simultaneously employed in common input and coupling cavity to produce filtering transmission poles and transmission zero (TZ). A common input SIW cavity with two orthogonal modes is employed instead of the traditional T-junction for circuit miniaturisation, insertion-loss reduction, and intrinsically high isolation. A critical dual-mode SIW cavity with diagonally distributed modes has been employed in each channel to realise a controllable stopband TZ for high selectivity of passband's skirt. To further improve channel isolation and passbands' selectivity, a SIW diplexer based on dual- and single-mode cavities is proposed, and four-pole responses for each passband channel are designed. For the verification, two millimetre-wave diplexers have been fabricated and tested.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 9","pages":"637-645"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12493","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142316655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design and implementation of an S-band near-field focused array with high E-field strength","authors":"Chong Li, Feng Tian, Erwei Cheng, Wenjun Xia, Yongjiu Zhao, Lei Xing, Qian Xu","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12492","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An S-band near-field focused array is designed and implemented. Consisting of 4 × 4 metallic Vivaldi elements, the array is designed for focusing the E-field of several kilovolts per metre within its near-field region. To minimise the power loss and enhance the synthesis effectiveness, elements are arranged on a sphere surface and oriented towards the sphere centre. When exciting the elements, the waves will be focused to a specific area on the observation plane. By adjusting the excitation phase, the focus position can be tuned. A systematic analysis has been carried out to illustrate the focus scanning process across the entire observation plane. Near-field two-dimensional scanning is performed to measure the E-field distribution of the array. While scanning the focus, the diameter of 3 dB focal area is about 0.3 m, and the maximum field strength in the focus ranges from 1184 to 2129 V/m, which can be used for the radiated susceptibility testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 9","pages":"629-636"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12492","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142316722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}