{"title":"Guest editorial: Antenna integration and miniaturisation techniques","authors":"Liming Si, Yijing He, Tian Hong Loh","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12524","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Antenna integration and miniaturisation techniques are crucial for maintaining the desired electrical and physical properties of antennas, while meeting the growing demands for reliable link performance and compact device designs for emerging wireless communications. This Special Issue presents recent advances in the theory, analysis, design, and application of antenna integration and miniaturisation. These techniques are enabling diverse novel designs and applications, propelling advancements in integrated circuits, and next-generation wireless communication systems rapidly. The papers in this Special Issue present the state-of-the-art contributions that address the challenges of design, fabrication, and performance enhancement for miniaturised and integrated antennas.</p><p>This Special Issue includes six high-quality papers, each presenting unique innovations in the field of antenna integration and miniaturisation. Thus, the overall submissions are of high quality, which marks the success of this Special Issue.</p><p>Ye et al. present a high-gain circularly polarised magneto-electric dipole antenna array with metallic radiating structures for millimetre-wave applications. This paper proposes a novel design of a magneto-electric dipole antenna array for millimetre-wave applications. The novel use of metallic radiating structures helps achieve high gain and circular polarisation, making the proposed design ideal for millimetre-wave communication systems.</p><p>Truong et al. introduce a method for designing an electrically small printed square loop antenna for closely spaced transmitter-receiver (Tx/Rx) systems. This paper demonstrates a compact antenna design, featuring a simple series combination of two lumped inductors and two interdigitated capacitors, providing inherent impedance matching without the need of an additional matching network. This proposed compact design method is highly relevant for modern and emerging wireless communication systems where space is often limited and confined.</p><p>Mao et al. propose a null-depth coordinated synthesis design approach for azimuthal null frequency scanning antennas (ANFSAs). A synthesis chart gauged by different null-depths is developed to determine the respective exciting amplitude and phase conditions for the principal and auxiliary radiators. This method provides a promising solution for achieving efficient frequency scanning with an in-band null-depth as high as −30 dB.</p><p>Choi et al. offer miniaturised ultra-wideband circular polarised Koch fractal crossed dipole array. The design incorporates a Koch fractal structure and an extended metallic sidewall to stabilise the axial ratio (AR) across a wide bandwidth. This innovative approach has significant potential for phased array applications in ultra-wideband (UWB) circularly polarised environments.</p><p>Xiong et al. present a novel millimetre-wave two-dimensional (2-D) wide-angle scanning phased array antenna based on decoupling surface","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 11","pages":"801-802"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12524","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142737386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A high efficiency wideband co-polarised metalens antenna","authors":"JiaJun Liang, Zhao Wu, Long Li, YanHu Huang","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12517","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The traditional co-polarised metasurface achieves 360° phase coverage only at the resonant frequency but not full phase coverage across a wide bandwidth. This paper proposes a multilayer structure metasurface, which composes of five layers of metal patch and four layers of medium, forming the Fabry–Perry resonator, using the principle of the cancellation of two polarisation conversion, which can achieve a wideband efficient co-polarisation transmission. Based on the metasurface transmission phase principle, 360° phase coverage has been achieved by changing the geometric parameters of the intermediate metal patches. Through phase compensation arrangement, a metalens is designed using the proposed metasurface unit cell. At the same time, horn antenna is used as a feed to feed the metalens, which can significantly improve the gain of the antenna within a wideband. Simulated and measured results show that the proposed metalens antenna operates at 22–26 GHz, and the maximum measured gain of the metalens antenna reaches 24.16 dBi at 25 GHz, which is 10.85 dB higher than the horn antenna without metasurface compensation, showing good focusing performance. The proposed multilayer metasurface breaks the narrow band limit of the traditional stacked metasurface in principle, opening a way in the broadband metasurface design.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 11","pages":"803-809"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12517","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142737472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bao Xiong, Yongzhong Zhu, Yunxue Xu, Wenxuan Xie, Leng Han
{"title":"A novel millimetre-wave 2D wide-angle scanning phased array antenna based on decoupling surface","authors":"Bao Xiong, Yongzhong Zhu, Yunxue Xu, Wenxuan Xie, Leng Han","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12521","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a novel millimetre-wave (mmWave) 2D wide-angle scanning (WAS) phased array antenna (PAA) based on decoupling surface (DS). The proposed element is a coaxial feeding stacked patch antenna structure that consists of an L-shape coaxial probe, substrate integrated waveguide cavity, slot layer, radiating patch, DS and defective ground structure. The simulated impedance bandwidth for the element is 14.85% (26.18–30.34 GHz). The simulated result of the 2 × 2 array shows that the designed antenna based on DS achieves an isolation of ≥19 dB within the bandwidth. To validate the scanning capabilities of the proposed antenna, an 8 × 8 PAA prototype is fabricated and measured. The measured scanning range of the prototype achieves a 2D WAS range of ±56° at 27 GHz. The proposed antenna shows great potential in application scenarios, such as automotive radar and satellite communication due to its compact design and ability to achieve WAS in two dimensions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 11","pages":"810-818"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142724257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A novel wideband slot loaded microstrip patch antenna through reallocation of TM1,0, modified TM0,2 and TM1,2 modes","authors":"Mohammad Hadi Moradi Ardekani, Shima Pashangeh","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12509","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a novel wideband microstrip patch antenna (MPA) characterised by a straightforward structure and operational efficacy across four resonances. The antenna consists of a truncated square patch, a coplanar capacitive feed and a slot on the patch. The square radiating patch is strategically truncated at its four corners to perturb the electric field distribution characteristic of the TM<sub>0,2</sub> mode, thereby facilitating the generation of a unidirectional far-field pattern. Extensive analysis has elucidated the mechanism through which corner truncation diminishes the electric field peak associated with the TM<sub>0,2</sub> mode at the centre, resulting in the transformation of the dual-beam pattern into a distinct single beam pattern. In addition, unlike conventional approaches that require additional components such as shorting pins, this approach reallocates three radiative modes—specifically TM<sub>1,0</sub>, TM<sub>0,2</sub>, and TM<sub>1,2</sub>—resulting in a simplified structure. Finally, a coplanar capacitive feed and a slot are employed to boost the input impedance frequency bandwidth and generate the fourth resonance, respectively. Therefore, four adjacent resonances are simultaneously excited by this method and a wide frequency bandwidth of approximately 80% with stable unidirectional radiation pattern and same polarisation are fulfilled. A prototype of the antenna is fabricated and measured to validate the design procedure.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 11","pages":"860-868"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12509","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142737391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effect of temperature variation on the transient response of RF PIN diode limiters for very high frequency applications","authors":"Cornelius Johannes Botha, Tinus Stander","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12508","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work presents the effect of temperature change on the capacitance of silicon PIN diodes and the resulting change in performance of RF limiters at very high frequency (VHF). Device temperatures were varied between −25 ºC and 100 ºC, with small-signal parameters (including device capacitance) extracted at regular temperature increments and bias voltages from −20 Vdc to +3 Vdc using a multi-bias parameter extraction method. It was found that the junction capacitance of the four PIN diodes under investigation increases with temperature, as expected from carrier lifetime behaviour, while results also confirmed prior observations of an inverse relationship between forward-biased series resistance and temperature. Devices were subsequently tested in two different limiter topologies through high-power transient measurements. It was found that the combination of increased capacitance and decreased resistance with increasing temperature increases the transient spike leakage and decreases the flat leakage of a limiter. It was also concluded that, for VHF, an anti-parallel topology provides the best performance over a wide range of temperatures.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 11","pages":"849-859"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12508","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142724212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ajeet Thakur, Ashwani Sharma, Ignacio J. Garcia Zuazola
{"title":"A wearable circulator-like circularly polarised antenna for full-duplex wireless body area network applications","authors":"Ajeet Thakur, Ashwani Sharma, Ignacio J. Garcia Zuazola","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12507","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A circulator-like high gain, unidirectional, dual circularly polarised (DCP) wearable antenna with a low specific absorption rate of 0.088 W/kg for 5.8 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>5.725</mn>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>5.875</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $5.725-5.875$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> GHz) full-duplex wireless body area network (WBAN) applications is proposed. The DCP full-duplexing is achieved by a closed-loop feedback structure between its orthogonal-ports with enhanced axial ratio (AR) bandwidth and good impedance matching. The antenna is backed with a <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>7</mn>\u0000 <mo>×</mo>\u0000 <mn>7</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $7times 7$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> electromagnetic bandgap array that allows for improved directionality, AR and isolation between the ports. The cross-polarisation level above 17 dB is attained in the broadside direction, in both the E-plane and the H-plane, indicating good polarisation discrimination. Since the total power at each respective port is maintained and not halved (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>3</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${-}3$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> dB) with the measured port isolation of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>˜</mo>\u0000 <mn>28</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $tilde 28$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> dB in real scenarios (with the potential evidence of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>˜</mo>\u0000 <mn>34</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $tilde 34$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> dB) within the ISM band, that leads to a circulator-like antenna, meaning that a typically cascaded circulator/duplexer can be relieved and leave to the digital processing any self-interference challenge of full duplex systems through digital cancelation techniques, which alleviates the overall costs of RF hardware and eases integration. Even though dual linear polarization as well as DCP can be supported, the closed-loop feedback structure uses a port as Tx (RHCP) and the other one as Rx (LHCP) simultaneously with enhanced AR bandwidth. Without this structure, it would require a circulator/duplexer for DCP full-duplex operation and the associated added insertion losses and/or <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 11","pages":"838-848"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12507","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142737517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Won Min Choi, Taeyong Jeong, Dong Hwan Lee, Jun Hee Kim, Dong Geun Lee, Keum Cheol Hwang
{"title":"Miniaturised ultra-wideband circular polarised koch fractal crossed dipole array","authors":"Won Min Choi, Taeyong Jeong, Dong Hwan Lee, Jun Hee Kim, Dong Geun Lee, Keum Cheol Hwang","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12506","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ultra-wideband (UWB) systems utilise a broad frequency spectrum to achieve high data transmission rates and enhanced precision, creating a demand for specialised UWB antennas. Circularly Polarised (CP) antennas are considered essential for maintaining robust performance under varied environmental conditions. Among them, the crossed dipole is effective for UWB CP applications, but its relatively large size could limit its use in various systems. A miniaturised crossed dipole design employing the Koch fractal structure is proposed and the measurement results are presented. The prototype antenna achieved an effective bandwidth covering 88% of the frequency range from 1.4 to 3.6 GHz. Additionally, a 4 × 4 array using this design was tested in the same frequency band, demonstrating beam-steering capabilities up to 30°. The proposed antenna has demonstrated effective deployment in diverse communication systems and phased array applications within ultra-wideband (UWB) CP environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 10","pages":"731-747"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12506","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142524527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bincai Wu, Xingqi Xuan, Yuqi Chen, Jun Wen, Qijun Hu, Shilie Zheng, Ian Pratt, Xiaonan Hui, Xianmin Zhang
{"title":"Embedded circuit analysis and design method for reconfigurable metasurface element","authors":"Bincai Wu, Xingqi Xuan, Yuqi Chen, Jun Wen, Qijun Hu, Shilie Zheng, Ian Pratt, Xiaonan Hui, Xianmin Zhang","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12505","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Implementation of reconfigurable metasurfaces demands a complex structure. The design methodology for metasurface elements based on PIN diodes requires targeted optimisation tailored to the varying application environments and cannot be directly transplanted from one methodological approach to another. In addition, inclusion of varactors often imposes undesirable high-power consumption with complex analog drive circuitry. Furthermore, the design method for the reconfigurable metasurface element has not been simplified and unified, hindering the rapid deployment of metasurface applications. The authors propose a general design model based on low-power embedded circuitry for a multi-function metasurface element and give the corresponding numerical analysis. The authors present a reconfigurable method based on the general design model and prove that the method achieves independent regulation of amplitude and phase for the reflected electromagnetic wave. Through analysis of the sensitive area at the bottom of the embedded circuit, a gradient descent algorithm is proposed to find the optimised phase points according to device sensitivity of the application scenario and suitable strategy. Finally, the authors demonstrate that the designed metasurface element possesses phase control capability and decent phase consistency obtained via far-field scanning experiments. The proposed element design method will provide a theoretical reference for the integrated design of metasurface.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 11","pages":"819-829"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12505","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142724256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of super wide band 3-way power divider/combiner","authors":"Nagarakshith Mungara, Kamla Prasan Ray","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12504","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A 1:3-way power divider/combiner has been proposed for much improved bandwidth and isolation between output ports. The matching network for the super wide bandwidth frequency range is designed using a combination of the Klopfenstein taper and the triangular taper. The proposed design yields bandwidth from 1.5 to 20 GHz (18.5 GHz) for return loss better than 15 dB and isolation better than 20 dB. The insertion loss for the entire frequency band is 0.8 dB which is only 0.34 dB for the ultra-wide bandwidth (3.1–10.6 GHz). The maximum phase imbalance of 3.32° and amplitude imbalance of 0.199 dB between all the output ports have been achieved over the entire bandwidth. The simulated results have been validated experimentally.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 11","pages":"830-837"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12504","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142737423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lifeng Li, Xingang Liu, Xiangrong Wang, Mengkai Hu, Yufeng Du
{"title":"Phase-only transmit beampattern synthesis with sparse arrays via alternating optimisation-alternating direction of the multipliers method","authors":"Lifeng Li, Xingang Liu, Xiangrong Wang, Mengkai Hu, Yufeng Du","doi":"10.1049/mia2.12503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12503","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To get simultaneously sparse and constant modulus excitation to reduce the complexity of the array and the mutual effect of neighbouring elements, a novel algorithm via alternating optimisation-alternating direction of the multipliers method is developed. This method uses the total transmitting power as the objective function to optimise the sparsity and the amplitude of excitation simultaneously. Numerical results are provided to verify its effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"18 10","pages":"791-800"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.12503","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142524873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}