Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation最新文献

{"title":"GIANT Networks: Very Deep Fully Connected Neural Networks Applied to Microwave Problems","authors":"Simon Stenmark,&nbsp;Thomas Rylander,&nbsp;Tomas McKelvey,&nbsp;Andrei Ludvig-Osipov","doi":"10.1049/mia2.70077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.70077","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present the Gradient-Informed Attentive Normalisation Training (GIANT) framework with the objective to create very deep fully connected neural networks, which we use as surrogate models in the context of microwave problems. As the central component of the GIANT framework, we introduce a novel dynamic reparameterisation procedure for the weight-bias parameter space by means of a low-variance preserving normalisation layer for each fully connected layer and we refer to this construction as Attentive Normalisation (AttNorm). As part of AttNorm, we also introduce a new and tailored updating scheme that improves the convergence during training. To efficiently train very deep fully connected neural networks, we exploit Sobolev training with gradient information, which is computed at a very low computational cost by means of continuum sensitivity analysis. We test our novel approach on two microwave applications: (i) a six-port microwave cavity with a random medium and (ii) an H-plane waveguide filter optimised under geometrical uncertainty. For these examples, we demonstrate successful training of neural networks with up to 30 layers, which are sufficiently accurate and expressive to serve as excellent surrogate models.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.70077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147643224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An On-Chip Elliptic Bandpass Filter With High Selectivity and High Stopband Attenuation Near the Passband Based on Stacked Series-Parallel Topology","authors":"Hao-Ran Zhu,&nbsp;Lv-Bo Ma,&nbsp;Laifu Jin,&nbsp;Hongqing Pan,&nbsp;Shijin Wang","doi":"10.1049/mia2.70089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, a high selectivity integrated passive device (IPD) on-chip bandpass filter is presented. The passband can be constructed by using a minimum number of three-order elliptic bandpass filter. The stacked series-parallel topology is employed to generate two transmission zeros (TZs) and a transmission pole (TP) to maintain high selectivity and high stopband attenuation near the passband. Moreover, in order to deep the attenuation level at the upper stopband, a zero-pole generation circuit is introduced at the input and output ports to generate a TZ and a TP, which can also adjust the flatness of the passband and improve the impedance matching. An IPD on-chip filter sample is fabricated with an electric length of 0.12 × 0.05 λg². The measurement results show that the centre frequency is 4.2 GHz, the fractional bandwidth is 78.6%, the minimum in-band insertion loss is 1.23 dB, and the frequency selectivity SF_20dB and SF_30dB are 1.31 and 1.39, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.70089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiband Radome Design for Satellite Communication Based on Particle Swarm Optimization","authors":"Olga Basile,&nbsp;Marco Simone,&nbsp;Santi C. Pavone,&nbsp;Gino Sorbello","doi":"10.1049/mia2.70092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Radomes play a fundamental role in protecting antenna systems deployed in outdoor environments while preserving their electromagnetic performance. Due to their direct interaction with the radiated field, both structural and electromagnetic properties must be carefully engineered. This paper introduces a design methodology for advanced multilayer radomes intended for high-performance satellite communication systems, ensuring broadband transparency and compactness. As a case study, we consider several sub-bands spanning from 7.2 to 31 GHz and covering a broad range of incidence angles for both transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) polarizations. The proposed approach employs a particle swarm optimization algorithm to maximize transmission within the specified frequency bands by optimally adjusting layer thicknesses while accurately modelling the frequency-dispersive permittivity of the selected materials. This process yields a lightweight, high-transparency radome design suitable for multiband operation. The methodology was validated through full-wave simulations across six frequency bands using realistic dispersive materials. Results show excellent agreement between analytical and numerical models, with tolerance analysis confirming robustness against manufacturing deviations. The proposed framework demonstrates strong potential for the systematic design of next-generation multilayer radomes meeting the stringent requirements of modern satellite communication systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.70092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147563700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a Dual-Polarised Wide-Band Stacked-Patch Array for Ku Band Satcom On-the-Move","authors":"Davide Guarnera,&nbsp;Marco Simone,&nbsp;Antonella M. Loconsole,&nbsp;Md. Imran Khan,&nbsp;Francesco Anelli,&nbsp;Santi C. Pavone,&nbsp;Francesco Prudenzano,&nbsp;Gino Sorbello","doi":"10.1049/mia2.70081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, we present the design of a high-performance dual-linearly polarised broadband stacked <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 <mo>×</mo>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $2times 2$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> patch antenna array for SATCOM on-the-move applications. The antenna has been designed to operate in the <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>[</mo>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>10.7</mn>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>14.5</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mo>]</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $[10.7-14.5]$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> GHz frequency range, covering both the receiving and transmitting SOTM Ku bands, namely, <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>[</mo>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>10.7</mn>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>12.75</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mo>]</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $[10.7-12.75]$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> GHz and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>[</mo>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>13.75</mn>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>14.5</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mo>]</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $[13.75-14.5]$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> GHz, respectively. The array, excited with a feeding system leveraging two perpendicular corporate feeding networks, enables electronically reconfiguration of two orthogonal linear polarisations, which can be combined to synthesise other polarisation states, such as circular. The proposed design targets of robustness, reliability and simplicity have been validated through experimental characterisation, showing a good agreement when compared against full-wave electromagnetic simulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.70081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147666128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-Wideband Coupled-Fed Loop Antenna Pair for 5G Mobile Terminals","authors":"Aidi Ren,&nbsp;Wenyi Song,&nbsp;Zhanhao Zhang,&nbsp;Ying Liu,&nbsp;Lixia Yang,&nbsp;Yingsong Li,&nbsp;Zhixiang Huang","doi":"10.1049/mia2.70088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna pair for 5G mobile terminals. The antenna pair is composed of two coupled-fed loop antennas with a common shorted branch, which achieves a compact size. The wideband operation is obtained by meticulously exciting two-loop modes. Due to the common shorted branch, a good isolation level (&gt; 10 dB) is acquired. Based on four coupled-fed loop antenna pairs, an ultra-wideband 8 × 8 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array with compact size is conducted and measured. The experimental results show that the MIMO array covers 3.3–7.8 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 81.08%, and the isolation between ports is better than 10 dB. In addition, the measured radiation pattern, total efficiency and ECCs (envelope correlation coefficients) are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.70088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147666157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometric Phase Metasurface for Lens Antenna System With High Polarisation Purity and Efficiency","authors":"Alexia Moreno-Peñarrubia,&nbsp;Sheyly Ortiz-Reyes,&nbsp;Jorge Teniente,&nbsp;Sergei Kuznetsov,&nbsp;Bakhtiyar Orazbayev,&nbsp;Miguel Beruete","doi":"10.1049/mia2.70090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.70090","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work presents a millimetre-wave antenna–metalens system based on the Pancharatnam–Berry phase principle. The setup includes a circularly polarised horn antenna combined with bi-layer metalens optimised for 87 GHz operation. This arrangement achieves an axial ratio (AR) of 0.5 dB, directivity up to 34.7 dB–surpassing the original horn antenna over 17 dB–an aperture efficiency of 47% and exhibits a narrow beamwidth. The system operates from 82 to 95 GHz with an AR below 2 dB, directivity over 32 dB and aperture efficiency exceeding 30%. Additionally, the same metalens is characterised at 75 and 105 GHz, where the focal shift associated with frequency scaling is observed, yet directivity remains around 32 dB and AR below 3 dB. Notably, the aperture efficiency remains approximately 30% for the full frequency range, demonstrating the inherent frequency tolerance of the Pancharatnam–Berry phase implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.70090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147300019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 3D Non-Stationary Wideband GBSM for Low-Altitude UAV Channels in Rail Environments","authors":"Cheng Li,&nbsp;Kunye Hong,&nbsp;Jingjing Du,&nbsp;Yating Gao,&nbsp;Pei Tang,&nbsp;Lei Xiong","doi":"10.1049/mia2.70084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have attracted more and more attention across various fields. Accurate channel modelling is critical for the design and performance evaluation of low-altitude UAV communication systems, making it an emerging research hotspot. This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) wideband non-stationary Geometry-Based Stochastic Channel Model (GBSM) for low-altitude UAV communications. Distinct from existing modelling frameworks, the proposed model integrates air-to-air (A2A) and air-to-ground (A2G) scenarios into a generalised channel model. Moreover, a two-state continuous-time Markov process is employed to characterise the dynamic behaviours of scattering cluster birth and death. And key statistical properties, including space-time-frequency correlation and Doppler power spectral density (DPSD), are derived to quantify the channel model. To address computational complexity challenges, a corresponding simulation model is further developed. Simulation results verify that the proposed model effectively captures the channel behaviours of low-altitude UAV communication systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.70084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147268926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Low Profile Two-Sided Anti-Metal UHF RFID Tag Antenna Based on Square–Ring Embedded Coupling Structure","authors":"Wangfu Lai,&nbsp;Huayun Lan,&nbsp;Jiade Yuan","doi":"10.1049/mia2.70087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A compact ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) tag antenna for two-sided anti-metal performance is proposed. The proposed tag antenna consists of a lower bottom patch, a middle patch and an upper top patch, separated by two layers of foam substrate. Owing to its three-layer design, the current paths and field distribution across the three layers of the patch are almost identical, which enables the tag antenna’s two-sided anti-metal properties. The middle patch includes an inner meandered microstrip line, an outer open square ring patch, and two embedded stubs, which can miniaturise the antenna and improve the impedance matching between the antenna and the tag chip. The tag antenna has a compact structure with dimensions of 38 mm × 20 mm × 1.15 mm (0.1159<i>λ</i> × 0.061<i>λ</i> × 0.0035<i>λ</i> at 915 MHz). When the proposed tag is placed on the 200 × 200 mm² metal plate and the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) is fixed at 3.28 W, the test results show that the read distance can reach 5.6 and 5.8 m, when bottom patch and top patch, respectively, are mounted on metal plate. The proposed compact, two-sided anti-metal tag antenna is particularly suitable for metal-mounted applications where the tag is hung freely, eliminating the need to distinguish which side faces the metal surface.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.70087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146154632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GPR Antenna Modelling Based on DML Exploiting Cosine Similarity Metric","authors":"Shenghao Ye,&nbsp;Yubo Tian,&nbsp;Guangshen Tan","doi":"10.1049/mia2.70086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traditional full-wave electromagnetic simulation software, such as HFSS or CST, requires substantial computational resources and time consumption, as does the construction of surrogate models when acquiring new samples. To overcome this data efficiency challenge, we propose a Data Augmentation (DA) modelling approach based on Deep Metric Learning (DML) that integrates a Siamese Neural Network (SNN) with K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) to generate augmented samples for training surrogate models. First, SNN is employed to extract embeddings of antenna parameters. The performance between loss functions constructed using various distance metrics, including cosine similarity and others, is systematically compared. Subsequently, the KNN algorithm generates new samples based on the distance to neighbours. These augmented samples are combined with the original dataset and fed into the surrogate model using a Gaussian Process Regressor (GPR) and comparative analysis. The proposed method is validated using a WLAN Dual-Band Monopole Antenna (WLAN-DBMA) and a Log-Periodic Folded Dipole Array (LPFDA) antenna. Results demonstrate that, compared with surrogate models without sample augmentation, the proposed method efficiently reduces the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) by over 20%, decreases the mean squared error (MSE) by more than 35%, and improves the coefficient of determination (R²) by over 4%.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.70086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimisation of Sparse Linear Arrays Based on Enhanced Differential Evolution Algorithm","authors":"Yuanhao Chang,&nbsp;Fenggan Zhang,&nbsp;Fengchao Zhu,&nbsp;Ting Li,&nbsp;Shuanghao Fan","doi":"10.1049/mia2.70073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.70073","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To address the challenge of reducing the peak sidelobe level (PSLL) in linear sparse array antennas, a differential evolution (DE) algorithm that integrates feasible solution repair and dynamic subpopulation selection is proposed. The algorithm initiates by generating an initial population through Logistic chaotic mapping, exploiting the ergodic and stochastic characteristics of chaos to enhance the diversity of initial solutions. Subsequently, a triple constraint handling and contribution-driven elimination to repair the initial feasible solutions is applied, thereby improving the PSLL performance of the linear array antenna while adhering to physical constraints. Additionally, the scaling factor (F) and crossover rate (CR) are dynamically adjusted in response to the iteration process and variations in fitness values, thus enhancing the algorithm's performance. Finally, through dynamic subpopulation selection, the premature convergence is mitigated, facilitating a global optimal search. Simulation results indicate that the PSLL of the antenna is effectively reduced across all three scenarios. In comparison to existing algorithms, the proposed approach demonstrates reductions in optimal PSLL of 0.99, 6.55 and 4.90 dB across 50 Monte Carlo experiments, with corresponding average PSLL reductions of 0.58, 6.82 and 6.03 dB, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":13374,"journal":{"name":"Iet Microwaves Antennas & Propagation","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/mia2.70073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}