Indian Journal of Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Authors' response to comments on \"Ocular biometric parameters in South-Indian children with myopia - A hospital-based retrospective descriptive analysis\".","authors":"Sandra Ganesh","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_951_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_951_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 10","pages":"1543-1545"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and Safety of reused Kahook Dual Blade for combined cataract and minimally invasive glaucoma surgery in open angle-glaucoma.","authors":"Sahebaan Sethi, Parikshit Dhir","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_1195_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_1195_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the performance and safety of reusing the Kahook Dual Blade (KDB) in patients with mild to moderate primary open-angle glaucoma and to assess its impact on clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Retrospective, comparative clinical study.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Sixty-nine eyes of 57 patients were recruited at tertiary care centres in North India from October 2023 to September 2024.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eyes were assigned to two groups: Group A (n = 32) underwent phacoemulsification-goniotomy using a reused KDB after standardized sterilization; Group B (n = 37) underwent surgery with a new KDB. Primary outcomes measures included intraoperative challenges and surgical complications. Secondary outcome measures were intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction, number of antiglaucoma medications, and need for further interventions at 6 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean baseline IOP was similar between both groups (23.93 ± 6.84 mmHg vs. 20.67 ± 6.89 mmHg, P =.</p><p><p>). At 6 months, mean IOP reduced to 17.95 ± 5.13 mmHg (P < 0.001) in Group A and 15.09 ± 5.03 mmHg (P < 0.001) in Group B. Medication burden reduced from 2.07 ± 1.39 mmHg to 1.05 ± 0.71 (49.1%) in Group A and from 1.89 ± 1.18 to 0.91 ± 0.57 (52%) in Group B. Intraoperative challenges, such as resistance during blade advancement and difficulty engaging the trabecular meshwork, were more frequent with reused blades (P < 0.05). One case of toxic anterior segment syndrome and two cases of postoperative peripheral anterior synechiae were noted in the reused group. Incomplete excision was reported more frequently in the reused group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Reuse of the KDB blade after a single sterilization cycle is a clinically viable and economically sustainable option for glaucoma surgery when performed under stringent infection control protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 10","pages":"1497-1502"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro-rhex-pression technique: A novel approach for safe and predictable rhexis in intumescent cataracts.","authors":"Sudhir Srivastava, DevShree Chandorkar, Shivayan Srivastava, Devashree Moktan","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_228_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_228_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intumescent cataracts complicate cataract surgery due to high intra-lenticular pressure, often causing radial tears, such as the Argentinian flag sign. The micro-Rhex-pression technique offers a precise solution for achieving safe continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis in these cases. By creating a small central puncture in the anterior capsule and using controlled decompression with capsule massage to release liquified cortex, this method effectively reduces intra-lenticular pressure and minimizes tear risks. Applied in over 1,600 cases, it achieved a 99.6% success rate with minimal complications. Compared to costly femtosecond laser capsulotomy, micro-rhex-pression is affordable, efficient, and easy to learn, making it highly accessible. This technique advances intumescent cataract management by providing a reliable, safe, and accessible approach for optimal surgical outcomes. Its straightforward approach and short learning curve make it accessible, providing surgeons with a reliable method to improve outcomes in managing challenging intumescent cataracts. This technique enhances surgical safety and accessibility, transforming the approach to such complex cataracts.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 10","pages":"1520-1523"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scedosporium apiospermum and Lomentospora prolificans emergent ocular infections in North India.","authors":"Karnika Saigal, Anu Malik, Nishat H Ahmed, Sushma Nandyala, Gagandeep Singh, Deepanshi Mishra, Namrata Sharma, Murugesan Vanathi, Radhika Tandon, Sridevi Nair, Rajpal S Vohra, Immaculata Xess, Jeewan S Titiyal","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_2019_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_2019_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Settings: </strong>Identification of the prevalent species and report clinical features, predisposing factors, and visual outcomes of ocular infections caused by Scedosporium/Lomentospora in a tertiary care eye centre North India.</p><p><strong>Patient/study population: </strong>During a study period of 9 months from December 2022 to August 2023, eight cases of culture positive Scedosporium/Lomentospora ocular infections diagnosed were included in the study.</p><p><strong>Observation procedure: </strong>Definitive diagnosis was established on clinical suggestion of fungal infection along with microscopic findings and culture isolation of the fungal pathogen from clinical specimens. The main parameters assessed included predisposing (risk) factors, clinical characteristics, treatment modality used, and visual sequel of individual patients. Time to healing was stated as the time interval from beginning of clinical symptoms to the follow up visit when antifungals were stopped (absolute scarring of infiltrate).</p><p><strong>Outcome measures: </strong>Of included eight cases, Scedosporium apiospermum was identified in five cases (including teleomorph state Pseudallescheria boydii and Graphium form) and Lomentospora prolificans was identified in three cases. The mean time to presentation at our hospital from the commencement of clinical disease was 19.2 days (range 1-30 day). History of trauma was present in five (83.3%) of six patients. Different clinical presentations predominantly included keratitis followed by endophthalmitis. Two cases (culture positive Lomentospora prolificans) with provisional diagnosis of fungal keratitis presented with complete corneal melt. Medical management alone with natamycin was successful in two cases, while other patients required surgical intervention in addition to medical management. Scleral involvement and vitreous involvement were associated with poor prognosis. The average time to healing in noted in our series was ~ 90 days. Thus, prompt diagnosis is critical for commencing targeted antifungal therapy as these fungi are resistant to many antifungal agents. Oral and topical antifungals along with surgical management (therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty) were successful for the treatment of S. apiospermum/L. prolificans oculomycosis involving the posterior segment of the eye.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 10","pages":"1471-1476"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the macrophage-like cells following progression and treatment of diabetic macular edema.","authors":"Sundaramoorthy Sathishkumar, Dhanashree Ratra","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_50_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_50_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Macrophage-like cells (MLCs) in the vitreoretinal interface are involved in angiogenesis and retinal homeostasis. This study investigated the changes in the MLCs at the vitreoretinal interface using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) with progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and treatment response.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional, retrospective, observational study involved 86 eyes, categorized into four groups: Diabetes Mellitus without DR (n = 17), DME without treatment (n = 22), DME with anti-VEGF (n = 23), and DME with Dexamethasone (n = 24). The MLCs were imaged in the vitreoretinal interface slab 3 micron from the internal limiting membrane in OCTA. The images were processed with Image J and overlaid on the angiography en face image.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences in MLC count (P = 0.038), MLC density (P = 0.007), and central subfield thickness (CST) (P = 0.000) were observed with increasing severity and progression from no DR to DME. Both anti-VEGF and DEX treatment were associated with significant reduction in MLC count (P = 0.000, 0.002), MLC density (P = 0.000, 0.002), and CST (P = 0.008, 0.030) A positive significant correlation was noted between MLC density and change in BCVA and CST. No significant difference was noted between anti-VEGF and DEX groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MLCs increase with worsening DR and show reduction with treatment response with direct correlation with BCVA and CST. MLCs can act as a surrogate marker for treatment response in DME.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145130700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors determining compliance with recommended intravitreal injections for retinal diseases among out-of-pocket, fully subsidized (non-paying), and insured patients: Real-world evidence from India.","authors":"Anthony V Das, Brijesh Kashyap, Brijesh Takkar, Ragukumar Venugopal, Chirantan Chatterjee, Mehul C Mehta, Michael W Stewart, Gudlavalleti V S Murthy, Rohit C Khanna, Taraprasad Das, Raja Narayanan","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_671_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_671_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the factors associated with compliance with recommended intravitreal injections (IVIs) for retinal diseases among out-of-pocket, insured, and fully subsidized (non-paying) patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective observational hospital-based study included patients recommended for IVI in at least one eye between November 2011 and May 2022. Three cohorts of patients were assessed: out-of-pocket payers, insured, and those fully subsidized (non-paying) by the hospital. The main outcome measure was the compliance rate, defined as the proportion of patients receiving an injection after one was recommended. The impact on the visual outcome in each cohort was a secondary outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 50,408 IVI were recommended for at least one eye and were included in the analyses. Male patients were more common (66.72%), and the mean age was 55.36 ± 16.39 years. The overall compliance rate with the first recommended injection was 51.37%, which increased and eventually stabilized with subsequent recommendations to approximately 80% (range: 77.48%-82.93%). Insured patients had a higher compliance rate with the first recommendation compared to the non-insured (100% vs. 49.84%; P < 0.00001), and non-paying patients had a higher compliance rate after the first recommendation compared to paying patients (62.51% vs. 48.66%; P < 0.00001). Patients with insurance achieved a better visual outcome at the last follow-up compared to other cohorts.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Insured patients have a much higher compliance rate with recommended IVIs compared to out-of-pocket or non-paying patients. The high non-compliance rate among non-paying patients suggests that factors other than the direct cost of the injections may impact compliance with recommended treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145091613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye injury rates and community cost savings through vision centers: Evidence from southern India.","authors":"Vinoth Kumar Rajendran, Amanulla Mohammed Gowth, Ashwin Balasubramanian, Akkayasamy Kowsalya, Iswarya Mani, Sanil Joseph, Thulasiraj D Ravilla","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_631_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_631_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Eye injuries are a significant public health concern, yet data on their burden in South Indian communities remains scarce. This study assessed the annual rates of eye injuries, evaluated the effectiveness of vision centers (VCs) in their management, and analyzed the cost-benefit impact of these facilities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective analysis of VC medical records, including all eye injury cases reported at 35 VCs affiliated with a tertiary eye hospital, Madurai, between 2021 and 2022. A cost analysis accounted for patient expenses, including registration and travel from VCs to the base hospital.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 219,172 outpatients, 6.98% presented with eye injuries, with males comprising 63.9% and females 36.1% of cases. The mean (standard deviation) age of patients was 39 (19.1) years. Individuals under 20 years accounted for 17.5% of cases, while 66.5% occurred in working-age adults (20-59 years; P < 0.001). Globe injuries comprised 85.3% of cases, with the remaining 14.7% being periocular injuries. Most injuries (85.8%) were managed at VCs, while the rest (14.2%) required referral to base hospitals. The VCs generated community savings of ₹5.6 million (US$ 67,233) in travel and registration costs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Eye injuries impose a substantial burden, particularly among working-age adults and individuals under 20 years. VCs effectively manage the majority of cases locally, providing accessible care and significant cost savings for South Indian communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145091658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"27-gauge microincision vitrectomy surgery-assisted scleral fixation of intraocular lens: An anterior segment optical coherence tomography-guided study.","authors":"Ashish Markan, Manasi Tripathi, Shivani Chhabra, Vipin Rana","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_1102_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_1102_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the outcomes of 27-gauge (27G) microincision vitrectomy surgery (MIVS)-assisted scleral fixation of intraocular lenses (SFIOLs) using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). The study assesses postoperative intraocular lens (IOL) tilt, decentration, and iris to IOL distance and their impact on visual and refractive outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 36 patients undergoing 27G MIVS-assisted SFIOL implantation. Preoperative data, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), endothelial cell count, and surgical indications, were recorded. Postoperatively, BCVA, IOP, and endothelial cell count were assessed at 3 months. Additionally, postoperative AS-OCT was performed to assess IOL tilt, decentration, and distance of the IOL from the posterior iris surface. Surgical complications were documented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean IOL tilt was 3.58 ± 0.57 degrees, IOL decentration was 0.22 ± 0.47 mm, and IOL to posterior iris distance was 0.76 ± 0.66 mm. At three months, BCVA significantly improved from 0.85 ± 0.53 log MAR to 0.38 ± 0.38 log MAR (P = 0.03). Hyperopic shift (manifest refractive spherical equivalent [MRSE]: +1.14 ± 0.62 D) correlated strongly with increased distance of IOL from the posterior iris surface. Complications included early postoperative IOL tilt (n = 4, requiring refixation), vitreous hemorrhage (n = 3, resolving spontaneously), and choroidal detachment (n = 2, resolving with corticosteroids).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The 27G MIVS-assisted SFIOL technique demonstrates favorable outcomes with minimal IOL tilt and decentration. The technique offers a safe and effective alternative for scleral fixation, optimizing surgical efficiency and patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145091689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraoperative optical coherence tomography-guided compression sutures in acute corneal hydrops - Surgical technique and review of literature.","authors":"Manpreet Kaur, Akshaya Balaji, Jeewan S Titiyal, Manvi Bansal, Rishav Raj, Vaibhav Namdev","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_2795_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_2795_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe outcomes of the intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT)-guided technique of partial-thickness compression sutures (PTS) in acute corneal hydrops. We also provide a comprehensive review of literature of the outcomes of compression sutures in acute hydrops.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study involves prospective interventional case series of patients with keratoconus and acute corneal hydrops. iOCT was used to assess the morphological features of the hydrops, observe surgical dynamics during PTS, titrate the magnitude of suture tightness by observing the stromal compaction and minimisation of intrastromal fluid clefts, and confirm the depth of suture placement (intended at 50-60%). The primary outcome measure was time to resolution of hydrops. Suture removal was planned after documenting stability of corneal thickness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seven patients (4 males, 3 females; median age 16 years) underwent iOCT-guided PTS with intracameral air. The time interval between onset of hydrops and PTS ranged from 1 to 12 weeks. The preoperative corneal thickness ranged from 1120 to 2363 mm. The initial depth of suture placement on iOCT was observed to be <50%; progressive stromal compaction and collapse of intrastromal fluid pockets allowed deeper penetration with needle during subsequent suture placement. A decrease in separation of DM from stroma was noted; however, no case had on-table complete DM-stromal reattachment. Complete resolution of hydrops was observed by 2 weeks in all cases. Suture removal was performed in 5 cases at 8-12 weeks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>iOCT helps titrate depth and tightness of compression sutures in real time to achieve on-table stromal compaction and minimization of intrastromal clefts, with fast resolution of acute hydrops.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145091610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and safety of posterior subtenon interferon alfa-2B injection in recurrent inflammatory macular edema.","authors":"Ankush Kawali, Sai B Mishra, Padmamalini Mahendradas, Rohit Shetty","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_821_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_821_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of posterior subtenon injection of interferon alfa-2B (PSII) as a therapeutic option for managing recurrent inflammatory macular edema (IME).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care eye center in South India. Patients receiving PSII for recurrent infectious or non-infectious IME were included in the study. Recurrent IME was defined as less than 50 μm improvement in central macular thickness (CMT) on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography within 1 month or relapse of IME within 3 months of previous treatment. Patients received a single PSII (1 MIU/mL) under topical anesthesia. Follow-up visits included clinical examinations and CMT measurement, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and intraocular pressure (IOP).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 13 patients with a mean age of 46.2 years. Diagnosis varied, including pseudophakic IME, post-endophthalmitis IME, and various forms of uveitis. Mean CMT significantly reduced from 639.0 μm at baseline to 427.45 μm at one week (P < 0.001). But further increased to 500.62 μm at 1-2 months follow-up (P < 0.05). Mean BCVA improved from 20/70 (0.57 logMAR) to 20/40 (0.33 logMAR) at 1-month follow-up. No significant adverse effects were observed, although one patient with post-endophthalmitis IME developed granulomatous anterior uveitis 40 days after the injection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study demonstrates the potential short-term efficacy of PSII in reducing CMT and improving BCVA in patients with recurrent IME. Further research is needed to optimize dosing protocols and explore long-term efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145091633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}