Indian Journal of Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Role of hyaluronate containing artificial tears in mitigating markers of dry eye disease using in vitro models.","authors":"Sharel P Karkada, Sheril P Karkada, Anushree Bhatkal, Srihari Balaraj, Ritica Mukherji, Arkasubhra Ghosh, Pooja Khamar, Nimisha R Kumar","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_2151_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_2151_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Ocular surface discomfort and dry eye disease (DED) are the most common conditions addressed by ophthalmologists worldwide. Artificial tear substitutes are used as the first line of treatment management for DED patients. The present study was performed to understand the role of artificial tear formulation namely Soha Liquigel (0.18% sodium hyaluronate with trehalose) and Soha (0.1% sodium hyaluronate) for the treatment of DED in vitro. Human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells were used in adapted cell culture conditions which induce relevant cellular and molecular modifications thus mimicking the DED.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Artificial tears containing either sodium hyaluronate (SH) (Soha 0.1%, Sun Pharma) or a combination of SH with trehalose (Soha Liquigel 0.18%, Sun Pharma) were compared with respective controls to analyze the effect on desiccation-induced stress or oxidative stress or hyperosmolarity induced stress on HCE cells. Cellular viability was evaluated using the trypan blue assay, while epithelial morphology was observed under light microscopy. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was utilized to analyze the transcriptional profile of a specific set of gene signatures, namely S100A7, FOS, SOD-2, COX2, TonEBP, IL6, MCP1, and IL10.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The response of HCE cells to desiccation stress (24 hr) was observed through alterations in their cellular morphology, which were subsequently restored by applying Soha Liquigel. Oxidative stress was induced using 100 nM of H2O2 on HCE cells (short- 24 h and long-term 5 days) and measured using increased expression of S100A7, an oxidative stress-responsive gene. Oxidative-stressed HCE cells after treatment with Soha Liquigel showed reduced pro-oxidant gene and COX2 expression and elevated anti-oxidant genes, FOS, and SOD levels. HCE cells were subjected to +100mOsmol and +200mOsmol NaCl-containing media, inducing hyperosmolar stress that imitates the symptoms of DED. Further, these hyperosmolar stressed cells were treated with Soha Liquigel and Soha eye drops for 24 h and 5 days. Both eye drops rescued the cell morphology under hyperosmolar conditions in both short- and long-term treatments. Increased TonEBP levels confirm the osmotic stress in HCE cells. Reduction in IL6, MCP1, TonEBP, and elevated expression of IL10 in hyperosmotic stressed HCE cells treated with either of the artificial tears indicates their osmo-protection properties.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>By using desiccation, oxidative, and hyperosmolar stress simulated in HCE cells in culture, we observed that SH-containing artificial tears provided bio-protection, osmo-protection, and anti-oxidant benefits that were further strengthened with SH and trehalose combination.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144003662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rare pediatric retinal diseases: A review.","authors":"Anand Vinekar, Wei-Chi Wu, Birgit Lorenz, Snehal Bavaskar, Audina Berrocal, Ashley Lopez-Cañizares, Nicholas Fung, Wai Ching Lam, Stephanie M Llop, Shwetha Mangalesh, Sengul Ozdek, Cynthia Toth","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_1542_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_1542_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rare pediatric retinal disorders present significant challenges in diagnosis and management due to their limited prevalence and diverse clinical manifestations. This paper provides a comprehensive review of select rare retinal disorders affecting the pediatric population, focussing a brief on their epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic interventions. Through a systematic examination of current literature and clinical case studies, this review aims to elucidate the distinct features and challenges associated with each disorder. Despite the rarity of these conditions, their impact on visual function and quality of life necessitates heightened awareness among clinicians and researchers to facilitate timely diagnosis, appropriate management, and improved outcomes for affected children as their visual systems are still developing. Furthermore, advancements in diagnostic modalities such as fundus fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, electroretinography, and genetic testing are examined for their role in enhancing our understanding of rare pediatric retinal disorders and facilitating early intervention strategies. The literature selection for this article was conducted through PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library databases. A thorough systematic search was carried out for the concerned diseases. Relevant review articles, original research studies, case series, and reports were examined. Additionally, references from these sources were reviewed and included if they provided pertinent information on the topic. The search was not restricted by publication date.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 5","pages":"622-636"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of hemodialysis on the eye.","authors":"Olena Protsyk, Javier Lacorzana","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_1450_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_1450_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hemodialysis on the eye and its long-term consequences. Hemodialysis is a process that purifies the blood and maintains the balance of water, solutes, acid-base, and electrolytes. The eye, being primarily composed of fluid, has been speculated to be affected by this technique. To analyze these effects, a literature review was conducted, focusing on the anatomical structures, functions, and changes in the eye following hemodialysis. The search for relevant articles was carried out on PubMed, including studies published in English between 2000 and 2023. The results of the review showed that certain observations such as visual acuity, refraction, intraocular pressure, biometric parameters, and retinal nerve fiber layer did not show significant timing-related impacts, or there were conflicting findings. However, a connection was established between hemodialysis sessions and visual fields, parameters of visual-evoked potential, intraocular pressure in glaucoma, tear break-up time, Schirmer's test values, choroidal thickness, flow velocities of vessels, and ocular perfusion pressure values. In conclusion, it was determined that hemodialysis sessions can cause fluctuations that may complicate the assessment of eye health. To obtain a more accurate baseline evaluation, it is recommended to schedule ophthalmological examinations, a few hours after the hemodialysis session. Additionally, it is important to provide appropriate management for dry eyes and ocular hypertension, particularly during hemodialysis sessions. Coordination of these examinations with the timing of renal replacement therapy is advised to ensure optimal patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 5","pages":"648-655"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers to compliance with the use of free-of-cost spectacles prescribed through door-to-door screening of children in urban slums of Delhi.","authors":"Vaisakhi Prasannan, Shalinder Sabherwal, Shailja Tibrewal, Zeeshan Siddiqui, Atanu Majumdar, Suma Ganesh","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_1818_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_1818_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Compliance with spectacles provided during school eye-screening programs has been low. The aim of this study was to assess compliance to free-spectacles provided to children via a door-to-door screening model and to ascertain the reasons for non-compliance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted, including children aged 5-18 years, 3-6 months after spectacle prescription; vision screeners assessed compliance during unannounced visits via direct observation and parental enquiry. Full compliance was defined when a child was wearing spectacle at the time of visit, taking spectacles to school, and using them for ≥4 hours/day at home. Qualified compliance was considered if two of the above criteria were met, and non-compliance as one or no criteria met. Parents' and children's reasons for non-compliance were recorded using a mixed-type questionnaire, and spectacle quality was assessed. The association of compliance with age, gender, spectacle quality, parental education and occupation, parents' or siblings' use of spectacles, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity, improvement of VA, and magnitude and type of refractive error was analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 436 children, including 189 (43.3%) males, were included in the study. Full compliance, qualified compliance, and non-compliance were observed in 297 (68.1%), 34 (7.8%), and 105 (24.1%) children, respectively. Common reasons for non-compliance were unsatisfactory vision with the spectacles, dislike for the frames, watering eyes, and headache. Factors affecting compliance included spectacle quality, distance UCVA in the worse eye, father's education, and mothers' occupation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Compliance to spectacles in a door-to-door screening model was 76%. Quality of the spectacles was the most important determinant of compliance.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 5","pages":"702-707"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144012716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A prospective, randomized parallel-design study to compare two conjunctival approaches in horizontal strabismus surgery: Forniceal versus single-snip paralimbal.","authors":"Umme Summaiyya, Abadan Khan Amitava, Ziya Siddiqui, Nikita Sharma, Syed Aisha Raza, Ganga Sagar Meena, Karuna Shree, Samuel G Momin","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_2251_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_2251_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare the postoperative course and comfort in strabismus surgeries using the forniceal approach (FA) versus the single-snip paralimbal approach (SSPA).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Prospective, randomized, interventional, parallel design study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We enrolled 60 eyes from 30 consenting patients requiring symmetrical bilateral surgeries, randomizing one eye to the FA or SSPA group. We compared postoperative inflammatory scores individually (redness, congestion, chemosis, foreign body sensation (FBS), and drop intolerance; scored from nil to mild, moderate, or severe on a scale of 0 to 3) and their sum as total inflammatory scores (TIS) on day 1, week 2, and weeks 4-6. We also compared the surgery duration and length of the conjunctival incision. Success was evaluated at weeks 4-6, defined as alignment within 10 PD of orthophoria, and scar visibility was compared.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis: </strong>We compared scores using the Wilcoxon test; duration and length with the paired Student's t-test, and proportions with Fisher's exact test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to the SSPA, we found significantly lesser FBS, and greater comfort with the FA, evident only until the fortnight following surgery, with no differences thereafter. There were no significant group differences in TIS or the proportions of visible scars: FA vs. SSPA: 4 vs. 7. There were no differences in the length of the incision of number of sutures used to close the incisions. FA took significantly longer (3.6 min). The surgical success rate was 56.7%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Compared to the paralimbal approach, the FA for horizontal rectus muscle surgeries appears to be a better option, providing greater comfort and less FBS in the fortnight following surgery, with a time difference of less than 4 min.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 5","pages":"749-753"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143977506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socio-demographic distribution and clinical profile of exotropia in India: Electronic medical records-driven big data analytics report.","authors":"Sampada Kulkarni, Anthony Vipin Das, Ramesh Kekunnaya, Virender Sachdeva, Vivek Warkad","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_1481_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_1481_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe the demographics and clinical profile of exotropia from patient data obtained from a multi-tiered ophthalmology hospital network in India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional hospital-based study included the data of 2,664,906 patients presenting to the hospital network from August 1, 2010 to January 31, 2021. Data were collected using an electronic medical record system. Data were collected regarding demographics, age at presentation, vision assessment with complete ophthalmic evaluation, and strabismus assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During this period, 31,333 (1.18%) patients were diagnosed with exotropia. There was an insignificant male predominance (54.68%) and a significant association with higher socioeconomic status (82.21%). The mean age of patients was 23 ± 19.66 years. However, most presented with exotropia in the first decade of life (10,904, 34.8%). Majority of the subjects with exotropia were students (16,109, 51.41%). Majority of (13,147, 41.96%) the patients were from rural areas. The most common type of exotropia was constant exotropia (12,106, 38.64%), followed by intermittent exotropia (11,574, 36.94%), secondary exotropia (4533, 14.47%), and congenital exotropia (1752, 5.59%). Associated pattern strabismus was seen in a minority (V-pattern: 457, 1.46%; A-pattern: 128, 0.41%) of patients. Extraocular muscle surgery was performed on 4477 (14.29%) patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Exotropia was more common in males who presented to our hospital in their first decade of life. As this is the most crucial age for binocular vision and sensory development, early and timely screening by trained pediatric ophthalmologists is a must in schools. This analysis showed that only a tenth of the affected patients underwent surgical correction to treat exotropia.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 5","pages":"744-748"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and functional assessment of ganglion cell complex in patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine.","authors":"Shreyas Temkar, Aniket Tatyasaheb Mairal, Arun Sahi, Amit Kumar Deb, Chengappa G Kavadichanda, Subashini Kaliaperumal, Veeradasari Jawahar Satya Babu, Aarthy Gunasekaran","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_2117_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_2117_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Long-term hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment has been shown to be associated with structural changes (reduced thickness) of ganglion cell complex (GCC). This study evaluated if these structural changes of GCC translate to functional deficits and if they represent true retinal toxicity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study. Fifteen patients aged ≥18 years who had been on HCQ treatment for >5 years were recruited as cases, and 15 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals were recruited as controls. All cases underwent visual fields (central 10-2 SITA standard), pattern electroretinogram (ERG), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), and widefield autofluorescence. Controls underwent pattern ERG and spectral-domain OCT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significantly lower average (77.0 ± 5.5 µm vs. 82.0 ± 5.3 µm, P = 0.017) and minimum ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness (71.0 ± 8.1 µm vs. 76.6 ± 6.3 µm, P = 0.041) were noted among cases compared to controls. Similarly, average retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness (86.7 ± 9.6 µm vs. 94.8 ± 7.6 µm, P = 0.015) and superior quadrant RNFL thickness (105.2 µm ± 16.7 µm vs. 120.0 µm ± 15.6 µm, P = 0.018) were lower in cases than in controls. Average RNFL thickness and GC-IPL thickness were negatively correlated with the mean deviation (MD), the pattern standard deviation (PSD) scores, and implicit times of P50 and N95 waveforms, respectively, but none were statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Long-term HCQ use is associated with structural changes in the GCC, manifested as lower GC-IPL and RNFL thickness. Although there was a trend suggesting ganglion cell dysfunction (prolonged implicit times) and possible deficits in RNFL function (MD and PSD scores), statistically significant correlations could not be established with GC-IPL and RNFL thickness, respectively. GC-IPL/RNFL thickness assessment can be a part of the screening. Mere GC-IPL thickness reduction should not be a criterion to recommend HCQ cessation in the absence of abnormality on routinely recommended screening tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 5","pages":"708-712"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of 35 MHz ultrasonic biomicroscopy (UBM) to assess the biometric parameters of the anterior segment in pediatric cataractous eyes.","authors":"Sudarshan Khokhar, Kabita Tiwari, Aishwarya Rathod, Deeksha Rani, Venkatesh Nathiya, Saumya Kumar, Aayush Majumdar, Amar Pujari, Chirakshi Dhull","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_2429_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_2429_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the biometric parameters of the anterior segment in pediatric cataractous eyes using 35 MHz ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and investigate their relationship with age and morphology of cataracts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective observational study conducted at a high-volume tertiary care center. We enrolled 2344 eyes of 1392 children under 15 years old with cataracts, categorizing them into four age groups. The UBM was used to measure various parameters, including bag diameter (BD), ciliary sulcus diameter (STS), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and others. White-to-white (WTW) diameter, axial length (AL), and keratometry (Km) were also measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that AL, WTW, angle to angle (ATA), STS, BD, and ACD increased with age, while Km decreased, indicating corneal flattening. Lens thickness (LT) was influenced by cataract morphology, and it was noted that LT increased with age in non-cataractous eyes. Cataractous eyes had smaller measurements for several parameters compared to fellow eyes. Notably, STS and BD showed a positive linear correlation, as did WTW and STS. Using statistical analysis, we derived formulas to estimate BD from STS and WTW measurements. We observed various cataract morphologies, including zonular, nuclear, partially absorbed, intumescent, posterior plaques, and persistent fetal vasculature.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study highlights the utility of 35 MHz UBM in assessing anterior segment biometric parameters in pediatric cataractous eyes. This information is crucial for selecting and implanting posterior chamber intraocular lenses (PCIOLs). By using UBM measurements or the derived formulas, the study suggests that the risk of complications related to PCIOL sizing can be reduced, offering a more precise alternative to using WTW alone for this purpose.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 5","pages":"713-719"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144019193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in origin, evolution, and pathogenesis of optic disc drusen: A narrative review.","authors":"Xiyuan Liu, Yan Yan","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_937_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_937_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optic disc drusen (ODD) is acellular calcified deposits found mainly in front of the lamina cribrosa within the optic nerve. It can cause chronic or acute vision loss. There has been progress in clinical diagnosis using ophthalmic multimodal imaging in recent years. We conducted a database search on PubMed and Google Scholar (April 2023) with no restrictions on publication year or language. We used the terms: (\"optic disc drusen\") OR (\"optic nerve head drusen\") OR (\"drusen of optic nerve head\"). Other terms included gene, mutation, scleral canal, axonal transport, calcinosis, mitochondria, blood vessel, vasculature, visual field, vision, and optical coherence tomography to identify publications. Etiologically, ODD may stem from congenital genetic defects, aberrant axoplasmic transport, anatomical abnormalities, and mechanical factors during ocular duction. Clinically, ODD is linked to progressive visual field defects and vascular complications. Detection of deeply buried ODD can be challenging, but advances in optical coherence tomography make early identification possible. Structural changes, including retinal nerve fiber layer thinning, can be monitored. Increasing reports indicate vascular complications, including anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, in ODD patients. Currently, ODD-related visual field defects are not effectively treated, and observation remains the primary management approach. Future pathological discoveries or the establishment of animal models may provide new evidence for revealing the pathogenesis of ODD.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 5","pages":"637-647"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144014146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of optical coherence tomography changes in amblyopia.","authors":"Jawahar L Goyal, Jigyasa Arora, Abha Gahlot, Divya Singh, Neharika Sharma, Nisha Yadav","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_3040_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_3040_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To study the Central Macular Thickness (CMT) and Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness (RNFLT) using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in cases of amblyopia.</p><p><strong>Methods and material: </strong>The study was conducted on 30 patients of unilateral amblyopia having vision of less than 6/12 (30 amblyopic eyes and 30 fellow eyes) and age matched 30 eyes of normal controls aged between 5-30 years. Vision, Refraction and ophthalmological examination was done. OCT changes in macula and RNFL layer were evaluated in both eyes of each patient and controls. The data was statistically analyzed using SPSS version 22.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 30 patients 14 were anisomyopic and 16 were anisohyperopics. The mean central macular thickness among amblyopic eyes was significantly increased (238.77±3.64 µm) a.c.t fellow eyes (218.73±4.71µm). Average retinal nerve fibre layer thickness among amblyopic eyes was significantly increased (100.50±7.70 µm) a.c.t fellow eyes (95.67±6.38) (P<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The eyes with unilateral anisometropic amblyopia were associated with higher Central Macular Thickness (CMT) and thicker global Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer (RNFL) when compared to normal fellow eyes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 5","pages":"737-740"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144014147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}