Indian Journal of Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Erratum: Effects of corneal epithelial remodeling on corneal asphericity after FS-LASIK and Trans-PRK: A prospective study.","authors":"","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_891_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_891_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 5","pages":"776"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143968653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of peripapillary and macular Optical Coherence Tomography parameters between children and young adults.","authors":"Gazella B Warjri, Harsha L Rao, Virender Sachdeva, Sirisha Senthil","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_889_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_889_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness, central subfield thickness (CSFT), and parafoveal and perifoveal thickness in children of different age groups with young adult controls by using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included children aged 6-17 years and adult controls (18-22 years) - group 1: 6-9 years (57 eyes), group 2: 10-13 years (116 eyes), group 3: 14-17 years (66 eyes), and group 4 (controls): 18-22 years (61 eyes). A mixed-effects model was used to compare the OCT parameters among the groups, along with multivariable analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analysis of 300 eyes of 152 patients was done. Group 2 (99.7 ± 1.1 µm, P = 0.03) and group 3 (100.4 ± 1.5 µm, P = 0.03) had thicker RNFL on average as compared to group 4 (95.6 ± 1.6 µm) on multivariable analysis. In pairwise comparison, group 2 (129.8 ± 2.5 µm, P = 0.02) and group 3 (132.6 ± 2.4 µm, P = 0.004) had thicker inferior RNFL compared to adult controls (122.4 ± 2.5 µm); superior RNFL was thicker in group 2 (129.6 ± 2.0 µm, P = 0.01) and group 3 (131.2 ± 2.6 µm, P = 0.008) compared to group 1 (120.9 ± 2.8 µm). On multivariable analysis, adult controls had thicker CSFT (236.5 ± 2.6 µm) than group 1 (222.7 ± 3.1 µm) and group 2 (229.6 ± 2.3 µm). Similarly, on pairwise comparison, adult controls had thicker parafoveal superior quadrants (320.5 ± 2.5 µm) and inferior quadrants (317.5 ± 2.3 µm) when compared with groups 1 and 2.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>RNFL thickness seems to increase up to 17 years and then starts reducing, unlike CSFT, which increases with age from 6 to 22 years. A differential growth occurs in the different quadrants of RNFL and macula with age with some quadrants increasing in thickness as compared to the others.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"731-736"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142894098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reading eye movements among homonymous hemianopia.","authors":"Nayan Gupta, Ayisha Atiya, Jameel R Hussaindeen, Selvakumar V Ambika","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_2050_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_2050_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To measure the reading eye movement's parameters and quantify the oculomotor dysfunction among subjects with homonymous hemianopia compared to age-matched controls using ReadAlyzer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a prospective study carried out in the neuro-optometry clinic of a tertiary eye care hospital in South India, from October 2018 to Janurary 2019. Fifty consecutive patients diagnosed with homonymous hemianopia were enrolled in the study after obtaining their written informed consent. Reading eye movements were measured using ReadAlyzer in patients with homonymous hemianopia and age-matched controls. Reading eye movement parameters were represented in median [interquartile range (IQR)].</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Subjects with homonymous hemianopia showed increased number of fixations/100 words- median (IQR) [175 (80-270)] compared to controls [91 (52.5-127.5)]; increased number of regressions/100 words [33 (-13-79)] compared to controls [18 (-10-46)]; and reduced reading rate [93 (46-140) words/min] compared to controls [186 (144-228) words/min] (Mann-Whitney U test, P ≤ 0.05). Similar trend was observed for grade level equivalent 2 (0-4) and regression to fixation ratio 15 (1-29) compared to controls [grade equivalent 7 (3-11) and regression to fixation ratio 11 (-2-24)] (Mann-Whitney U test, P ≤ 0.005).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Reading eye movements assessed using ReadAlyzer are found to be significantly impaired among homonymous hemianopias compared to age-matched controls (Mann-Whitney U test, P ≤ 0.05).</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"720-724"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142286157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of augmented lateral rectus recession by hang back and Z-tenotomy for correction of large-angle exotropia.","authors":"Basma G Mohamed, Ahmed L Ali, El Sayed S Arafa, Amr M Awara, Heba M Shafik","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_1809_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_1809_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the techniques of augmented lateral rectus (LR) muscle recession with hang-back and Z-tenotomy in correcting large-angle exotropia.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>This is a prospective, interventional, randomized clinical trial.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This institutional study included 62 patients with large-angle exotropia (40 Δ or greater). The patients were divided into two groups: Group A included 34 patients who underwent LR recession (7 mm) with hang-back, and Group B included 28 patients who underwent LR recession (7 mm) with Z-tenotomy. Ocular alignment, binocular vision, ocular motility, and satisfaction were evaluated as primary outcome measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The angle ranged from -45 to -140 Δ for Group A and from -40 to -140 Δ for Group B. In Group A, 22 (64.7%) patients acquired orthophoria, while 12 (35.3%) remained exotropic at the 6-month visit. In Group B, 11 (39.3%) patients acquired orthophoria at the primary gaze position, while 17 (60.7%) remained exotropic after 6 months. None of the patients experienced abduction deficiency at the end of 6-month follow-up period. In Group A, the percentage of central fusion increased from 41.4% preoperatively to 68.9% at 6 months postoperatively, while stereopsis improved from 31.03% to 65.5%. In Group B, central fusion increased from 25% to 46.4% at 6 months postoperatively, while good stereopsis increased from 21.4% to 35.7%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Augmented LR recession with hang-back is an effective and safe procedure for the treatment of large-angle exotropia up to 90 PD, whereas Z- tenotomy is another augmentation technique for exodeviation angles less than 45 PD.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 5","pages":"758-763"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular morbidity, visual impairment and its association with social factors in children attending primary healthcare services for any health-related problem in Pavagada, India - A health facility-based cross-sectional study.","authors":"Vasudha Kemmanu, Piyush V Naresh, Catey Bunce, Keerthi P Hudedagaddi, D Abhishek, G R Chandrakala, Richard Bowman, Aeesha N J Malik","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_1040_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_1040_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Primary eye healthcare in India has potential for improvement; enhancing it can play a role in universal health coverage, integrated people-centered eye care, and reducing the burden on overloaded secondary/tertiary facilities.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the unmet need for primary eye care services in Pavagada taluk, Karnataka, India, by estimating ocular morbidity, blindness, and visual impairment among children <18 years, attending primary health centers for any health-related issue, and to examine their association with social factors.</p><p><strong>Setting and design: </strong>Health facility-based cross-sectional study in primary health centers in Pavagada.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Trained ophthalmic technicians used E charts, red reflex testing, and external examination to screen. Patients with vision <6/9, abnormal red reflex, or external examination were referred to the base hospital.</p><p><strong>Statistical methods: </strong>The data was analyzed using STATA17.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 965 patients screened (mean [SD] age 6.87 [4.97] years), 125 were referred to the base hospital; seventy-two (57.5%) reported. The unmet need was 54% (39/72). Only 9/39 (23%) had major ocular morbidity necessitating secondary/tertiary care. Ocular morbidity was 8.60%, with uncorrected refractive errors predominant (6.84%). Visual impairment rates were lower among children of mothers with 8-12 years of education (13.64%), housewives (7%), upper-middle-class (0%), compared to those with no formal education (25%), non-agricultural laborers (29%), middle (22%), lower-middle class (17%), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pavagada taluk has a significant unmet need for primary eye care services. Addressing this requires improving infrastructure, manpower, and training at existing health centers to provide primary eye care services and alleviate the burden on secondary/tertiary care facilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 5","pages":"695-701"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143993575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral simultaneous accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking in pediatric keratoconus: 24-month follow-up results.","authors":"Devansh Virdi, Shalini Gupta, Swati Tomar, Tejinder Singh Ahluwalia","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_1967_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_1967_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To study the long-term clinical outcome of the bilateral simultaneous accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking (ACXL) procedure in progressive keratoconus in the pediatric population at 24-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective cross-sectional study that included 39 patients (78 eyes) with progressive pediatric keratoconus treated with epi-off bilateral ACXL in the same sitting between 2018 and 2022. The change in pre-operative vs. post-operative distance-corrected visual acuity (DCVA), average keratometry, maximum keratometry (Kmax), and thinnest corneal thickness (TCT) values was assessed at the end of 24 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 78 eyes of 39 patients with a mean age of 15.2 ± 1.8 years were taken. About 27 (69.2%) were males, and 12 (30.7%) were females. At 24 months, there was a significant improvement in the mean DCVA of 0.256 ± 0.319 (P = 0.00001) and 0.239 ± 0.319 logMAR units (P = 0.00001) for the right (RE) and left eye (LE), respectively. The average keratometry (Avg K) decreased significantly from 48.65 ± 5.63 to 47.82 ± 5.43 D (P = 0.00069) and from 49.76 ± 5.17 to 47.7 ± 4.68 D for RE and LE, respectively. Pre-operative TCT in RE and LE was 445.15 ± 48.49 µm and 444.46 ± 45.81 µm which stabilized post-operatively in RE at 439.51 ± 47.18 µm and in LE at 434.24 ± 48.24 µm (P = 0.00456). No significant side effects (permanent corneal haze, keratitis, or endothelial damage) were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Bilateral simultaneous ACXL is an effective and safe procedure to improve compliance due to a shorter operative time, especially in the pediatric population.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 5","pages":"769-774"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144017749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and radiological presentation of meningiomas.","authors":"R Sharanya, C Habeeba, Karthik Kumar, Virna M Shah","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_672_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_672_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose is to analyze the clinical and radiological presentation of meningiomas in an Indian population in a tertiary eye care institute in South India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 15 patients with intraorbital and intracranial meningioma presented to our neuro-ophthalmology clinic over 4 months. These cases of meningioma presented primarily to us with ophthalmic features and were diagnosed by us. Complete neuro-ophthalmic evaluation, including ocular examination, fundus, color vision, visual field, cranial nerve examination, was performed for each case and neuroimaging in the form of MRI brain with orbit with contrast. Clinical presentation of each case and site and extension of meningioma in neuroimaging was analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 15 patients, age range was from 26-72 years, with mean age of 56 years. A total of 27% of patients were male, and 73% were female. A total of nine out of 15 cases were histologically proven. Chiasmal compression was observed on neuroimaging in 53% of patients. A total of 10 patients (66.67%) presented with complaints of defective vision, and five patients (33.33%) had double vision as their presenting symptom. Clinical examination revealed signs of sixth cranial nerve involvement in 20%, multiple cranial nerve paresis in 20%, and third cranial nerve palsy in 13%. A total of 47% of patients did not have any cranial nerve involvement. Visual field examination revealed homonymous hemianopia in 13% of patients. On fundus examination, 40% had bilateral optic atrophy, and 7% presented with papilledema. Visual field defects were documented and corelated with location of meningioma.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study emphasizes the role of ophthalmologists in early detection of meningioma as many patients present first with subtle ophthalmological signs and symptoms before developing neurological symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 5","pages":"691-694"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning in ocular oncology, retinoblastoma (ArMOR).","authors":"Vijitha S Vempuluru, Gaurav Patil, Rajiv Viriyala, Krishna K Dhara, Swathi Kaliki","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_1768_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_1768_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To test the accuracy of a trained artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) model in the diagnosis and grouping of intraocular retinoblastoma (iRB) based on the International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) in a larger cohort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective observational study that employed AI, ML, and open computer vision techniques.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For 1266 images, the AI/ML model displayed accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 95%, 94%, 98%, 99%, and 80%, respectively, for the detection of RB. For 173 eyes, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of the AI/ML model were 85%, 98%, 94%, 98%, and 94% for detecting RB. Of 173 eyes classified based on the ICRB by two independent ocular oncologists, 9 (5%) were Group A, 32 (19%) were Group B, 21 (12%) were Group C, 37 (21%) were Group D, 38 (22%) were Group E, and 36 (21%) were classified as normal. Based on the ICRB classification of 173 eyes, the AI/ML model displayed accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 98%, 94%, 99%, 94%, and 99% for normal; 97%, 56%, 99%, 71% and 98% for Group A; 95%, 75%, 99%, 96%, and 95% for Group B; 95%, 86%, 96%, 75%, and 98% for Group C; 92%, 76%, 96%, 85%, and 94% for Group D; and 94%, 100%, 93%, 79%, 100% for Group E, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These observations show that expanding the image datasets, as well as testing and retesting AI models, helps identify deficiencies in the AI/ML model and improves its accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 5","pages":"741-743"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144019176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leber congenital amaurosis: A clinical and genetic study from a tertiary eye care center.","authors":"Abhishek Upadhyaya, Srikanta Kumar Padhy, Nithin Teja, Goura Chattannavar, Shreya Dutta, Venkatesh Pochaboina, Jeyapoorani Balasubramanian, Chitra Kannabiran, Brijesh Takkar, Manjushree Bhate, Subhadra Jalali, Deepika C Parameswarappa","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_545_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_545_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the clinical phenotypes and genetic mutations in patients with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) from a tertiary eye care center in India.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Retrospective observational study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study includes patients with a clinical diagnosis of LCA who underwent genetic testing from January 2016 to December 2021. The clinical exome of the patients was analyzed by targeted next-generation sequencing. The genetic variants found were classified as per standard American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) criteria and ClinVar database.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 35 patients (19 females, 16 males) of LCA. Family history was positive in 29% (10/35) and a history of consanguinity was noted in 54% (19/35) of the patients. The mean presenting best-corrected visual acuity was 2.48 ± 0.59 logMAR. Retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities and macular involvement were seen in 83% (58/70) and 23% (16/70) of the eyes, respectively, at presentation. The most common causative genes for LCA in our cohort were: GUCY2D (20%, 7/35), CRB1 ( 14%, 5/35), RPE65 ( 11%, 4/35), RPGRIP1 ( 11%, 4/35), and LCA5 ( 9%, 3/35). Autosomal recessive inheritance was seen in 94% (33/35). Macular involvement at presentation was seen in CRB1 (3/5), NMNAT1 (2/2), and one each of RPE65 , LCA5 , and RDH12 patients. The genetic testing cost was reduced from 23,800 INR to 15,000 INR per test in the study duration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Genetic screening of LCA cases identified various genotypes, with GUCY2D being the most common. Increased awareness and reduced costs of genetic testing would benefit both patients and caregivers. With promising clinical trial outcomes, genotyping is crucial for better patient selection and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"683-690"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142894107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coats disease in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers: Clinical presentation and treatment outcomes.","authors":"Saarang Hansraj, Subhadra Jalali, Vishal Raval","doi":"10.4103/IJO.IJO_2477_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_2477_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To study the stage of presentation, clinical features, and treatment outcomes of patients diagnosed with Coats disease in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers (aged ≤5 years).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective hospital-based study of 98 patients with Coats disease was conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age at presentation was 30 months (range, 4-60 months). Majority were males (n = 72, 73%) with unilateral presentation (n = 98, 100%). The most common stages at presentation were total retinal detachment (stage 3B; 36%), advanced end-stage disease (stage 5; 22%), and total retinal detachment with secondary glaucoma (stage 4; 16%). The most common cause of referral to our institution was Coats disease (n = 23, 49%), followed by retinoblastoma (n = 17, 36%). The most common presenting symptom was a white reflex (n = 49, 50%) or strabismus observed by the parents (n = 34, 35%). Treatment modalities included observation (n = 30 eyes, 31%), surgical intervention (n = 22, 22%), and laser photocoagulation ± cryotherapy ± intravitreal injection (n = 22, 22%). At a mean follow-up of 29 months (range, 1-100 months), the anatomical status of the disease remained unchanged in 35 eyes (36%), worsened in 18 eyes (18%), and resolved in 15 eyes (15%). Ten eyes (10%) underwent enucleation. At the last follow-up, two-thirds of eyes (n = 76) had visual acuity ≤20/400 and were categorized as blind.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Coats disease in patients ≤5 years presents at an advanced stage (3B or more). At the last follow-up, the disease had stabilized in half of the eyes, whereas two-thirds of the eyes were blind, necessitating early diagnosis and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":13329,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"73 5","pages":"672-678"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144003692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}