IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control最新文献

{"title":"Optical-Comb-Based Frequency Stability Transfer Across the Spectrum With a Multichannel FPGA","authors":"Paolo Savio;Irene Goti;Marco Pizzocaro;Filippo Levi;Davide Calonico;Cecilia Clivati","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3526761","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3526761","url":null,"abstract":"Using the optical comb as a transfer oscillator is an effective approach to convert the spectral properties of ultrastable lasers to other wavelength domains. We describe a digital locking system that enables this process to be replicated for several lasers at a time, supporting the simultaneous and independent lock of up to six lasers to a single, high-performance reference oscillator. The locks are robust, easily reconfigured, and contribute a short-term instability lower than <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3times 10^{-{18}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 1 s, even when the comb is operated in the broad-linewidth regime and with no need for lasers prestabilization. With this system, we transfer the coherence of the ultrastable clock laser of a Yb optical lattice clock at 1156 nm to various lasers in the 1550 nm region, including the one used for frequency dissemination with long-distance fibers, with less than <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1times 10^{-17}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> instability at 1 s. The digital implementation enables a modular approach with enhanced control over operational parameters, minimizing setup complexity and hardware-related undesired effects. It also allows for immediate reconfiguration and seamless upgrades, being suitable for applications requiring multiple ultrastable lasers at different wavelengths, such as local or distributed optical clock ensembles, coherent spectroscopy, and quantum simulation.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 3","pages":"397-406"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10830575","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143541849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beamformer for a Lensed Row–Column Array in 3-D Ultrasound Imaging","authors":"Ali Salari;Mélanie Audoin;Borislav Gueorguiev Tomov;Billy Y. S. Yiu;Erik Vilain Thomsen;Jørgen Arendt Jensen","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3526523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3526523","url":null,"abstract":"Row-column (RC) arrays typically suffer from a limited field of view (FOV), with the imaging area confined to a rectangular region equal to the footprint of the probe. This limitation can be solved by using a diverging lens in front of the probe. Previous studies have introduced a thin lens model for beamforming lensed RC arrays, but this model inaccurately assumes the lens to be infinitely thin, leading to degraded resolution and contrast due to errors in the time of flight (TOF) calculations. This article presents a beamformer based on ray tracing for accurate TOF calculation. A Verasonics Vantage 256 scanner was equipped with a Vermon RC probe with <inline-formula> <tex-math>${128}+{128}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> elements, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> pitch, and a <inline-formula> <tex-math>${6}~textit {MHz}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> center frequency. A synthetic aperture ultrasound sequence with 96 virtual sources and 32 active elements for each emission with row elements was employed, and all column elements were used for acquiring data. This method was tested with a polystyrene (PS) lens with a spherical shape and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in a bicylindrical shape. Based on pressure field measurements, these two lenses provide a 20° and 33° FOV, respectively. The thin lens model had a lateral resolution of around <inline-formula> <tex-math>$17.4lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> for the bicylindrical lens, whereas the new method achieves a resolution of around <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3.8lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, representing a 4.6-fold improvement. The contrast is enhanced from 23.1 to 29.8 dB for the bicylindrical lens while preserving the FOV.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 2","pages":"238-250"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noninvasive Fluid-Level Sensing in Pipelines Using Ultrasonic Techniques","authors":"Lalith Sai Srinivas Pillarisetti;Eric S. Davis;Abhishek Saini;Pavel Vakhlamov;Cristian Pantea","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3525407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3525407","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate fluid-level assessment in sealed pipelines is crucial in wastewater treatment and petrochemical plants, among others. The traditional pulse-echo time-of-flight measurements using ultrasound sensors to measure the fluid level are challenging for low fill levels due to signal contamination with multiple echoes and the resonances in the pipe wall. Though signal-processing strategies such as baseline subtraction and narrowband filtering away from the pipe resonance frequencies improve pulse-echo measurements, low-fill-level detection remains challenging. In this work, we identify these limitations of the pulse-echo technique and propose a resonance-based ultrasonic technique that is accurate and sensitive even at low fill levels. This technique relies on the attenuation of pipe resonances in the presence of fluid, which is validated numerically using time-domain finite-element simulations and experimentally performing resonance measurements on a fluid-filled pipe using an array of transducers. However, the pulse-echo and resonance techniques demand precise calibration with the pipe system before use. To mitigate the need for calibration, we propose a wedge-based phased-array imaging technique based on the total focusing method (TFM) for fluid-level sensing. We discuss the challenges in wedge selection and array positioning and numerically validate the efficiency of TFM to provide better visualization of low fluid levels using a strategy to filter the image artifacts selectively. The presented ultrasonic techniques have significant industrial importance for applications requiring noninvasive fluid-level measurements.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 2","pages":"154-168"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Modifies Disease Progression in SOD1G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","authors":"Zhongqiu Hong;Shasha Yi;Miaoqin Deng;Yongsheng Zhong;Yun Zhao;Lili Li;Hui Zhou;Yang Xiao;Xiquan Hu;Lili Niu","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3525143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3525143","url":null,"abstract":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressively worsening neurodegenerative condition with very few treatment options available. Ultrasound neuromodulation offers promising benefits for treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of ultrasound neuromodulation on ALS remain unclear. A head-mounted ultrasound neuromodulation system was developed to noninvasively stimulate the motor cortex of symptomatic mice carrying the G93A human SOD1 mutation (SOD<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1^{text {G93A}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) for four weeks. Motor performance was assessed through the rotarod locomotor test, grip strength test, and open field test. In addition, the effect of ultrasound stimulation on the elastic modulus of gastrocnemius muscle atrophy was measured using real-time shear wave elastography (SWE). Subsequently, the brain tissues of the mice were harvested. Gastrocnemius morphology was examined using hematoxylin-eosin and Gomori aldehyde-fuchsin (GAF) staining. The number of neurons and the phenotype of microglia in the motor cortex were observed by immunohistochemical analysis. Ultrasound therapy delayed disease onset by 10.7% and increased the lifespan by 6.7% in SOD<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1^{text {G93A}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mice by reduction of neuronal loss and enhancement of M2 microglia in the motor cortex. Furthermore, we found significant improvements in motor function for ultrasound-treated mice. More importantly, ultrasound stimulation ameliorated gastrocnemius muscle atrophy in the SOD<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1^{text {G93A}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mice. These results revealed the neuroprotective effects of ultrasound against the disease pathogenesis of SOD<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1^{text {G93A}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mice. Transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation provides an innovative tool for the intervention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 2","pages":"191-201"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"52-GHz Surface Acoustic Wave Resonators in Thin-Film Lithium Niobate on Silicon Carbide","authors":"Joshua Campbell;Tzu-Hsuan Hsu;Lezli Matto;Naveed Ahmed;Mihir Chaudhari;Ziran Du;Ian Anderson;Jack Kramer;Vakhtang Chulukhadze;Kaicheung Chow;Ming-Huang Li;Mark S. Goorsky;Ruochen Lu","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3522042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3522042","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports a surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator at 52 GHz with a high quality factor (Q) of 188 and a high phase velocity of 12.2 km/s, marking the first millimeter-wave (mmWave) SAW devices with high Q. Transferred 300-nm 128Y lithium niobate (LN) thin film on 4H silicon carbide (SiC) substrate is used for the acoustic platform. The dramatic frequency scaling is enabled by the high phase velocity thickness-shear mode, confined in the LN-SiC stack, due to the high stiffness and acoustic velocity of SiC. The high phase velocity of 12.2 km/s is approaching the longitudinal wave velocity of 12.5 km/s in 4H SiC. The resonator achieves electromechanical coupling (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${k}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 0.5%, 3-dB series resonance Q (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${Q}_{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 12, 3-dB shunt resonance Q (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${Q}_{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 188, and maximum Bode Q of 154. Upon further development, the mmWave solidly mounted acoustic platform could enable various applications in signal processing, optomechanical, and quantum applications","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 2","pages":"275-282"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Beamforming for Real-Time 3-D Passive Acoustic Mapping With Row-Column-Addressed Arrays","authors":"Yihang Lian;Yi Zeng;Suian Zhou;Hui Zhu;Fei Li;Xiran Cai","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3524436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3524436","url":null,"abstract":"Passive acoustic mapping (PAM) is a promising tool to monitor acoustic cavitation activities for focused ultrasound (FUS) therapies. While 2-D matrix arrays allow 3-D PAM, the high channel count requirement and the complexity of the receiving electronics limit their practical value in real-time imaging applications. In this regard, row-column-addressed (RCA) arrays have shown great potential in addressing the difficulties in real-time 3-D ultrasound imaging. However, currently, there is no applicable method for 3-D PAM with RCA arrays. In this work, we propose a deep beamformer for real-time 3-D PAM with RCA arrays. The deep beamformer leverages a deep neural network (DNN) to map radio frequency (RF) microbubble (MB) cavitation signals acquired with the RCA array to 3-D PAM images, achieving similar image quality to the reconstructions performed using the fully populated 2-D matrix array with the angular spectrum (AS) method. In the simulation, the images reconstructed by the deep beamformer showed less than 13.2% and 1.8% differences in the energy spread volume (ESV) and image signal-to-noise ratio (ISNR), compared with those reconstructed using the matrix array. However, the image reconstruction time was reduced by 11 and 30 times on the CPU and GPU, respectively, achieving 42.4 volumes per second image reconstruction speed on a GPU for a volume sized <inline-formula> <tex-math>$128times 128times 128$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Experimental data further validated the capabilities of the deep beamformer to accurately localize MB cavitation activities in 3-D space. These results clearly demonstrated the feasibility of real-time and 3-D monitoring of MB cavitation activities with RCA arrays and neural network-based beamformers.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 2","pages":"226-237"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Simulation of Intravascular Ultrasound Images Based on Patient-Specific Computed Tomography","authors":"Daniek A. C. van Aarle;Floor Fasen;Harold A. W. Schmeitz;Frederik J. de Bruijn;Marc R. H. M. van Sambeek;Hans-Martin Schwab;Richard G. P. Lopata","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3523037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3523037","url":null,"abstract":"Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) provides detailed imaging of the artery circumference. Over the past years, the interest in artificial intelligence (AI) for interpretation and automatic analysis of IVUS images has grown. Development of such algorithms typically requires considerable amounts of annotated data. However, manual annotation of IVUS data is time-consuming and expensive. An alternative solution would be the simulation of IVUS data, which yields images with all necessary ground-truth data available. Therefore, in this study, we present an IVUS simulator to simulate realistic IVUS data based on computed tomography (CT) images. The IVUS transducer is modeled accurately, which is reflected in the in vitro and in silico measurements of the point-spread function (PSF) and speckle size. The capability of simulating realistic IVUS images is showcased on an in vivo co-registered CT-IVUS dataset of two patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Quantitative results, expressed in terms of the Jensen-Shannon divergence (JSD), speckle signal-to-noise ratio (sSNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), reveal the high similarity between the in vivo and in silico IVUS images. The proposed simulator is promising for ultrasound data generation, enabling the generation of IVUS images with the desired ground truth.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 2","pages":"215-225"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-Charged Collapse-Mode Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) Receivers for Efficient Power Transfer","authors":"Marta Saccher;Alessandro Stuart Savoia;Rob van Schaijk;Johan H. Klootwijk;Ronald Dekker","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3523179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3523179","url":null,"abstract":"Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) offer several advantages over standard lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers, particularly for implantable devices. To eliminate their typical need for an external bias voltage, we embedded a charge storage layer in the dielectric. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) Si3N4 and atomic layer deposition (ALD) Al2O3 as materials for the charge storage layer and two different dielectric layer thicknesses, focusing on their application as receivers in a wireless power transfer link. Capacitance–voltage (CV) measurements revealed that Si3N4 has a higher charge storage capacity compared to Al2O3. Additionally, a thicker dielectric layer between the bottom electrode and the charge storage layer (Bdiel) improved both charge trapping and retention, as assessed in dynamic accelerated lifetime transmit (TX)-mode tests. We then analyzed the power conversion performance of the fabricated CMUTs through both simulations and experiments. We performed extensive modeling based on an equivalent circuit derived from electrical impedance measurements of the fabricated CMUTs. The model was used to predict the power conversion efficiency under various conditions, including the charging field strength, the operating frequency, and parasitic series resistance. Power transfer experiments at 1- and 2.4-MHz recorded efficiencies exceeding 80% with an optimally matched load and up to 54% with a purely resistive load. Results confirmed that, with optimal load matching, the efficiency of different CMUT variants is comparable, indicating that the optimal variant should be selected based on additional criteria, such as charge retention time.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 2","pages":"283-297"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10816438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generalized Multiphysical Fields Coupled Model of SAW Resonators: From Methodology to Applications","authors":"Wenxuan Li;Zilin Li;Yang Yang;Luyang Liu;Ruchuan Shi;Chengtao Luo;Tao Han","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3522109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3522109","url":null,"abstract":"Multiphysics modeling is crucial in surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators. Existing coupling methods primarily focus on the displacement and electrical potential originating from the piezoelectric effect. As SAW technology advances, novel interaction mechanisms introduce new challenges in multiphysics modeling. In order to address these complexities, simulations must incorporate additional physical fields, such as semiconducting, thermal, and other fields. This study presents a comprehensive methodology for multiphysics coupling in SAW resonators, categorizing the couplings into direct and indirect types based on whether they occur through constitutive relations or through initial and boundary conditions. For direct coupling, we extend the intrinsic piezoelectric effect to piezoelectric and semiconducting coupling via constitutive laws as an illustrative example. Specifically, we simulate the electromechanical (EM)-carrier coupling in a multilayered SAW resonator, providing insights into the parasitic surface conduction (PSC) effect. In contrast, indirect coupling involves physical fields with frequencies significantly lower than that of SAW. As a representative case, we analyze the bidirectional interaction between the thermal field and SAW, where the bias field is simplified into initial and boundary conditions. A thermoelastic model using the sequential algorithm is proposed to predict the temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) and the self-heating effect in multilayered SAW structures. Simulation results demonstrate excellent agreement with experimental data. Based on these findings, we propose optimization strategies to enhance the performance of SAW resonators.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 2","pages":"263-274"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nuclear Irradiation and Characterization of Langasite SAWR Sensors up to 800 ∘C","authors":"Luke D. Doucette;Morton G. Greenslit;Mauricio Pereira da Cunha","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3520421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3520421","url":null,"abstract":"For next-generation advanced nuclear reactors, there is a significant need for new sensor materials and sensor technologies that are capable of withstanding in-core high gamma radiation (e.g., >10 Gy/s), neutron flux levels [<inline-formula> <tex-math>$gt 10^{{12}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> n/(cm<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{{2}} cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s)], and high operating temperatures (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$gt 700~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C). In this work, langasite (LGS)-based surface acoustic wave resonator (SAWR) sensor devices were designed, fabricated, and tested in a research grade test reactor and demonstrated the ability to quantify total neutron flux by monitoring the SAWR frequency responses calibrated against the reactor’s total neutron flux when exposed to reactor powers of 100, 300, and 461 kW [or 0.42, 1.3, and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.0times 10^{{12}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> n/(cm<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{{2}} cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s)] at temperatures up to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$800~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C and at a maximum gamma dose rate of 21 Gy/s. The effects of gamma heating on SAWR sensor frequency responses were accounted for by using instrumented control of an in situ furnace, where the sensor devices were loaded during irradiation. The controlled furnace allowed for the SAWR devices to be kept at a fixed temperature when exposed to different reactor powers/neutron flux levels. Using this approach, the measured variations in sensor frequency responses were then primarily attributed to neutron flux induced material softening of the SAWR devices. For irradiation measurements acquired at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$800~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C, the LGS SAWR sensors produced linear shifts in frequency response as a function of reactor power at a rate of approximately 3 kHz/100 kW.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 2","pages":"169-177"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}