Mingrui Liu;Zhengchang Kou;James W. Wiskin;Gregory J. Czarnota;Michael L. Oelze
{"title":"Deep-Learning-Driven High Spatial Resolution Attenuation Imaging for Ultrasound Tomography (AI-UT)","authors":"Mingrui Liu;Zhengchang Kou;James W. Wiskin;Gregory J. Czarnota;Michael L. Oelze","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3592578","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3592578","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasonic attenuation can be used to characterize tissue properties of the human breast. Both quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and ultrasound tomography (USCT) can provide attenuation estimation. However, limitations have been identified for both approaches. In QUS, the generation of attenuation maps involves separating the whole image into different data blocks. The optimal size of the data block is around 15–30 pulse lengths, which dramatically decreases the spatial resolution for attenuation imaging. In USCT, the attenuation is often estimated with a full wave inversion (FWI) method, which is affected by background noise. To achieve a high-resolution attenuation image with low variance, a deep learning (DL)-based method was proposed. In the approach, RF data from 60 angle views from the QTI Breast Acoustic CT (BACT) scanner were acquired as the input and attenuation images as the output. To improve image quality for the DL method, the spatial correlation between speed of sound (SOS) and attenuation were used as a constraint in the model. The results indicated that by including the SOS structural information, the performance of the model was improved. With a higher spatial resolution attenuation image, further segmentation of the breast can be achieved. The structural information and actual attenuation values provided by DL-generated attenuation images were validated with the values from the literature and the SOS-based segmentation map. The information provided by DL-generated attenuation images can be used as an additional biomarker for breast cancer diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1173-1186"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11095819","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144707347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Compact 2-D Matrix Array Comprised of Hexagonal Transducer Elements for Fast Volumetric Ultrasound Imaging","authors":"Hugues Favre;Merijn Berendsen;Rick Waasdorp;David Maresca","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3591315","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3591315","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in 4-D ultrasound imaging open new perspectives in biomedical research by reducing the long-standing challenge of operator dependency. Extensive research efforts are focused on developing next generation of 2-D transducer arrays for 4-D imaging. Here, we present a compact 2-D array design based on hexagonal-shaped transducer elements. We demonstrate that 2-D hexagonal arrays provide an optimal compact sampling, resulting in lower grating lobe levels and an improved imaging quality compared to conventional square-shaped transducer element arrays. A prototype array made of hexagonal transducer elements is presented, and its characterization is provided, demonstrating its imaging capabilities.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1272-1281"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11087650","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144682554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adaptive Singular Value Decomposition-Based Hyperecho Suppression for Diagnostic Power Doppler Ultrasound Image Processing","authors":"Yongchao Wang;Yang Liu;Xingzhao Liu;Ye Zhang;Weicheng Li;Yaokun He;Jianbo Tang","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3590025","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3590025","url":null,"abstract":"The power Doppler (PD) ultrasound imaging provides high-quality, noninvasive visualization of blood flow and has the potential to be used for circulation screening. However, its application in human arterial imaging remains challenging due to the presence of complex hyperechoic moving structures (HMSs). In this study, we propose an adaptive singular value decomposition (SVD) filtering strategy for HMS suppression. The proposed method used a k-means clustering algorithm directly on prebeamformed IQ data to segment HMS and non-HMS regions, followed by an adaptive SVD filtering strategy tailored to each tissue type. Compared to the existing SVD filtering methods, the proposed approach can effectively suppress the HMS artifacts. In addition, the human carotid artery imaging experiments demonstrate significant improvement in HMS suppression throughout cardiac cycles and across various imaging locations. With such capability, we believe that the proposed strategy will be a useful tool in applying PD for the 3-D imaging of human blood vessels.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1213-1221"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144659106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kathlyne Jayne B. Bautista;Emmanuel Cherin;Jianhua Yin;Elvira C. Vazquez Avila;F. Stuart Foster;Christine E. M. Demore;Paul A. Dayton
{"title":"Extending the Transmit and Receive Bandwidths of Dual-Frequency Transducers Toward Clinical Acoustic Angiography: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies","authors":"Kathlyne Jayne B. Bautista;Emmanuel Cherin;Jianhua Yin;Elvira C. Vazquez Avila;F. Stuart Foster;Christine E. M. Demore;Paul A. Dayton","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3586556","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3586556","url":null,"abstract":"The acoustic angiography leverages the superharmonic response of microbubbles against linear tissue to generate 3-D maps of microvasculature. This contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging approach uses dual-frequency (DF) transducers that transmit at frequencies less than 5 MHz and receive at frequencies three times or greater than the fundamental frequency to selectively detect microbubble signals. Previous iterations of the hardware were designed mainly to image preclinical models. In pilot clinical imaging studies, these transducers suffered from poor microbubble sensitivity and shallow imaging depths. Here, we investigate multiple DF transducers operating at varying transmit frequencies less than 2 MHz and center receive frequencies ranging from 7 to 18 MHz designed for deeper imaging and greater bubble sensitivity than earlier generation devices. We assess the superharmonic imaging (SpHI) performance of these transducers in vitro and in vivo by characterizing contrast sensitivity and resolution. We demonstrate improvements in sensitivity at lower transmit (<1 MHz) and receive (<10 MHz) frequencies, measuring contrast signal enhancement up to 31.8 dB. At these lower frequencies, we also achieve imaging depths up to 50–55 mm—the deepest application of acoustic angiography to date. These advances in imaging sensitivity and depth address the primary barriers to the clinical translation of acoustic angiography.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1222-1234"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144659107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
YiRang Shin;Bing-Ze Lin;Matthew R. Lowerison;Qi You;Pengfei Song
{"title":"High-Volume Acquisition Rate Nonlinear Imaging Enables Robust 3-D Ultrasound Localization Microscopy","authors":"YiRang Shin;Bing-Ze Lin;Matthew R. Lowerison;Qi You;Pengfei Song","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3589815","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3589815","url":null,"abstract":"3-D ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) enables comprehensive mapping of microvascular networks by providing micrometer-scale spatial resolution while avoiding projection errors inherent to 2-D ULM imaging. Current 3-D ULM techniques are based on linear pulse sequences combined with spatiotemporal filtering to distinguish microbubble flow from tissue signals. However, singular-value decomposition (SVD)-based filtering demonstrates poor performance in highly mobile organs, suppressing small vessels with slow blood flow along with tissue signals. While imaging based on nonlinear multipulse sequences can isolate microbubble signals regardless of tissue motion, achieving the high-volume acquisition rates required for 3-D ULM remains technically challenging. Here, we present Fast3D-amplitude modulation (AM) imaging, a 3-D nonlinear imaging sequence that achieves a high-volume acquisition rate (225 Hz) using a single 256-channel ultrasound system with a multiplexed 2-D matrix array. We also introduce a motion rejection algorithm that leverages localized microbubble positions to reject respiratory-induced motion artifacts. Fast3D-AM imaging achieved a superior contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR) than Fast3D, exhibiting a 6.66-dB improvement in phantom studies. In an in vivo rat study, Fast3D-AM demonstrated higher CTR across all SVD cutoffs compared to Fast3D and preserved both major and microvascular structures in whole-organ kidney imaging.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1199-1212"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11082392","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144649310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vincent van de Schaft;Oisín Nolan;Ruud J. G. van Sloun
{"title":"Off-Grid Ultrasound Imaging by Stochastic Optimization","authors":"Vincent van de Schaft;Oisín Nolan;Ruud J. G. van Sloun","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3586377","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3586377","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound images formed by delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming are plagued by artifacts that only clear up after compounding many transmissions. One promising way to mitigate this is posing imaging as an inverse problem. Inverse problem-based imaging approaches can yield high image quality with few transmits, but existing methods require a very fine image grid and are not robust to changes in measurement model parameters. We present inverse grid-free estimation of reflectivities (INFER), an off-grid and stochastic algorithm that finds a solution to the inverse scattering problem in ultrasound imaging. Our method jointly optimizes for the locations of the gridpoints, their reflectivities, and the speed of sound. This approach allows us to use fewer gridpoints than existing methods. At the same time, it obtains <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> higher far-field lateral resolution and 6%–68% higher generalized contrast-to-noise ratio (gCNR) on in vivo data, and it is robust to speed of sound changes of up to ±100 m/s. The use of stochastic optimization enables solving for multiple transmissions simultaneously without increasing the required memory or computational load per iteration. We show that our method works on both phantom and in vivo data and compares favorably against existing beamforming methods. The source code and the dataset to reproduce the results in this article are available at <monospace>ww.w.github.com/vincentvdschaft/off-grid-ultrasound</monospace>","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1245-1255"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144583814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yi Zeng;Shixiao W. Jiang;Hui Zhu;Jinwei Li;Jianfeng Li;Fei Li;Shukuan Lu;Xiran Cai
{"title":"High-Quality Passive Acoustic Mapping With the Cross-Correlated Angular Spectrum Method","authors":"Yi Zeng;Shixiao W. Jiang;Hui Zhu;Jinwei Li;Jianfeng Li;Fei Li;Shukuan Lu;Xiran Cai","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3586460","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3586460","url":null,"abstract":"While passive acoustic mapping (PAM) has been advanced for monitoring acoustic cavitation activity in focused ultrasound (FUS) therapy, achieving both real-time and high-quality imaging capabilities is still challenging. The angular spectrum (AS) method presents the most efficient algorithm for PAM, but it suffers from artifacts and low resolution due to the diffraction pattern of the imaging array. Data-adaptive beamformers suppress artifacts well, but their overwhelming computational complexity, more than two orders of magnitude higher than the classical time exposure acoustic (TEA) method, hinders their application in real time. In this work, we introduce the cross-correlated AS method to address the challenge. This method is based on cross-correlating the AS back-propagated wave fields, in the frequency domain (FD), measured by different apodized subapertures of the transducer array to provide the normalized cross-correlation coefficient (NCC) matrix for artifacts suppression. We observed that the spatial pattern of NCC matrix is variable, which can be utilized by the triple apodization with cross correlation (TAX) with AS scheme, namely, the AS-TAX method, for optimal artifacts suppression outcomes. Both the phantom and mouse tumor experiments showed that: 1) the AS-TAX method has comparable image quality as the data-adaptive beamformers, reducing the energy spread area (ESA) by 34.8%–65.0% and improving image signal-to-noise ratio (ISNR) by 10.6–14.4 dB compared to TEA; 2) it reduces the computational complexity by two orders of magnitude compared to TEA allowing millisecond-level image reconstruction speed with a parallel implementation; and 3) it can well map microbubble cavitation activity of different status (stable or inertial). The AS-TAX method represents a real-time approach to monitor cavitation-based FUS therapy with high image quality.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 10","pages":"1352-1363"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11072264","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144583813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Real-Time 3-D Passive Acoustic Mapping for Row-Column Arrays With the Cross-Spectrum Method","authors":"Hui Zhu;Yi Zeng;Jianfeng Li;Kailiang Xu;Xiran Cai","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3585301","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3585301","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time and 3-D monitoring of cavitation activity is critical for safe, effective, and controlled treatments in cavitation-based focused ultrasound (FUS) therapies. This 3-D monitoring capability is essential for detecting off-target cavitation events, particularly in at-risk structures and those occurring outside the plane of 2-D imaging. In this work, we demonstrate that using row-column arrays (RCAs) for 3-D passive acoustic mapping (PAM), which can be easily integrated into commercial ultrasound scanners compared to using hemispherical arrays or matrix arrays, represents a potent solution. For that, we propose the RCA-PAM method for image formation. This method deploys the angular spectrum (AS) method to back-propagate 3-D harmonic wave fields using the passively received cavitation signals by the RCA’s row and column apertures, respectively. Then, the 3-D PAM volume is obtained by integrating the cross-spectrum of the two wave fields over a selected bandwidth. To further reduce image artifacts, we combine AS with dual-apodization with cross correlation (AS-DAX) for wave field propagation. Our experiments showed that RCA-PAM achieved 0.04±0.07 mm source localization error and comparable image quality to the ones reconstructed for the matrix array (same aperture size). We realized over 40 volumes/second reconstruction speed for a volume sized <inline-formula> <tex-math>$128,times , 128,times ,250$ </tex-math></inline-formula> voxels, using all frequency components in the RCA’s working bandwidth. We also demonstrate the seamless combination of RCA-PAM and B-mode imaging using the same RCA for 3-D monitoring of MB cavitation activity in a mouse tumor model. In summary, the use of RCAs for cavitation monitoring represents a promising avenue to minimize treatment risks in cavitation-based FUS therapies.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1187-1198"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144553398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3577872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3577872","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 7","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11061184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arthur Floquet;Emmanuel Soubies;Duong-Hung Pham;Denis Kouame
{"title":"Spatially Variant Ultrasound Image Restoration With Product Convolution","authors":"Arthur Floquet;Emmanuel Soubies;Duong-Hung Pham;Denis Kouame","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3584533","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3584533","url":null,"abstract":"The process of ultrasound (US) image formation can generally be modeled, using a linear and shift invariance approximation, as a convolution. In practice, the point spread function (PSF) is shift-variant. Here, we consider the restoration problem using a shift-variant PSF, where it is modeled as a product convolution. We argue that the US PSF varies smoothly enough for product convolution to serve as an efficient and effective direct model for US image restoration. We present a strategy for constructing the product-convolution operator and derive an efficient optimization scheme. We finally validate our approach on both simulated and real data, demonstrating state-of-the-art results while achieving significantly faster processing times.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1235-1244"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144527728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}