Indian Journal of Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Continuous Planting Reshapes Root Endophytic Microbes and Drives Growth Decline in <i>Casuarina equisetifolia</i>.","authors":"Lei Hong, Yuhua Wang, Mingzhe Li, Jianjuan Li, Qingxu Zhang, Miaoen Qiu, Xiaoli Jia, Qingui Su, Wenxiong Lin, Haibin Wang, Zeyan Wu","doi":"10.1007/s12088-026-01561-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12088-026-01561-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Continuous planting barrier limits the growth of <i>Casuarina equisetifolia</i> (<i>C. equisetifolia</i>), an ecological and economic tree species, yet its microbial mechanism remains unclear. This study revealed microbial-driven barriers by examining the impact of continuous planting on root endophyte communities in <i>C. equisetifolia</i>. The results showed that continuous planting significantly reduced the antioxidant enzyme activities, root activity, and nutrient accumulation in the root system of <i>C. equisetifolia</i>, and inhibited root length and plant height growth. Microbial community analysis revealed that continuous planting led to a significant decrease in the abundance of <i>Nitrobacter</i>, a key endophytic bacterium in the root system, which may weaken the nitrogen metabolism functions mediated by nitrate reduction, nitrogen respiration, and nitrate respiration, and to some extent undermine the nitrogen conversion efficiency of the root system. At the same time, continuous planting promoted the enrichment of pathogenic endophytic fungi (<i>Phomopsis</i>, <i>Pseudocercospora</i> and <i>Diaporthe</i>) in the root system, which may be accompanied by enhanced plant pathogen functions, and this may be associated with a reduction in the antioxidant and nutrient uptake capacities of the <i>C. equisetifolia</i> root system. It was shown that continuous planting inhibited <i>C. equisetifolia</i> growth through a dual microbial mechanism: on the one hand, it reduced functional flora, which may in turn weaken nitrogen metabolism and stress tolerance; on the other hand, it increased pathogenic fungi, which may intensify disease impact. This study offers a new perspective on the microecological mechanism of continuous planting disorder and a theoretical basis for its mitigation via root microbiome regulation.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-026-01561-9.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 4","pages":"1081-1097"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447640/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148689061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Truenat MTB Plus Assay for Diagnosing Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis and Detecting Resistance to Rifampicin and Isoniazid.","authors":"Kusum Sharma, Megha Sharma, Ritu Shree, Neeraj Singla, Nalini Gupta, Vishal Sharma, Himanshu Joshi, Pratibha Chauhan, Anu Rana, Aman Sharma, Manish Modi, S K Sinha, M S Dhillon","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01474-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12088-025-01474-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Truenat MTB Plus assay along with dedicated chips for rifampicin and isoniazid can aid in TB elimination efforts by establishing diagnosis of drug-resistant extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). 600 EPTB samples (125 microbiologically-confirmed, 275 clinically-suspected and 200 controls) processed between January 2019 and June 2023 were subjected to Truenat MTB Plus for detection of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. All samples showing presence of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> were subjected to individual chips for rifampicin and isoniazid detection. They were also subjected to Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay (XpertUltra). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of Truenat MTB Plus for detecting EPTB was 73.5%, 100%, 100% and 65.3%, respectively, while that of XpertUltra was 69.2%, 100%, 100% and 61.9%, respectively. Their performance was comparable (<i>p</i> = 0.087), though the overall agreement with composite reference standard was substantial for Truenat MTB Plus (κ = 0.64) and moderate for XpertUltra (κ = 0.60). 18 cases of EPTB were detected only by Truenat MTB Plus and one only by XpertUltra. TruRif reported all 18 cases of RifR while XpertUltra reported 14. Two cases of false-RifR and four of false-InhR were reported by drug chips of Truenat MTB Plus. Truenat MTB Plus, along with its chips for detecting drug resistance, outperformed XpertUltra as it not only detected 18 additional cases but also enabled detecting resistance to isoniazid, in addition to rifampicin.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 4","pages":"948-956"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148689168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges with Bioaugmentation and Field-Scale Application of Bioremediation Processes for Petroleum-Contaminated Sites: A Review.","authors":"Ali Koolivand, Frederic Coulon, Andrew S Ball, Nur 'Izzati Ismail, Leadin S Khudur, Mohamad ParsiMehr, Guanyue Gao, Kazem Godini","doi":"10.1007/s12088-024-01408-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01408-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioremediation is a promising method for cleaning up sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs), with bioaugmentation being a common strategy that involves the use of microbial consortia to treat these sites. However, using a single bacterium is not effective in treating PHC contamination due to the range of compounds present. The use of different strains as a consortium can improve treatment, but bioaugmentation often fails due to various factors, especially in large-scale applications. The number and survival of introduced microorganisms are critical during bioremediation, and immobilization by using carrier materials such as biochar can protect added microorganisms from adverse impacts. Advanced composting methods can also be effective in treating petroleum-polluted sites in commercial-scale applications. By adjusting environmental factors and adding compost, native microorganisms can be biostimulated. This review aims to critically analyze the challenges associated with bioaugmentation and field-scale applications of bioremediation for petroleum-contaminated sites, specifically identifying key variables that impact the success of bioremediation efforts and evaluating the effectiveness of different bioremediation strategies in field conditions. The review addresses the primary factors contributing to the failure of bioaugmentation in large-scale applications, how the survival and activity of introduced microbial consortia can be enhanced in contaminated environments, and the most effective strategies for field-scale bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated sites. The strategies discussed are evaluated based on their ability to enhance microbial survival, their practicality in large-scale applications, their environmental impact, and their overall effectiveness in reducing PHC levels. By providing a comprehensive analysis of these aspects, this review aims to offer insights into optimizing bioremediation processes for field-scale applications.</p><p><strong>Graphical abstract: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"479-495"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280079/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Profiling of Bacterial Microbiota in <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> Mosquitoes from Odisha, India Using Full-Length 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing.","authors":"Bijayalaxmi Sahu, Basudev Nayak, Amir Kumar Pattanayak, Laxman Kumar Murmu, Tapan Kumar Barik","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01492-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01492-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Better understanding of microbiota of mosquitoes with greater taxonomic resolution will not only enable real time comprehensive microbial profile, it might help in identification of suitable paratransgenesis candidates. It's critical to characterize mosquito microbiomes at the regional level in order to find previously unidentified organisms, including agents that may be used in vector control studies. In this study, we investigated comprehensive bacterial microbiota profiling of field-collected <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i>, two major mosquito vectors of Odisha, India, by employing full-length 16S rRNA sequencing. The study identified 915 bacterial species in <i>Ae. aegypti</i> and 327 bacterial species in <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i>, highlighting substantial differences in microbial composition between the two species. <i>Aedes aegypti</i> was found to harbor a more diverse bacterial microbiota, predominantly <i>Methylobacterium</i>, whereas <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i> was mainly dominated by Wolbachia. The Shannon and Simpson indices of both <i>Ae. aegypti</i> and <i>Cx</i>. <i>quinquefasciatus</i> were 3.67, 0.27, and 0.94, 0.07, respectively, indicating index values were high in <i>Ae. aegypti</i> and very low in <i>Cx</i>. <i>quinquefasciatus.</i> This comprehensive dataset on the microbiota provides valuable insights for future research on bacterial interactions related to insecticide resistance, pathogen transmission, and other mosquito physiological processes, with the ultimate goal of developing targeted vector control measures.</p><p><strong>Graphical abstract: </strong></p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-025-01492-x.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"649-663"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280115/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypervirulent <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>: Mechanisms, Clinical Manifestations, and Therapeutic Strategies.","authors":"R Latha, C S Aravind, K Kavitha, S Thiyagarajan, S Pramodhini, P A Aboobacker","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01490-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12088-025-01490-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypervirulent <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (hvKp) strains pose a significant global health threat due to their ability to cause severe, fast-spreading infections, often in healthy individuals. This review explores the virulence factors and mechanisms of hvKp, including capsular polysaccharides, hypermucoviscosity, adherence factors, biofilm formation, iron acquisition systems, siderophores, and toxins. It also examines the global distribution and prevalence of hvKp, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. With rising antibiotic resistance, treatment options for hvKp infections are becoming increasingly challenging. Potential future treatment avenues, such as phage therapy, monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulators, novel antibiotics, vaccines, and nanotechnology-based approaches, are discussed. Infection control and prevention measures, including monitoring, early detection, improved infection control practices, antimicrobial stewardship, education, and vaccination, are crucial in curbing the spread of hvKp infections, especially multidrug-resistant variants. A comprehensive approach encompassing these strategies is essential to combat this formidable pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"512-521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280282/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Draft Genome Analysis of <i>Delftia tsuruhatensis</i> IICT-RSP4, a Strain with Uricase Potential Isolated from Soil.","authors":"Mahesh Anumalla, Uma Rajeswari Batchu, Nitesh Kumar Singh, Bhima Bhukya, Prakasham Reddy Shetty","doi":"10.1007/s12088-024-01434-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01434-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Delftia tsuruhatensis</i> IICT-RSP4, an uricase producing bacterium was isolated using <i>i</i>-chip method from soil and characterized. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of <i>D. tsuruhatensis</i> IICT-RSP4. The genome data comprised of 6,627,718 bp (6.6 MB) with a GC content of 66.6% with 7 protein encoding genes, 346 sub-systems with 6165 coding sequences and 112 RNAs. The genome revealed five functional secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters viz. terpene, resorcinol, NRP + PKS, T2PKS, and RiPPS related to antimicrobial, anticancer and antimalarial functionality. In vitro, screening studies revealed the uricase potential of the strain <i>D. tsuruhatensis</i> IICT-RSP4 and has been supported by tblastn analysis. This is the first report on the whole genome sequence of an uricase-producing <i>D. tsuruhatensis</i> IICT-RSP4.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"596-603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280322/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the Predisposing Factors of Mucormycosis: Insights from Systematic Review.","authors":"Ramya Ravindhiran, Kumarappan Chidambaram, Anandalakshmi Subramanian, Suresh Velayutham, Mohankumar Ramar, Kavitha Dhandapani","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01491-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01491-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection with high morbidity and mortality, particularly affecting immunocompromised individuals. Despite its growing clinical significance, its true global prevalence remains unclear. This systematic review identifies the key risk factors, epidemiological trends, and clinical challenges associated with mucormycosis. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to analyze global case reports, underlying predisposing conditions, and regional variations in disease manifestation. The leading risk factor in developed nations is hematological malignancies, while uncontrolled diabetes mellitus dominates in regions like India. Environmental and climatic factors influence fungal exposure and disease progression. Diagnosis remains challenging due to nonspecific symptoms, contributing to delayed treatment and poor outcomes. Early recognition of risk factors and improved diagnostic strategies are critical to reducing mucormycosis-related mortality. Public health initiatives must prioritise awareness, especially in high-risk populations. Further research is needed to address gaps in treatment and prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"522-535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280099/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial L-forms: Key Mechanisms of Drug Resistance, Disease Recurrence, and Immune Evasion.","authors":"Songling Lei, Dan Chen, Junliang Wu, Kewang Hu, Mingli Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01522-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12088-025-01522-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Bacteria enter the L-form state after shedding their cell walls in response to adverse conditions for survival; these bacteria can revert to their walled morphology after the unfavorable factors are removed. Bacterial L-forms can be either unstable (typically observed in clinically isolated and induced L-forms) or stable (associated with two specific mutation types). In recent years, bacterial L-forms have been implicated in antibiotic resistance, disease recurrence, and origin of life. However, because identifying bacterial L-forms is difficult, they are often overlooked in clinical settings. In this review, we elucidate the relationships of bacterial L-forms with their cell walls, mutation, proliferation, antibiotic resistance, and disease recurrence, as well as with the host immune system. We also highlight the challenges and future prospects for bacterial L-form research.</p><p><strong>Graphical abstract: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"574-586"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280103/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the Biosynthetic Landscape of Endophytic <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. PGLac3x via Growth Optimization and Whole-Genome Analysis.","authors":"C E Ezeobiora, N E Maningi, D H Amin, N H Igbokwe, C F Okpalanwa, C M Stephen, U E Mendie","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01532-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01532-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The re-isolation of already known compounds in natural product research is a significant challenge. To address this, genome mining and optimization studies serve as dereplication strategies. This study focused on optimizing the growth and analyzing the genome of endophytic <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. strain PGLac3x isolated from <i>Piper guineense</i>. The growth optimization study assessed mycelium dry weight in mg/100 mL of media. Genomic DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA gene and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were performed via Sanger and Illumina Miseq technologies. Comprehensive genome analysis was conducted using the Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center (BV-BRC) database, and antibiotic and secondary metabolite analysis shell (antiSMASH) tool version 6.1.1. PGLac3x optimally grew on potato dextrose media at 32 °C, pH 7-8, and 2% salt concentration over 16 days. Based on the 16S rRNA gene blast, PGLac3x is closely related to <i>Streptomyces sampsonii</i> ATCC 25495^T (99.31%), <i>Streptomyces albidoflavus</i> NBRC 100770^T (99.30%) and <i>Streptomyces champavatii</i> NRRL B-5682^T (99.24%). The genome size is 6.96 Mb, with 59 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) and a guanine-cytosine content of 73.46%. The genome contained 6477 coding sequences (CDS), 50 tRNAs, and 3 rRNAs, along with genes for polyketide synthases (T1PKS, T2PKS, T3PKS), terpenes, non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), and ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). PGLac3x's phylogenetic distinctiveness and low gene similarity to the BGCs of known compounds suggests its potential to synthesize of distinct compounds. This study unveiled the biosynthetic potential, genetic diversity of secondary metabolites of <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. PGLac3x and provided a fresh insight for the exploration of new bioactive compounds.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-025-01532-6.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"793-807"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280123/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biofilm Formation on Different Fabrics in the Presence of Sweat.","authors":"Shweta Dixit, Sakshi Rai, Deepti Gupta, Shilpi Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s12088-024-01409-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01409-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The colonization of textiles by axillary skin bacteria produces an unpleasant odour due to the rapid growth of a selective community of bacteria. Such colonized textiles subsequently act as vectors for transmitting nosocomial infections among healthcare workers and patients. An in-depth understanding of bacterial behaviour on soft surfaces like fabrics is necessary to mitigate the transmission of infections. This study examined the effect of artificial human sweat on biofilm formation by <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, on three fabrics, viz. polyester, cotton, and polyester-cotton (70:30) blend. Artificial sweat was constituted to replicate the natural human sweat on textiles. Using atomic force microscopy, the three-dimensional topography of the biofilm was determined, and scanning electron microscopy was employed to visualise the biofilm that had developed on the fabrics. All bacterial strains showed maximum growth on polyester fabric in the presence of sweat. <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>S. aureus</i> were found to be strong biofilm producers, whereas <i>E. coli</i> and <i>E. faecalis</i> were moderate producers. The ability of the four bacterial strains to form biofilm was related to their production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). <i>P. aeruginosa</i> produced viscous EPS in contrast to the EPS produced by other bacterial strains. In conclusion, this study corroborates that sweat plays a major role in the colonization of textiles by bacteria. Regular practice of fabric hygiene, and the development of modified fabrics with anti-pathogen properties, could potentially reduce the prevalence of nosocomial infections in healthcare settings.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-024-01409-0.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"587-595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}