Ning Guo;Jiawen Wang;Chang Han;Yuanzheng Dong;Haitao Hu;Junguo Gao
{"title":"Effect of SiC Grain Size on Curing and Dielectric Properties of SiC/EP Composites","authors":"Ning Guo;Jiawen Wang;Chang Han;Yuanzheng Dong;Haitao Hu;Junguo Gao","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3531340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3531340","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the preparation and properties of silicon carbide/epoxy (SiC/EP) composites, using epoxy resin as the matrix and micrometer-sized SiC particles as the inorganic filler. The influence of particle size on the curing behavior and dielectric properties of the composites is systematically analyzed. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms the absence of significant cross-sectional defects and shows that smaller particle sizes enhance the connectivity of SiC particles. Isothermal curing experiments indicate that a reduction in particle size improves the degree of cure in the composites. Conductivity measurements reveal that composites with smaller SiC particles exhibit lower conductivity and achieve a higher nonlinear coefficient, reaching a maximum of 6.31. Breakdown field tests demonstrate a nonlinear trend, with the breakdown field initially decreasing and subsequently increasing as particle size decreases. Similarly, dielectric spectrum analysis shows that the relative dielectric constant and dielectric loss first increase and then decrease with the reduction in SiC particle size.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 3","pages":"1395-1402"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144213647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Al2O3-Based Frequency-Agile MIMO System With Beam Tilt Correction Using PLA Concave Parabolic Reflector","authors":"Tripta Kumari;Kundan Kumar Suman;Ravi Kumar Gangwar;Raghvendra Kumar Chaudhary","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3531339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3531339","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces a new technique to enhance isolation among antenna elements in an alumina (Al2O3)-based frequency-agile multiple input multiple output (MIMO) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) system utilizing a polylactic acid (PLA)-based concave reflector. The proposed radiator is designed from ceramic material (Al2O3) with a relative dielectric constant (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$in $ </tex-math></inline-formula>r) of 9.8. Frequency agility is attained by utilizing the intrinsic characteristics of the dielectric resonator (DR), wherein its physical factors define the resonant frequency. Pin diode-based T-shaped power divider works as a feedline by utilizing its conductive and insulative property. Furthermore, the dielectric characteristics of PLA are utilized to improve interelement isolation, resulting in a 24 dB enhancement, and to rectify beam tilt in the YZ plane. This results in improving antenna gain by around 2 dBi and allow for a beam tilt correction of up to approximately 40°. It also includes an RF biasing circuit that provides insulation to the RF components, ensuring optimal performance without interference or signal degradation. The efficacy of the proposed communication system is validated through real-time testing using an Arduino UNO-based system, confirming its adaptability and consistent performance across dynamic environmental conditions. The proposed design is validated via simulations and experiments, illustrating the efficacy of the PLA dielectric material in directing electromagnetic wave propagation and reducing coupling effects. The combination of DRA and dielectric reflector-based isolation makes this antenna system a suitable candidate for WLAN and DSRC applications.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 5","pages":"3105-3113"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Breakdown Characteristics of Transformer Liquids With Winding Conductor Segments Under Lightning Impulse","authors":"Haichuan Yu;Qiang Liu;Zhongdong Wang;Christoph Krause;Mark Wilkinson","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3530905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3530905","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, transformer insulation design is based on experience with mineral oil (MO). The basic insulation level (BIL) determines the lightning impulse withstand level (LIWL) for a specific design. These design values are not necessarily appliable to other insulating liquids than MO. There are few published studies on BIL using nonmineral-based liquids in design-relevant insulation geometries. The present study compares lightning impulse (LI) breakdown voltages (BDVs) of a synthetic ester (SE) liquid and a gas-to-liquid (GTL) oil with those of MO using winding conductors as electrode geometries. The field enhancement factors for the bare electrodes are below 4.1 in all cases indicating the quasi-uniform fields. The effects of liquid gap distance, paper wrapping, and impulse polarity are all considered. It is found that the LI BDVs of the alternative transformer liquids are comparable to those of the MO. The streamer propagation characteristics during the breakdown process are also captured. The results show that the breakdowns are led by the fast streamer under positive LI, and there is a streamer mode transition under negative LI. The BDVs are found to be practically the same for both polarities, and they barely differ among the three investigated transformer liquids. This is because the breakdowns are dominated by the streamer initiation under the present test electrode geometries and conditions.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 4","pages":"2099-2107"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zelin Hong;Xiangrong Chen;Kai Yin;Chen Li;Taqi Ur Rahman;Hao Li;Ashish Paramane
{"title":"Simultaneous Effect of Thermal Aging and Phase Separation on Insulation Properties of 500-kV DC XLPE Blends With Voltage Stabilizers","authors":"Zelin Hong;Xiangrong Chen;Kai Yin;Chen Li;Taqi Ur Rahman;Hao Li;Ashish Paramane","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3530376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3530376","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal aging degrades the insulating layer and shortens the service life of the power cable. In this article, pure XLPE and four XLPE/voltage stabilizer samples were prepared using 500-kV dc XLPE raw pellets and aged at 135 °C for 168 h. Various mechanical and electrical tests were performed to characterize the insulation properties of the samples. The results show that after aging, the mechanical and breakdown strengths of all the samples decrease, the conductivity increases, and the space charge accumulation increases. Besides, the aging process also makes the modification effect of the voltage stabilizers on the XLPE no longer obvious. The trap characteristics indicate that the deep energy level traps cause space charge accumulation and electric field distortion, which decreases the insulation performance of all the samples. The molecular dynamic simulation illustrates that the phase separation of the XLPE and the voltage stabilizers leads to the uneven dispersion of the voltage stabilizers, which will form the weak point of insulation and lead to the failure of the voltage stabilizers.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 5","pages":"2568-2576"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improvement of Polypropylene/Silicone Rubber Interface by Insulating Oils With Pressure Optimization","authors":"Zhaorui Luo;Jincheng Chu;Liyan Wang;Tianhe Lu;Zhengbing Tian;Zhonglei Li;Zhi Fang;Xi Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3530387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3530387","url":null,"abstract":"Cable accessory insulation system is inevitably affected by its interface states causing insulation failure. Insulating oils are often applied in the interface with a certain pressure to improve its performance, but the mismatching and degradation of polymer in insulating oils seriously affect the interface stability. This study focuses on polypropylene (PP) insulation and aims to improve its typical accessory interface with silicone rubber (SIR) by insulating oils with pressure. Results show that hydrocarbon oil has the biggest negative impact on PP with the most mass increment, more surface deposits, and significant deteriorating in both mechanical and electrical properties. By contrast, appropriate absorption of Si-containing oil helps modify surface and fill initial defects of PP, promoting insulating performance. Furthermore, it is found that interface pressure is conductive to fabricate a stable PP/insulating oil/SIR structure with excellent insulating performance. However, excessive pressure causes a negative impact due to interface deformation of materials. Based on the analysis of interface microstructure and the calculation of contact stress between metal electrode and polymer, the mechanism of coupling interaction among polymer, insulating oil, and external pressure is revealed. This research on the improvement of insulation interface can provide a key reference and basis for the manufacturing and optimizing of cable insulation.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 3","pages":"1289-1296"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144213646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xuefeng Hu;Haoxi Cong;Shaomin Quan;Wenjing Su;Yuxin Wang;Zhaoling Liu;Li Xie;Yangchun Cheng;Qingmin Li
{"title":"Microscopic Protection Mechanisms of Antioxidants on Vegetable Oils at Different Moisture Levels Based on Quantum Mechanics and Reactive Molecular Dynamic Simulations","authors":"Xuefeng Hu;Haoxi Cong;Shaomin Quan;Wenjing Su;Yuxin Wang;Zhaoling Liu;Li Xie;Yangchun Cheng;Qingmin Li","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3530332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3530332","url":null,"abstract":"New transformers using vegetable oils as insulating liquids have promising applications, but the oxidative stability of vegetable oils limits their development. Currently, an effective improvement method is adding antioxidants. In this article, simulations based on quantum mechanics and reactive molecular dynamics are used to study the molecular properties of different antioxidants and their protective effect on vegetable oils at different moisture levels. The results showed that propyl gallate (PG) has a higher molecular polarity index (MPI) and more molecular polar surface area than tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) and butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT). As a result, PG has a higher polarity and can create more hydrogen bonds with water and triglycerides. Due to the smaller molecular orbital gap of PG, it is easier to protect against the molecular degradation of vegetable oils. PG has higher antioxidant activity than TBHQ and BHT. However, PG is hydrophilic and will be affected at high moisture levels and its antioxidant performance will be reduced. This research reveals the molecular characteristics of antioxidants at the microscopic level and proposes the influence laws of antioxidants on vegetable oils. It provides theoretical support for the application of vegetable oils in large-scale oil-immersed transformers.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 3","pages":"1252-1262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144213588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of Kaolin and LDPE Fillers on Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Ethylene-Propylene Rubbers for Cables","authors":"Jing Xu;Yongbin Liu;Xiangyu Fan;He Li;Ming Wu;Liang Wang;Jinghui Gao;Lisheng Zhong","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3529429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3529429","url":null,"abstract":"Wind power torsion cables that connect wind power generators and other equipment endure both electric field and torsional stress during operation, putting a great challenge on cable insulation materials. Here, we propose a doping strategy to synergistically enhance the mechanical and electrical properties of ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) for advanced wind power torsion cables. Two kinds of filling materials kaolin (Al2O3<inline-formula> <tex-math>$cdot$ </tex-math></inline-formula>2SiO2<inline-formula> <tex-math>$cdot$ </tex-math></inline-formula>2H2O) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were doped in an EPR matrix to tune the mechanical and electrical properties, and the contents’ dependence of properties and their corresponding structural origin were investigated thoroughly. The mechanical properties including the elongation at break and tensile strength are significantly enhanced up to 1.7 times and 2.6 times, respectively, higher than that of pristine EPR by kaolin doping within 30%–40% addition, and they are further enhanced up to 1.37 times and 1.53 times, respectively, by LDPE doping for its crystallization characteristic. The electrical resistivity increases with kaolin doping within 30% addition and then decreases beyond that, and it reaches its maximum at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3.3times 10^{{14}}~ Omega cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m, while it remains unchanged with LDPE addition. The electrical breakdown strength at 90 °C slightly decreases with kaolin and LDPE addition. Consequently, the optimal composition is obtained and the comprehensive performance is successfully improved. Microstructure investigation reveals that the enhanced properties should be ascribed to the bonding on kaolin fillers and the increased crystallinity induced by LDPE. This work provides an experimental basis for developing EPR for advanced wind power torsion cables.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 4","pages":"1902-1908"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Self-Clearing Electrode Concept for Dielectric Elastomer Applications Using Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Line","authors":"Zihang Xu;Zepeng Lv;Chen Zhang;Kai Wu;Peter Morshuis;Aurore Claverie","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3530384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3530384","url":null,"abstract":"For the electronic components made of electroactive polymer (EAP) materials, a breakdown between the compliant electrodes is the main cause of failure. Similar to high-voltage capacitors, a self-clearing mechanism is needed to minimize the probability of a single defect leading to complete failure. In order to meet compliance and self-clearing needs, single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films are widely used. However, the complex and expensive process of manufacturing of large-area SWCNT film hinders its application in industry. To reduce the usage of SWCNT while maintaining self-clearing properties, a novel stretchable and self-clearing electrode configuration is proposed in this article, using a patterned electrode consisting of carbon black (CB) connected by SWCNT line. A criterion was established for a successful self-clearing process of the SWCNT line electrode. Some key factors affecting the self-clearing properties were investigated. It was found that high breakdown voltage and thin and narrow SWCNT line electrodes are beneficial to the self-clearing success rate. Besides the self-clearing properties, the effect of the size and number of the CB patterns on capacitance retention was studied. After a self-clearing event, part of the active area of the dielectric is lost. The objective is to maximize capacitance retention after a self-clearing event, which was analyzed experimentally and theoretically. Finally, it is suggested how to select the number and area of the patterned CB, making optimal use of the electrode area. This study provides a theoretical and experimental basis for further mass production of carbon-based self-clearing electrodes.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 2","pages":"632-640"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Temperature Driven to Form In Situ Adaptive Graded Permittivity in Epoxy Vitrimers for Improving AC Surface Breakdown","authors":"Yingfan Zhang;Zhengyong Huang;Jian Li","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3530328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3530328","url":null,"abstract":"Functionally permittivity-graded polymer composites are expected to be used as a solid dielectric for uniformizing the electric field near the metal electrode. In this article, epoxy vitrimers are employed to mitigate the electric field stress near the heating high-voltage (HV) electrode via a permittivity gradient induced in situ by a temperature gradient, thus enhancing the ac surface flashover voltages at high temperatures. Specifically, we uncover a dramatic acceleration in stress relaxation that arises from the topological rearrangement of the epoxy vitrimers, which causes a significant increase in the dielectric constant at high temperatures. The ac surface flashover voltages, dielectric constant, and electric field distribution of the epoxy vitrimers depending on temperature are studied. The epoxy vitrimers containing abundant <inline-formula> <tex-math>$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-hydroxy ester groups show stronger dielectric constant-temperature characteristics than that of the polymer filled with ceramic particles, with a 13.5% rise in the surface flashover voltage as the temperature of the HV electrode increases from room temperature (RT) to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$100~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C, 26 times higher than that of the epoxy vitrimers containing few <inline-formula> <tex-math>$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-hydroxy ester groups. The maximum electric field near the heated HV electrode of the “<inline-formula> <tex-math>${V}_{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>” decreased by 46%, which is the main factor in increasing the ac surface flashover under a temperature gradient. The work presented in this article offers some assistance for the application of environmentally friendly polymer insulation materials in HV electrical equipment.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 4","pages":"1909-1914"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yunqi Xing;Ziyi Zhang;Siqian Cui;Junwei Zha;Wenbo Zhu;Hongbo Liu;Baixin Liu
{"title":"Effect of Hydro-Oleophobicity Coating on Swelling and Insulation Properties of SiR for Cable Accessories","authors":"Yunqi Xing;Ziyi Zhang;Siqian Cui;Junwei Zha;Wenbo Zhu;Hongbo Liu;Baixin Liu","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3529432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3529432","url":null,"abstract":"The swelling effect and deterioration of high-voltage cable accessories can easily lead to insulation breakdown and seriously threaten the safe and stable operation of high-voltage cables. This article proposes the preparation of a surface hydro-oleophobicity coating to enhance the swelling resistance of the cable accessories. Wet thermal aging experiments were conducted on silicone rubber (SiR), with subsequent analysis of the interface properties, swelling properties, and electrical properties. The results showed that the SiO2 nanoparticle coating containing carbon-fluorine bonds was formed on the surface of the modified SiR, which enhanced the barrier effect of the sample surface on moisture and silicone grease and suppressed the swelling and damage effect on the SiR. The modification restrained the damage of aging to the surface structure of SiR and improved the surface conductivity, flashover voltage, and potential decay rate.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 3","pages":"1539-1548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144206170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}