{"title":"Effect of Additives on Durability of Insulating Paper in Natural Ester Oil","authors":"Atsushi Iijima;Hitomi Takahashi;Hayate Saito;Hiroshi Kanetomo","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3537079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3537079","url":null,"abstract":"The life of insulating paper is key to transformer reliability and service life. For transformers using natural ester oil, the effect of a surface protection layer is examined to suppress the degradation of insulating paper that occurs when moisture is continuously taken up. From first-principles calculations, carboxy and amide groups are extracted as functional groups with a high adsorption energy to the insulating paper surface. Adsorption experiments using additives with those functional groups are performed, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle measurements suggest that stearic acid has a strong ability to form a surface protective layer. Accelerated degradation tests using stearic acid as an additive show that the residual tensile strength after 25 h at 170 °C is significantly higher than that of without additive, verifying the idea that forming a surface protective layer extends the life of insulating paper.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 4","pages":"1975-1978"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meng Xiao;Liangtian Zhang;Xin Zhang;Haoliang Liu;Boxue Du
{"title":"Surface Electrode Degradation Features of Metalized Film Capacitors: Considering Self-Healing and Flashover Discharge","authors":"Meng Xiao;Liangtian Zhang;Xin Zhang;Haoliang Liu;Boxue Du","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3537067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3537067","url":null,"abstract":"Metallized film capacitors (MFCs) play a crucial role in photovoltaic (PV) power inverters, electric vehicles, and other devices. Current researches on the capacitance loss of ac filter MFCs have predominantly focused on metal corrosion, with limited attention to the critical factor of surface electrode degradation caused by different types of discharge—the movement and release of charges due to the localized insulation failure within MFCs. This work investigates the discharge characteristics of metalized films based on the partial discharge (PD) characteristics of pure polypropylene film samples. The findings reveal that the self-healing (SH) waveform in metallized films is similar to surface flashover, with a duration of 0.7–1 <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s and a dominant frequency of 3–4 MHz. SH, flashover around SH points, and margin flashover are the types of discharge that lead to electrode evaporation, collectively termed capacitance-reducing discharge (CRD). The PD inception voltage (PDIV) for the metallized film is 329 V, while the CRD inception voltage (CRDIV) is 753 V. The coupling effect among CRDs exacerbates capacitance reduction and compromises the performance of MFCs. Investigation into the energy characteristics of CRD reveals that the discharge energy WD is confidently correlated with the root mean squares (rms) voltage URMS. The exponent n in W<inline-formula> <tex-math>$_{D}~sim $ </tex-math></inline-formula> U<inline-formula> <tex-math>$_{text {RMS}}^{n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dependence is 2.044, lower than measured under dc voltage. This study has both theoretical and experimental significance in comprehensively analyzing surface electrode degradation features in ac filter MFCs.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 4","pages":"1958-1965"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Life Time Enhancement and Partial Discharge Performance of SiC Reinforced Polyimide Nanocomposite Insulations Under High-Frequency Electric Stress","authors":"Bilal Iqbal Ayubi;Zhang Li;Zhou Shengrui;Wang Yiwei;Zou Liang","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3535666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3535666","url":null,"abstract":"The growing demand for renewable energy is driving advancements in power electronic devices, such as solid-state transformers (SSTs), where a reliable insulation system is critical for safe operation. SSTs are often exposed to prolonged high-frequency voltages, increasing the risk of insulation failures. However, research into the high-frequency insulation performance of polyimide (PI) materials requires further attention. This study investigates the incorporation of silicon carbide (SiC) fillers into a PI matrix and evaluates their effects on the insulation properties of PI films. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results demonstrate excellent dispersion of SiC within the polyimide matrix. The results show a significant improvement in the high-frequency breakdown characteristics and time of SiC-modified PI composites compared to pure PI films. Additionally, both surface and volume resistivity increase with higher SiC doping levels. The changes in dielectric properties are attributed to reduced permittivity and polarization loss. While exposure to high-frequency voltages can lead to heat buildup within the films, the reduction in dielectric loss mitigates this heat accumulation, resulting in less surface deterioration. An increase in SiC content is associated with a decrease in partial discharge (PD) amplitude and mass loss percentage of the composites. Notably, the PD performance and breakdown characteristics are optimal at a 15% SiC/PI composition. These findings offer a promising approach to develop polyimide-based insulation with improved high-frequency insulation performance.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 5","pages":"2968-2977"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaoqi Wang;Yuhan Sun;Qiaogen Zhang;Zhicheng Wu;Xiaoang Li;Xinlu Tuo
{"title":"Investigation of Moisture Accumulation Induced by Thermal-Fluid Interaction in the High-Voltage Lead Exit of a 750 kV Transformer","authors":"Shaoqi Wang;Yuhan Sun;Qiaogen Zhang;Zhicheng Wu;Xiaoang Li;Xinlu Tuo","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3535860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3535860","url":null,"abstract":"As key components of power systems, transformers are significantly affected by moisture migration in their insulation, impacting performance and reliability. This study combines numerical simulations and experiments to investigate moisture migration in the insulating oil of a 750 kV transformer high-voltage lead exit and its interaction with the thermal flow field. The results indicate that as the operational load and ambient temperature increase, the temperatures of the lead exit and bushing rise, with the hotspot concentrated at the base of the bushing’s capacitor core. However, the small contact area and high thermal resistance between the bushing and the lead exit minimize the impact of the bushing’s temperature rise on the lead exit. The lead exit remains cool, with a slow oil flow, though the temperature gradually increases along the axial direction. Influenced by the local structure and thermal convection, two adjacent, oppositely directed closed oil flow loops form at the lower end of the lead exit and the elevated seat base. Further research finds that under high temperature and high flow conditions, moisture diffuses effectively in the lead exit, but a higher initial moisture concentration inhibits this process. Consequently, moisture accumulates in the low-temperature area of the lead exit’s lower section and the low-flow region at the elevated seat base. When conditions for free water formation exist, free water forms in these regions, and this effect intensifies with higher initial moisture, decreased load, and lower ambient temperature. This study provides theoretical support for optimizing the design and operation of transformer lead exits, improving long-term reliability.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 5","pages":"2995-3003"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kai Yin;Tianyin Zhang;Zelin Hong;Taqi ur Rahman;Jiale Song;Jing Li;Xiangrong Chen
{"title":"Insulation Deterioration of Cables as the Downlead for Unibody Composite Pylons Under Lightning Dielectric Barrier Discharge","authors":"Kai Yin;Tianyin Zhang;Zelin Hong;Taqi ur Rahman;Jiale Song;Jing Li;Xiangrong Chen","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3527419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3527419","url":null,"abstract":"Cables are suitable as downleads of a composite pylon to provide the ground potential for the shielding wires. However, the impact of lightning-induced plasma on the cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) layer remains unclear when lightning current passes through the cable downlead. To explore the deterioration mechanism of the cable layer under lightning striking, the XLPE samples are treated with high-frequency plasma for different durations. Subsequently, surface morphology and molecular bonds are characterized, and electrical properties such as dielectric spectroscopy, surface potential decay, trap density, conductivity, and breakdown strength are evaluated. Additionally, a 2-D axisymmetric model of the pylon is developed to analyze the electric field distribution using the finite element method (FEM). The findings demonstrate that thermo-oxidative induced by high-frequency DBD breaks the XLPE chains, resulting in increased dielectric constant and conductivity, shallower traps, and reduced breakdown strength. Moreover, high-frequency DBD not only deteriorates the downlead cable’s insulation properties but also deforms the material and roughens the surface, consequently amplifying the electric field distortion at the cable-air interface and lowering the partial discharge inception voltage on the cable surface. This study elucidates the degradation mechanism of downlead cables under lightning plasma and offers insights into selecting appropriate cable insulation materials.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 3","pages":"1760-1767"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Residual Crosslinking By-Products on Thermal Stability of EHVDC Cable Insulation","authors":"Fei Li;Lei Jiang;Dong Wang;Jinghui Gao;Lisheng Zhong","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3533458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3533458","url":null,"abstract":"The extra high-voltage direct current (EHVDC) cable has attracted tremendous attention owing to its high capacity and low loss for long-distance power transmission. Temperature stability has become one of the important issues for EHVDC cable system because of the thick insulation under stringent operational conditions. However, its relationship with cable manufacture and processing, for example, degassing, is still missing. In this article, we investigate the role of residual crosslinking by-product (e.g., cumyl alcohol) on thermal stability of EHVDC cable insulation by proposing a phase field model combined with finite element analysis. Results show that the long-time degassing process eliminates 20% cumyl alcohol from cable insulation, reducing its conductivity, which has negligible impact on the electric field distortion. Further thermal stability simulations suggest that the declined conductivity contributes to a decrease in leakage current and dielectric loss within cable insulation, thus effectively reducing the risk of thermal runaway. This work proposes an effective approach to quantitatively analyze the role of crosslinking by-products and provides a guideline for developing high-reliability EHVDC cable systems.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 3","pages":"1737-1744"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MDTCNet: A Novel Multiscale Denoising Transformer Convolutional Network for Fault Diagnosis of Partial Discharge","authors":"Shangpo Zheng;Junfeng Liu;Jun Zeng","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3533472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3533472","url":null,"abstract":"The types of partial discharge (PD) defects are closely related to the severity of insulation faults in electrical equipment, and the accurate recognition of these defects is essential to guarantee the stability of the power supply system. Current methods are hindered by a lack of adaptive denoising capabilities and an inability to learn multiscale fault features, which limits their effectiveness in processing complex and noisy PD signals. Furthermore, these methods are primarily based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which also fail to capture global features of PD. To overcome these challenges, we propose a novel multiscale denoising transformer convolutional network (MDTCNet), integrating a multiscale residual attention denoising (MRAD) module and a fault diagnosis transformer (FDT) module. The MRAD module employs dilated convolutions with varying dilation rates to extract multiscale features, while the advanced convolutional block attention module (CBAM) and a soft thresholding function work in concert to adaptively adjust the denoising threshold based on the characteristics of the PD, effectively suppressing noise. Additionally, the FDT module is developed to enhance the model’s ability to extract global PD features, leveraging the transformer model’s exceptional long-range dependency modeling capabilities. Experimental results on both our on-site PD dataset and a public PD dataset demonstrate that the proposed MDTCNet outperforms other excellent methods in terms of classification performance, generalization capabilities, and robustness, achieving accuracy rates of 98.46% and 100%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 5","pages":"2938-2947"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A New Six-Gas-Based Fault Prediction Graphical Technique in Dissolved Gas Analysis for Oil-Immersed Power Transformer","authors":"Kulraj Kaur;Deepika Bhalla;Jashandeep Singh","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3532877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3532877","url":null,"abstract":"Transformers are among the key equipment of electrical power systems for maintaining the continuity of transmission and distribution of power. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) methods are accepted by utilities for condition monitoring and detecting incipient faults in transformers. The graphical DGA methods have gained popularity in the recent past. The three-gas and five-gas-based graphical methods are regularly used, and recently, seven-gas and four-gas methods have been proposed. This work is based on six gases, and a hexagon method (HexM) is proposed. The HexM is tested for the IEC TC 10 database for the detection of six types of faults. None of the graphical methods proposed so far have a region defined for normal conditions. In this method, a region in the hexagon is earmarked for normal aging, and samples from the published literature are used for testing it. The results of HexM are compared with generally used Duval triangles and pentagons and the recently proposed heptagon method (HepM) for fault-type interpretation. The suggested technique is tested and compared with graphical methods. Based on the test samples, the hexagon figure gives 93.6% accuracy, and the heptagon gives 84.9% accuracy.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 4","pages":"2108-2115"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aging of Environmentally Friendly Insulation Gases by Free-Burning Arcs: Technical Air","authors":"Arik Subhana;Nina Sasaki Støa-Aanensen;Cédric Lesaint;Marte Gammelsæter;Frank Mauseth","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3532882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3532882","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the effect of aging due to free-burning arcs on the dielectric performance and the chemical composition of technical air (79% N2 and 21% O2) at 1.3-bar absolute pressure. The aging is performed by exposing the gas to a series of arcs dissipating an accumulated energy of more than 300 kJ, a level corresponding to relevant arcing energies for medium-voltage (MV) load break switches. To evaluate the long-term dielectric performance, lightning impulse (LI) and power frequency AC breakdown tests are conducted in a 10-mm rod–plane gap before and after aging. Gas decomposition is also investigated with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results indicate that the LI breakdown voltage of air may enhance temporarily after arcing. This is probably due to the formation of short-lived air byproducts (e.g., NO, NO2, NO3, and O3) which may reduce initial electron generation. However, changes in AC breakdown voltage might not be that significant as the presence of primary electrons is presumably guaranteed in the latter case.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 3","pages":"1528-1538"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144206171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental Studies on Synergistic Effects, Electrode Erosion, and Decomposition Characteristics of SF₆ Admixture in Divergent Fields","authors":"Vinod Kumar Gandi;Rishi Verma;Gursharn Singh;Manoj Kumar Warrier;Archana Sharma","doi":"10.1109/TDEI.2025.3530327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2025.3530327","url":null,"abstract":"Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is a potent greenhouse gas, and there has been research into more environmentally friendly gases as a replacement to SF6 in HV equipment. The research into alternative gases has shown that SF6 admix have a promising dielectric property as comparable to pure SF6. In this article, the synergistic effects of adding a dopant gas (SF6) to nonelectron affinity gases such as N2, dry air, and Ar are tested with varied volumetric concentrations of SF6 by using a HV co-axial sparkgap (SG) switch under partial discharge (PD), that is, point-plane topology. The experimentation is carried out with doped gas concentration varying from 5% to 50% for operating pressure levels of 0.0345–0.172 MPa with interelectrode distance of 0.4 cm. The binary mixture of SF6 with N2 and dry air exhibits a higher synergism with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$varphi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> (SF6) ~5%. Furthermore, in SF6/N2 and SF6/dry air, the synergistic effects exhibit a saturated behavior with rise in <inline-formula> <tex-math>$varphi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>(SF6). Unlike SF6/N2, the growth rate of breakdown voltage (BDV) in SF6/Ar is greatly reduced at higher pressure with low % by vol. of SF6. Apart from breakdown study, the decomposition characteristics and electrode erosion rates of SF6/N2 has been investigated. The comprehensive experimental investigations reported herein present the application feasibility of these admixtures as a replacement to SF6.","PeriodicalId":13247,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation","volume":"32 3","pages":"1468-1475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}