Han Wu;Ruizhi Jia;Fuling Wang;Liuge Du;Xiao Xu;Jia Zhao
{"title":"Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Single-Mode Polymer Waveguides and Devices","authors":"Han Wu;Ruizhi Jia;Fuling Wang;Liuge Du;Xiao Xu;Jia Zhao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3573979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3573979","url":null,"abstract":"Low-cost lithography and wet development process are optimized for fabricating single-mode polymer waveguides and de-vices with small gap structures on FR4 substrate. The fabricated single-mode waveguide with core dimension of 6.04 μm × 6.05 μm exhibits the transmission loss of 1.47 dB/cm and the double-end coupling loss of 1.58 dB with single-mode fibers at 1310 nm. The relationship between the bending loss and the bending radius is also investigated, and a bending radius of larger than 20 mm is recommended. In order to verify the reliability of the optimized process in fabricating devices with small feature sizes, power splitters based on directional coupler and multimode interference are designed and fabricated, and the measurement results show good agreement with the simulation results.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 3","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11015973","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144255756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lu Dai;Yuanpeng Ding;Hui Zhang;Junjie Qi;Hongyan Shi;Jun Chu;Lei Zhang;Lei Shen;Zhaolong Liao;Shiqi Zhou;Jie Luo
{"title":"A Cladding-Pumped Device for Modal Gain Equilization Based on Rippled Few Mode Fiber","authors":"Lu Dai;Yuanpeng Ding;Hui Zhang;Junjie Qi;Hongyan Shi;Jun Chu;Lei Zhang;Lei Shen;Zhaolong Liao;Shiqi Zhou;Jie Luo","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3554555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3554555","url":null,"abstract":"To achieve mode-division multiplexing (MDM) for long-distance transmission, the development of signal amplifiers, such as erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA), is crucial. As a solution for EDFA, cladding pump has gained attention due to its low cost and high gain. This paper presents a cladding pump coupler (CP) based on double cladding passive optical fiber (DCF), fabricated using the fused taper technique, which supports the transmission of four modes: LP<sub>01</sub>, LP<sub>11</sub>, LP<sub>21</sub>, and LP<sub>02</sub>. The optical loss of this device is less than 0.3 dB, and it does not introduce new crosstalk in the transmission line, ensuring excellent mode beam quality. The fabricated device is fusion-spliced with a four-mode erbium-doped fiber (EDF), achieving very low splice loss. The EDFA based on this device exhibits outstanding performance. In the C-band, it can achieve an average gain greater than 21.56 dB, with an average differential mode gain (DMG) of 1.42 dB. When amplifying four modes simultaneously, the gain exceeds 19.21 dB, the DMG is less than 2.51 dB, and the noise figure (NF) is less than 7.348 dB. This is of great significance for enabling long-distance signal transmission in mode-division multiplexing systems.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 3","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10938589","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xue Tong;Zhenning Zhao;Yunxian Zhong;Dong Lin;Zhuangzhuang Zhu;Qing Zhong;Jinping He
{"title":"A Single Waveguide Spectrometer via Defect Scattering","authors":"Xue Tong;Zhenning Zhao;Yunxian Zhong;Dong Lin;Zhuangzhuang Zhu;Qing Zhong;Jinping He","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3554022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3554022","url":null,"abstract":"Miniaturized spectrometers show great application potential in biology, medicine, astronomy and so on. However, it is still challenging to obtain broadband spectrum and high spectral resolution simultaneously with limited size. In this study, we proposed a single waveguide spectrometer based on light scattering of the defects buried in the waveguide. The detections of the scattering light are set on the upper surface of the waveguide, as a result, tremendous detection channels can be realized even within a small structure size, which makes simultaneously high resolution and broad bandwidth detection achievable. Simulation studies show that this kind of spectrometer can exhibits an impressive bandwidth of 1000 nm, ranging from 600 to 1600 nm. Additionally, a resolution of 0.2 nm is achieved within the range of 850 to 852 nm through fine sampling. The influence factors of the performance of the spectrometer is also studied. This work provides the possibility of achieving on-chip, high-resolution, and wide-bandwidth spectrometers.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 2","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10937772","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Toward Quantum Interconnects Featuring Nanometer-to-Picometer Bandwidth Compression and THz-Range Quantum Frequency Conversion","authors":"Tim F. Weiss;Alberto Peruzzo","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3554620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3554620","url":null,"abstract":"The long-range transmission of quantum information relies on multiple interfaces between photons, acting as flying qubits, and localized memories, serving as repeaters, to mitigate transmission losses. Efficient, long-range transmission necessitates the use of short, picosecond-scale photons, which are markedly different from the narrowband, nanosecond-scale photons optimal for absorption by memory elements, typically operating at wavelengths far from telecom. In this article, we point toward designs capable of bridging these regimes, leveraging the interplay between sum-frequency generation-based quantum frequency conversion and resonant confinement in an integrated ring resonator.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 2","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10938395","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nuoqi Wang;Cheng Wang;Zhihong Zhao;Peiyu Wu;Wenqian Xu;Bang Qin;Dong Wang;Rongjun Zhang;Qi Yao
{"title":"Bayesian Optimized ANFIS Network Using Grid Partition and Feature Spectrum for Urban Light Pollution Assessment","authors":"Nuoqi Wang;Cheng Wang;Zhihong Zhao;Peiyu Wu;Wenqian Xu;Bang Qin;Dong Wang;Rongjun Zhang;Qi Yao","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3553420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3553420","url":null,"abstract":"Precise luminance evaluation of light pollution requires expensive and time-consuming measurement devices such as hyperspectral imaging cameras and imaging luminance-meters, which are also inconvenient to carry. To alleviate this challenge, we selected a low-cost smartphone camera sensor as an alternative tool and investigated the various factors that could influence the accuracy of the measurements by controlling the function of the sensor and assessing its performance, including light illumination conditions and device parameters. Building on this, we have developed an Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) structure utilizing global Bayesian optimization and grid partitioning (GP), which integrates the advantages of fuzzy logic in handling data uncertainty with the self-learning capabilities of artificial neural networks. This method can capture the relationships between different parameter combinations while avoiding overfitting, effectively handling unseen data with rapid convergence. The experimental results demonstrate that this method reduces the error by at least 30% compared to conventional methods when tested on a dataset with previously unseen shot parameters. Using a smartphone as a measurement device offers superior portability and broader prospects compared to cameras. Leveraging the powerful processing capabilities of smartphone platforms, we can implement more advanced visualization and computational functions in the future.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 2","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10935613","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Musa N. Hamza;Mohammad Tariqul Islam;Sunil Lavadiya;Iftikhar ud Din;Bruno Sanches;Slawomir Koziel;Syeda Iffat Naqvi;Abinash Panda;Mohammad Alibakhshikenari;Bal Virdee;D. Mariyanayagam;R. Jayanthi;S. Fernando;Md. Shabiul Islam
{"title":"A 50THz Ultra-Wideband Nano-Photonics Perfect Absorber Biosensor for Label-Free Detection of Circulating Cancer Exosomes: Advancing Early Cancer Diagnostics","authors":"Musa N. Hamza;Mohammad Tariqul Islam;Sunil Lavadiya;Iftikhar ud Din;Bruno Sanches;Slawomir Koziel;Syeda Iffat Naqvi;Abinash Panda;Mohammad Alibakhshikenari;Bal Virdee;D. Mariyanayagam;R. Jayanthi;S. Fernando;Md. Shabiul Islam","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3571811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3571811","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the challenge of early-stage cancer diagnosis using microwave imaging (MWI) techniques by targeting circulating exosomes, recently identified as promising cancer biomarkers. We introduce an innovative nano-photonic perfect absorber (NPA) operating in the terahertz (THz) range, offering a significant improvement over existing MWI-based approaches in terms of simplicity, sensitivity, and specificity. Unlike previous THz absorbers, the proposed NPA achieves an exceptionally wide operating bandwidth from 100 GHz to 50 THz with an absorption efficiency exceeding 97.5%, while featuring an ultra-compact nanoscale footprint (100 × 100 nm<sup>2</sup>, thickness 30 nm). The design integrates a silver (Ag) resonator and a nickel (Ni) ground plane on a silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>) substrate, with meticulously tuned geometries to create multiple resonance modes, enabling continuous broadband absorption. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations validate the structure’s performance, including electric and magnetic field distributions, surface currents, and scattering parameters. Comparative analysis with state-of-the-art absorbers demonstrates the superior bandwidth, absorption stability, and angular robustness of our device. Furthermore, we demonstrate the NPA’s unique ability to act as a label-free biosensor for exosome detection, where cancerous exosomes consistently induce stronger electric field responses than normal exosomes due to their distinct molecular compositions. These results confirm the proposed NPA as a novel, highly effective platform for non-invasive, early-stage cancer diagnostics via MWI.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 4","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11007480","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144299422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. W. Haefner;F. A. Juneghani;P. Kulkarni;P. Thapalia;S. Fathpour
{"title":"Compact Slow-Wave Electrode Design for High-Index Photonic Devices","authors":"J. W. Haefner;F. A. Juneghani;P. Kulkarni;P. Thapalia;S. Fathpour","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3553411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3553411","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a method for the development of traveling slow-wave metallic electrodes to provide widely tunable structures for applications in integrated photonic devices. The method is particularly useful for index-matching of radio-frequency (RF) signals with optical waves in photonic devices based on waveguide structures with large group indices. The proposed electrode design provides greater flexibility when devising impedance-matched, low-loss, and compact RF transmission lines by including planar T-electrodes with interleaved conductive digits. The addition of these two microstructures permits modification of the capacitance and inductance of a standard ground-signal-ground coplanar waveguide. This independent design of the reactive values provides engineering control of the RF index in a wide range of <inline-formula><tex-math>$sim {2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula><tex-math>$sim {6}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, while ensuring the structure maintains a 50 <inline-formula><tex-math>$Omega$</tex-math></inline-formula> impedance for integration with standard RF equipment. Although the proposed electrode geometry provides an agnostic design solution for substrate materials, this work focuses on applications in thin-film lithium niobate on silicon.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 2","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10935615","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jack Baker;Craig P. Allford;Sara Gillgrass;J. Iwan Davies;Samuel Shutts;Peter M. Smowton
{"title":"Thermal Performance of 940 nm AlGaAs-Based VCSELs Grown on Germanium","authors":"Jack Baker;Craig P. Allford;Sara Gillgrass;J. Iwan Davies;Samuel Shutts;Peter M. Smowton","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3552951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3552951","url":null,"abstract":"VCSEL thermal resistances are determined from power-current-voltage-wavelength measurements performed on nominally identical epitaxial structures grown on Ge and GaAs substrates. We show that the effective thermal conductivity of the VCSEL is increased when grown on Ge substrates.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10933508","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Study on Evanescent Wave Humidity Sensor Based on PEG-PMMA Microspheres With Enhanced Performance","authors":"Yuxin Chen;Yutong Qi;Bao Zhu;Xingchen Zhou;Xuefei Xiao;Zheyuan Gu;Jun Qian;Chuanyang He;Min Lai;Yan Ma;Bo Liu","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3571489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3571489","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we demonstrate fabrication of an evanescent wave fiber optic humidity sensor based on PEG-PMMA microsphere film as moisture-sensitive material. A three dimensional stacking structure of PEG-PMMA microspheres is formed by dip coating method on fiber core. A simultaneous fast response and recovery is optimized with equilibrium time of 13 s and 8 s between 30% RH and 80% RH, respectively. The sensor possessed a maximum sensitivity of 157.143 lux/% RH in the range of 70–80% RH and a good linear relationship between the logarithm of output optical intensity and relative humidity with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. Moreover, the sensor exhibits low hysteresis, excellent repeatability, short-term and long-term stability and electromagnetic immunity. Modulation of intensity is primarily attributed to scattering of evanescent wave on polymer microspheres in humidity sensing.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 3","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11006844","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Orbital Angular Momentum Modes Recognition Method Based on Transfer Learning","authors":"Tianyu Du;Jun Ou;Hao Chi;Bo Yang;Shuna Yang;Yanrong Zhai","doi":"10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3547382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2025.3547382","url":null,"abstract":"During the transmission of vortex beams in free-space optical communication channels, atmospheric turbulence causes wavefront phase disturbances, making identifying orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes more difficult. Additionally, the model requires extensive training datasets, which significantly prolongs the training time. In this paper, a method combining transfer learning with an improved convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed to identify the OAM modes of distorted vortex beams. Compared to methods without transfer learning, this approach maintains higher accuracy while significantly reducing the training time and computational resources required. Furthermore, the impact of the model on OAM modes recognition accuracy is analyzed under varying atmospheric turbulence intensities and propagation distances, with comparisons made against traditional CNN models and the CNN models of other literature. To verify the recognition performance of the proposed model under adverse weather conditions, the impact of varying rainfall intensity and fog concentration on recognition accuracy was analyzed. In addition, the generalization ability of the model is evaluated after training on both single and mixed datasets. The results demonstrate that the recognition accuracy of the proposed method surpasses that of the traditional CNN models and the CNN models of other literature, achieving a 95.6% accuracy after 3 km of propagation under strong turbulence. Under strong turbulence, heavy rainfall, and heavy fog, the recognition accuracy at 1 km is 89.4% and 88.7%, respectively. Additionally, the model trained on the mixed dataset achieves a recognition accuracy of 97.08%, indicating robust generalization capability. The method proposed in this paper achieves high recognition accuracy while effectively reducing computational resources and training time, which is of great significance to the research on OAM modes recognition.","PeriodicalId":13204,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Journal","volume":"17 2","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10933501","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}