Hydrometallurgy最新文献

{"title":"Precipitation of rare earth phosphates through apatite leach as by-product of nitrophos acid from unconventional phosphate deposit of carbonatite, Malakand, Pakistan","authors":"Farva Arshad ,&nbsp;Munirah Atique Khan ,&nbsp;Attiqa Nasir ,&nbsp;Muhammad Haider Ali ,&nbsp;Lubna Basit ,&nbsp;Muhammad Nasir Siddique ,&nbsp;Muhammad Nadeem","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The igneous carbonatite apatite ore of Sellai Patti (Malakand, Pakistan) was beneficiated through mineral processing methods (crushing, grinding, gravity separation, and magnetic separation). The concentrate [Ca₅(PO₄)₃, F] (30 % P₂O₅, 0.7 % REEs) was leached with 65 % nitric acid (S/L 0.42, 65 °C, 700 rpm). The leachate (2.78 g/L REEs, 154 g/L P₂O₅) yielded a 92 % recovery of REEs. Precipitation of REEs was performed with 33 % ammonia solution by two different methods. The direct precipitation process (DPP), produced REE precipitates (34 %) at a pH of 0.2–0.5 with a subsequent hot washing. The remaining filtrate, after precipitation, contained REEs at a low concentration of 0.2 g/L, 97 g/L P₂O₅ and calcium up to 102 g/L. In the nitrophos precipitation process (NPP), a pre-concentration of REEs from 2.8 g/L to 4.1 g/L was observed through the removal of dissolved calcium in the form of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (CNTH) as a result of freezing the leachate at −20 °C. The precipitates (9 % REEs) obtained at pH 1.7 followed by its re-dissolution in 65 % nitric acid (S/L 1:10) and overnight recrystallization with 50 % excess oxalic acid enhanced REEs concentration up to 30 %. The leftover nitrophos acid (NP acid), a precursor of nitrophos fertilizer, contained only &lt;1 mg/L of REEs, 135 g/L of P₂O₅, and up to 40 g/L of calcium. The present research advances a sustainable and efficient methodology for the extraction of REEs through an innovative and significantly effective DPP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106530"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leaching kinetics of molybdenite with layered structure and hydrophobic properties in the H2SO4-H2O2-H2O system at atmospheric pressure","authors":"Zhiyuan Chen ,&nbsp;Zihui Jiang ,&nbsp;Qiu Hu ,&nbsp;Jiangtao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous studies on the leaching kinetics of molybdenite were primarily based on processing data using a contraction core model with spherical mineral particles. However, molybdenite particles exhibit a thin plate and layered structure. In this study, a model of circular particles was employed to derive the kinetic equation. The apparent activation energies of the molybdenite leaching reaction, both without mechanical activation and with mechanical activation treatment, were calculated as 55.3 kJ/mol and 49.5 kJ/mol, respectively. The layered structure of molybdenite renders its mineral particles challenging to grind during the ball milling process. Nonetheless, this process enhanced the active point of the mineral to a certain extent, thereby facilitating the leaching reaction. The rate-limiting step of the leaching reaction was identified as the chemical reaction step. Specifically, the reaction order of H₂SO₄ and H₂O₂ were determined as 0.063 and 0.959, respectively. Notably, variations in the H₂O₂ concentration exerted a significant impact on the leaching effect, while changes in the concentration of H₂SO₄ exhibited a relatively smaller effect. Additionally, molybdenite exhibited strong hydrophobic properties. The addition of surfactants improved the reaction environment and enhanced the leaching effect. The expression for leaching kinetics was defined as follows:<span><span><span><math><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><msqrt><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>α</mi></mrow></msqrt><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mi>t</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>7.73</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>3</mn></msup><msubsup><mi>r</mi><mn>0</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msubsup><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mrow><mi>H</mi><mn>2</mn><mi>SO</mi><mn>4</mn></mrow><mn>0.063</mn></msubsup><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mrow><mi>H</mi><mn>2</mn><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow><mn>0.959</mn></msubsup><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mn>59706</mn><mi>RT</mi></mfrac></mrow></msup><mi>t</mi></math></span></span></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106527"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of hydrogen gas formation during leaching of weakly radioactive ores of the Tomtor deposit: Geo-radiochemical nature of the reducing properties of the ore","authors":"Vladimir I. Kuzmin,&nbsp;Dmitrii V. Kuzmin,&nbsp;Oleg A. Epov,&nbsp;Timur Yu. Ivanenko","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Direct alkaline leaching of weakly radioactive rare metal ores of the Tomtor deposit (Russia) was investigated. It was found that the process of leaching monazite with sodium hydroxide solutions in the presence of various associated mineral components is accompanied by the release of significant amounts of hydrogen and the formation of stable foam filling the reactor and preventing the elimination of hazardous gas. The discovered phenomenon is unique, since hydrogen release occurs at a high rate even at low temperatures (40–50 °C) and when leaching ores in both alkaline and acidic environments (hydrofluoric acid solutions). It is assumed that the high reduction potential of the ores is associated with the deaeration of mineral components (oxygen removal) during their long-term radiochemical irradiation. Preliminary studies using solid-state NMR confirmed this assumption. A significant amount of hydride ions, which are part of stable mixed cluster compounds of aluminum oxides and phosphates, were found in ore samples. It is assumed that the high stability of the foam formed in this process is due to the formation of a structural and mechanical barrier of hydrophobic pulp particles, including un-decomposed pyrite. Undesirable foaming is eliminated by adding an anionic surfactant (sodium stearate) to the pulp, which ensures the removal of hydrophobic particles from the surface of gas bubbles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106523"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent dodecanoic acid/menthol as a sustainable diluent for the continuous extraction process of Fe and Ti separation","authors":"Nikita A. Milevskii,&nbsp;Dmitriy V. Lobovich,&nbsp;Arina V. Milevskaya,&nbsp;Yulia A. Zakhodyaeva,&nbsp;Andrey A. Voshkin","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) have long been used for the extraction of metal ions from aqueous systems. This study proposes the use of HDES composed of dodecanoic acid and menthol as a diluent for tributyl phosphate (TBP), which serves as the extractant. The results demonstrate that the extraction system developed remains stable across a broad range of TBP concentrations and possesses excellent physical properties, making it suitable for laboratory-scale extraction equipment. By examining the extraction of iron and titanium ions, key dependencies of extraction efficiency were identified as varying acidity levels, volume ratios, initial metal concentrations and conditions for effective stripping. Notably, the efficiency of the extractant remained unchanged after ten cycles of extraction and stripping, particularly for titanium ions extracted from 10 mol/L hydrochloric acid. This indicates the chemical stability of the proposed extraction system. A continuous separation process for iron and titanium was successfully implemented on laboratory extraction equipment using liquid pseudomembranes, achieving an efficiency greater than 95 % of the theoretical maximum. These findings suggest that HDES have significant potential for use as non-volatile, non-combustible and renewable solvents in extraction processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106526"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles vs. traditional chloride methods for copper cementation and recovery from industrial waste solutions by aluminium","authors":"Cecilia Daniela Costa ,&nbsp;María José Hernandez Triana ,&nbsp;Mario Avila ,&nbsp;Virginia Emilse Diz ,&nbsp;Graciela Alicia González","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cementation of copper on aluminium is a well-studied process, typically facilitated by chloride ions to overcome the insulating aluminium oxide layer. This study presents an alternative approach using magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles as electron (redox) mediators, allowing the cementation process to occur despite the presence of the aluminium oxide layer. After optimizing the concentration of the Fe₃O₄ suspension, the pH, and the reaction time, the performance of this method was compared to the classical chloride ion-based approach. The nanoparticle assisted method achieved higher recovery (%) of copper, but at a slower pace. This difference in reaction speed explains the more compact, non-oxidize copper deposits observed by SEM and DRX, in contrast to the dendritic and airy deposits with a high fraction of Cu₂O obtained using the classical chloride method. Under optimized conditions, the method was applied for the recovery of Cu from two industrial PCB solutions, achieving excellent recoveries after adjusting the pH.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106528"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery process of rare earths, Al, U, and Th from ionic rare earth purification residue using sequential alkaline leaching, acid leaching solvent extraction and stripping","authors":"Qiaofa Lan ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Zhang ,&nbsp;Fei Niu ,&nbsp;Donghui Liu ,&nbsp;Youming Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ionic rare earth purification residue (PR) originates from refining of ionic rare earth ores and is predominantly composed of rare earth elements (REEs), aluminum (Al), and silicon (Si). This is a recyclable secondary resource. It provides substantial challenges due to its classification as low-level radioactive waste (LLW). Recognizing the distinctive properties of PR, this paper describes a highly efficient process for the recovery and enrichment of Al, REEs, uranium (U), and thorium (Th) through a multistep process encompassing alkali digestion, hydrochloric acid leaching, sole extractant enrichment and separation. At a controlled temperature of 70 °C, the Al digestion efficiency reached 88.9 %. The alkali digestion residue underwent hydrochloric acid leaching, yielding leaching efficiencies of 99.9 %, 99.4 %, and 99.0 % for REEs, U(VI), and Th(IV), respectively. Notably, the amount of insoluble residue was reduced by 90 %, and it was transformed from LLW into general solid waste residue. Additionally, the utilization of 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono 2-ethylhexyl ester (HEHEHP) as the sole extractant provided 100 % extraction efficiencies for U(VI) and Th(IV). After stepwise stripping processes, the purities of both U(VI) and Th(IV) exceeded 90 %. The REEs were precipitated as RE₂(C₂O₄)₃ and subsequently calcined to produce rare earth oxides with a recovery of 90.1 % and a purity of 97.4 %. This comprehensive scheme addressed the persistent challenges associated with long-term storage and radiological environmental risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106524"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stepwise recovery of gallium (Ga), lithium (Li), and rare earth elements (REEs) from roasted coal gangue based on leaching kinetics differentiation","authors":"Jingzheng Wang ,&nbsp;Hongxiang Xu ,&nbsp;Yijun Cao ,&nbsp;Kejia Ning ,&nbsp;Biao Fu ,&nbsp;Lin Ma ,&nbsp;Xin Sun ,&nbsp;Yuntao Kang ,&nbsp;Mengting Hong ,&nbsp;Guixia Fan ,&nbsp;Xiahui Gui ,&nbsp;Jiushuai Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coal resources are a potential source of strategic metals. This study explores the leaching characteristics and mechanisms for extracting gallium (Ga), lithium (Li), and rare earth elements (REEs) from coal gangue under roasting and acid leaching conditions. Based on the differences in their leaching characteristics, a stepwise leaching strategy is proposed for efficient separation and recovery. Gallium and lithium are primarily associated with silicate minerals, while rare earth elements exist as independent rare earth minerals. Roasting at 600 °C enhances chemical reactivity, increasing the specific surface area and pore volume of the sample, thereby improving the leaching efficiency of Ga, Li, and REEs. The leaching of Ga and Li is mainly controlled by chemical reactions and is highly temperature-dependent, while the leaching of REEs follows a mixed control model. The stepwise extraction strategy involves leaching at 50 °C for 15 min to recover approximately 80 % of the REEs, with minimal loss of Ga and Li (∼7 %), followed by further leaching at 90 °C for 180 min to recover the remaining Ga and Li. This process demonstrates the potential of the stepwise extraction strategy for the efficient separation and recovery of these elements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106525"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery of transition metals (Ni, Co, and Mn) and Li from the sulfate leach solutions of spent ternary lithium-ion batteries by stepwise solvent extraction and precipitation","authors":"Kuifang Zhang ,&nbsp;Bohan Wei ,&nbsp;Bin Zeng ,&nbsp;Sen Qiu ,&nbsp;Xiaocong Zhong ,&nbsp;Ruixiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfate leachate from spent ternary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) contain valuable metals, such as transition metals (Ni, Co, and Mn) and Li, and impurity metals, such as Al and Fe. Selectively separating them from solutions is necessary for their recovery. In this work, a stepwise solvent extraction and precipitation process is proposed for the selective separation and recovery of transition metals (Ni, Co, and Mn) and Li from sulfate-leaching solutions of spent ternary lithium-ion batteries. First, 100 % of the impurity metals (Al and Fe) were selectively removed from the solution through a single-stage extraction using 22.5 % (<em>v</em>/v) N1923 in sulfonated kerosene at an O/A ratio of 1:1 for 10 min. The losses of the transition metals (Ni, Co, and Mn) and Li were only 1.65 %. The Al and Fe in the loaded organic system was completely stripped using a 1 mol/L HNO₃ solution, followed by regeneration with sodium carbonate solution. Subsequently, the raffinate (pH = 4.46) was directly used for the co-extraction of Ni, Co, and Mn by Cyanex 272. A five-stage countercurrent extraction was performed with an organic system consisting of 1 mol/L Cyanex 272 (saponification degree: 50 %) in sulfonated kerosene, using an O/A ratio of 2.25:1. Nearly all of the Ni, Co, and Mn were extracted, while only 1.43 % Li was co-extracted. The extracted Ni, Co, and Mn in the loaded organic system were completely stripped through five-stage counter-current stripping using 1 mol/L H₂SO₄ with an O/A ratio of 5:1. During the stepwise solvent extraction process, stripped solutions of Ni, Co, Mn, and Li raffinates were sent to precipitate the pure ternary material precursors and Li₂CO₃. This study introduces a novel method for recycling spent ternary lithium-ion batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106519"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrometallurgical process of spent lithium-ion battery recycling Part. 2 Recovery of valuable metals from the cathode active material leachates: Review and cost analysis","authors":"Junghyun Lim ,&nbsp;Yunjai Jang ,&nbsp;Junbeum Lee ,&nbsp;Chaehyeon Lee ,&nbsp;Omayma Jbari ,&nbsp;Kyungjung Kwon ,&nbsp;Eunhyea Chung","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid increase in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) usage, particularly in portable electronics and electric vehicles, has led to considerable environmental challenges due to waste generation, creating a need for recovery of metals from waste. This review examines methods for recovering valuable metals—Co, Ni, Mn, and Li—from the leachates of end-of-life spent LIBs using hydrometallurgical unit processes, summarizing current research and technological advancements. Recovery techniques such as precipitation, solvent extraction, electrodeposition, ion exchange (and adsorption), and other approaches were evaluated in terms of efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact. Moreover, a cost analysis comparing hydrometallurgical methods—precipitation, solvent extraction, electrochemical extraction—was conducted. This review highlights the technological gaps in current recovery methods and stresses the need for further research to improve metal recoveries and minimize the environmental impacts of hydrometallurgical processes. Integrating experimental findings, the review offers a comprehensive overview of recovery pathways and provides insights into the future of sustainable LIBs recycling and cost analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106516"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the adsorption of precious metals from wastewater by XAD-2 resin loaded with functionalized deep eutectic solvent","authors":"Yifan Wang ,&nbsp;Yonghui Song ,&nbsp;Xinwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Ping Dong ,&nbsp;Ning Yin ,&nbsp;Zeyu Wang ,&nbsp;Shilei Lang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study prepared a novel adsorption material XAD-2-HDES with fast adsorption rate by impregnating XAD-2 resin with quaternary ammonium hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES). It was applied to the enrichment and recovery of various precious metal ions in aqua regia solution. The results showed that the adsorption efficiencies of Ir(IV), Pt(IV), Ru(III) and Rh(III) were 95.3 %, 99.8 %, 94.1 % and 43.9 %, respectively, under the following conditions: trioctylmethylammonium chloride (N263) to menthol (Men) molar ratio of 1:2, adsorbent dosage of 20 g L⁻¹, initial aqueous phase pH of 0.1, adsorption time of 2 h, and adsorption temperature of 298.15 K. Under optimal process conditions, the maximum loading of Ir(IV), Pt(IV), Ru(III), and Rh(III) were 19.4 mg g⁻¹, 20.6 mg g⁻¹, 4.6 mg g⁻¹ and 4.3 mg g⁻¹, respectively. The adsorption process of precious metal ions obeys the Langmuir model and quasi-second-order kinetic model, which is mainly controlled by the chemical reaction of the monomolecular layer. The surface loaded HDES of XAD-2-HDES provides abundant adsorption reaction sites, and the adsorption process is mainly driven by electrostatic attraction. The complex ions of precious metals undergo an anion-exchange reaction with Cl⁻ in N263 to form a stable hydrophobic type neutral complex species with N atoms as a bridge with HDES through ligand bonding, and form a new hydrogen-bonding network with the –OH group of Men to facilitate the dissolution of the complex.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 106520"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}