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Brittle Failure of a Hook Initiated at a Pre-existing Defect 由预先存在的缺陷引起的钩脆性失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001474
{"title":"Brittle Failure of a Hook Initiated at a Pre-existing Defect","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001474","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A mild steel hook that was part of the auxiliary hoist of an electric overhead crane used in a foundry was of the shank type and the rated safe working load was 15 tons. Failure took place in a wholly brittle manner, and occurred transversely through the back of the hook. From the direction in which the fracture developed, as indicated by the radial lines on its surface, it was evident that a preexisting defect served to initiate the brittle fracture. Material adjacent to the fracture was decarburized and contained numerous globules of oxide and slag. It was evident, therefore that a fissure was formed during the manufacture of the hook and had not developed in service. The failure was associated with a surface defect, and it was recommended that the other similar hooks at the establishment be crack detected and any similar discontinuities eliminated.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123188914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Investigation of Worn Chain Links 磨损链环的调查
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001209
F. Naumann, F. Spies
{"title":"Investigation of Worn Chain Links","authors":"F. Naumann, F. Spies","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001209","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Three links of a chain showing unusually strong wear were examined. Corresponding to the stress, the wear was strongest in the bends of the links, but it was especially pronounced in the bend in which the butt weld seam was located. Investigation showed the links were manufactured from an unkilled carbon-deficient steel, and were case hardened to a depth of 0.8 to 0.9 mm. The peripheral structure at the places not showing wear consisted of coarse acicular martensite with a high percentage of retained austenite. The links therefore were strongly overheated, probably directly heated during case hardening. The butt weld seams were not tight and were covered with oxide inclusions. Given that wear occurred preferentially at the welds it may be concluded that this weld defect contributed to the substantial wear. This leaves unanswered whether these chains could have withstood the high operating stress if they had been welded satisfactorily and hardened correctly, and whether it made any sense to case harden highly stressed chains of this type.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115014865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Brittle Rupture of a Chain Sling 链索的脆性断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001453
{"title":"Brittle Rupture of a Chain Sling","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001453","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 While a chain sling was being used to lift a casting one of the links ruptured. The sling, reputed to be of the electrically-welded steel type, was at least eight years old and had been overhauled several times during its working life. Examination showed the links were scarf-welded. Furthermore, the welds were at the ends and not at the sides as is usual in the case of electrically-welded chains. A transverse section from one side of a link was examined microscopically. This showed the material to be wrought-iron of satisfactory quality. It was concluded this chain sling had been made from wrought-iron, forge welded in the usual manner, and that it was not electrically-welded steel as had been supposed. Failure was attributed to embrittlement in service of the surface material of the links. If it had been realized that the sling was made from wrought-iron then it would doubtless have been subjected to periodical annealing in accordance with Statutory requirements, which would have restored the ductility of the surface material.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121562646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Brittle Fracture of a Ductile Iron Brake Drum by Thermal-Contraction Overload 球墨铸铁制动鼓热收缩过载脆性断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0047321
{"title":"Brittle Fracture of a Ductile Iron Brake Drum by Thermal-Contraction Overload","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0047321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0047321","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A 58.4 cm (23 in.) diam heavy-duty brake drum component of a cable-wound winch broke into two pieces during a shutdown period. Average service life of these drums was two weeks; none had failed by wear. The drums were sand cast from ductile iron. During haul-out, the cable on the cable drum drove the brake drum, and resistance was provided by brake bands applied to the outside surface of the brake drum. Friction during heavy service was sufficient to heat the brake drum, clutch mount, and disk to a red color. Examination of the assembly indicated that the brake drum would cool faster than its mounts and would contract onto them. Brittle fracture of the brake drum occurred as a result of thermal contraction of the drum web against the clutch mount and the disk. The ID of the drum web was enlarged sufficiently to allow for clearance between the web and the clutch mount and disk at a temperature differential of up to 555 deg C (1000 deg F). With the adoption of this procedure, brake drums failed by wear only.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"389 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122180757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fractured Chain Link 断裂链环
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001262
F. Naumann, F. Spies
{"title":"Fractured Chain Link","authors":"F. Naumann, F. Spies","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001262","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A chain link which was part of the hoisting mechanism of a drop hammer broke after three or four months of service. It was reportedly manufactured of the heat resistant steel 30 Cr-Mo-V 9 (Material No. 1.7707). The fracture of the chain link had a conchoidal structure and ran along the austenitic grain boundaries. Such fractures are characteristic results of strong overheating. The coarse-grained, coarse acicular heat-treated structure of the chain link confirmed overheating. Because temperatures in excess of 1150 deg C are required for the solution of impurities, it is more probable that the real damage was done during the heat-up forging (drop-forging) and could not be removed during heat-treatment.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125675704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure Analysis of Wire Rope 钢丝绳失效分析
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001527
B. Miller
{"title":"Failure Analysis of Wire Rope","authors":"B. Miller","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001527","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Mechanical properties of wire ropes, their chemical composition, and the failure analysis process for them are described. The wires are manufactured from high-carbon, plain carbon steel, with high-strength ropes most often manufactured from AISI Grade 1074. During visual failure examination, the rope, strand, and wire diameters should all be measured. Examination should also address the presence or absence of lubricant, corrosion evidence, and gross mechanical damage. Failed wires can exhibit classic cup-and-cone ductile features, flat fatigue features, and various appearances in-between. However, wires are often mechanically damaged after failure. Most nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are not applicable to wire rope failures. Electron microscope fractography of fracture surfaces is essential in failure analysis. Fatigue is the most important fracture mode in wire ropes. Metallographic features of wire ropes that failed because of ductile overload and fatigue are described.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132019418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fatigue Fracture of a Forged 1055 Steel Crane-Bridge Wheel 锻造1055钢吊桥车轮的疲劳断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048102
{"title":"Fatigue Fracture of a Forged 1055 Steel Crane-Bridge Wheel","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048102","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A bridge wheel from a 272,160 kg stripper crane fractured in the web near the rim after one year of service. The wheel was forged from 1055 steel, and the tread, hub faces, and hub bore were machined. Beach marks indicative of fatigue at ten locations were revealed by macroscopic examination of the fracture surfaces. The surface of the web was heavily scaled and decarburized. A gross forging defect extending about 1.8 mm along the fracture surface was disclosed by examination of a micrograph of a section through one of the fatigue origins. Shallower forging defects were visible along the web surface. Fatigue cracking of the wheel was initiated at forging defects in the web. Replacement wheels were machined all over and were magnetic particle inspected to detect any cracks that could act as stress raisers.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115450932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fatigue Failure of a Steel Wire Rope Resulting From Shock Loading 冲击载荷对钢丝绳疲劳失效的影响
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048026
{"title":"Fatigue Failure of a Steel Wire Rope Resulting From Shock Loading","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The 11 mm diam 8 x 19 fiber-core rope, constructed from improved plow steel wire, on the cleaning-line crane failed while lifting a normal load of coils after five weeks of service. Several broken wires and fraying of the fiber core were revealed by visual examination of a section of the wire rope adjacent to the fracture. Fatigue cracks originating from both sides of the wire were revealed by microscopic examination of a longitudinal section of a wire. The diam of the sheave on the bale (27 cm) was found to be slightly below that specified for the 11 mm diam rope. It was observed that the sudden shock received by the hook in rolling the coils over the edge of the rinse tank after pickling caused vibration which was most severe at the clamped end of the rope. It was concluded that this caused the fatigue failure of the rope. As a corrective measure, the diam of the sheave was increased to 33 cm and pitched roll plates were installed between the tanks where rolling of coils was required.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"73 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120928803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure of a Forged Semikilled 1015 Steel Hook on a 13-mm (12-in.) Diam Chain Sling 锻造半杀1015钢钩在13毫米(12英寸)上的故障直径链吊索
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048068
{"title":"Failure of a Forged Semikilled 1015 Steel Hook on a 13-mm (12-in.) Diam Chain Sling","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048068","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A hook on a two-leg chain (each 13 mm diam, included angle 60 deg) failed at the junction of the eye and shank while lifting a 4990 kg load. The diam of the hook at this junction was approximately 22 mm. Light intergranular oxidation at the surface on the side of the hook where cracking started was revealed by visual examination of the fracture region. Almost 50% of the fracture surface was found to contain beach marks (indicative of fatigue failure) while the remainder contained cleavage facets. A medium-coarse acicular as-forged structure was revealed by metallographic examination and the metal was showed by chemical analysis to be semikilled 1015 steel. The fatigue fracture was concluded to have initiated in the intergranular oxidation region and the failure of the hook was contributed by the poor fatigue and impact properties of the forged structure. As a corrective measure, the chain-sling hook was replaced with one made of normalized, fully killed, finegrain 1020 steel.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133447525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Brittle Fracture of a Crane Hook, Initiated at a Pre-existing Fatigue Crack 起重机钩的脆性断裂，由预先存在的疲劳裂纹引起
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001461
{"title":"Brittle Fracture of a Crane Hook, Initiated at a Pre-existing Fatigue Crack","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001461","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A hook, which was marked for a safe working load of 2 tons, failed while lifting a load of approximately 35 cwts. Fracture took place at the junction of the shank with the hook portion, at which no fillet radius existed. Except for an annular region round the periphery, which was of a smooth texture, the fracture was brightly crystalline indicative of a brittle failure. Microscopic examination showed the material was a low-carbon steel in the normalized condition; no abnormal features were observed. The basic cause of failure was the presence of a fatigue crack at the change of section where the shank joined the hook portion. To minimize the possibility of fatigue cracking, it was recommended that a generous radius be provided at the change of section.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"475 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123248364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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