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Wear Failure of a 4140 Steel Bolt Because of Low Hardness 4140钢螺栓硬度低导致的磨损失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0046388
{"title":"Wear Failure of a 4140 Steel Bolt Because of Low Hardness","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0046388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0046388","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The bolt in a bolt and thimble assembly used to connect a wire rope to a crane hanger bracket was worn excessively. Two worn bolts, one new bolt, and a new thimble were examined. Specifications required the bolts to be made of 4140 steel heat treated to a hardness of 277 to 321 HRB. Thimbles were to be made of cast 8625 steel, but no heat treatment or hardness were specified. Analysis (visual inspection, hardness testing, and metallographic examination) supported the conclusion that the wear was due to strikingly difference hardness measurements in the bolt and thimble. Recommendations included hardening and tempering the bolts to the hardness range of 375 to 430 HRB. The thimbles should be heat treated to a similar microstructure and the same hardness range as those of the bolt. Molybdenum disulfide lubricant can be liberally applied during the initial installation of the bolts. A maintenance lubrication program was not suggested, but galling could be reduced by periodic application of a solid lubricant.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"2020 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123136576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fatigue Fracture of a 1030 Steel Crane Shaft 1030钢起重机轴的疲劳断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048073
{"title":"Fatigue Fracture of a 1030 Steel Crane Shaft","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048073","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A drum pinion shaft (1030 steel) which was part of the hoisting gear of a crane (capacity 18,140-kg) operating in a blooming mill failed while lifting a 9070 kg load. Chatter marks, rough-machining marks, and sharp corner radii were revealed in the keyway which extended into a shoulder at a change in diam. A circular recess below the keyway surface was revealed at each end of the keyway. A sharp corner at the end of the keyway was revealed by examination to be the origin of fracture. Beach marks were found radiating from the origin over a large portion of the fracture surface which confirmed failure of the shaft by fatigue fracture. As a corrective measure the shaft was replaced with one made of 4140 steel, quenched and tempered to a hardness of 286 to 319 HRB. The keyway was moved away from the change in section and was machined with a 1.6-mm radius in the bottom corners and a larger-radius fillet was machined at the change in section.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123126139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Brittle Fracture of an Aluminum Alloy Lifting-Sling Member 铝合金吊索构件的脆性断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048095
{"title":"Brittle Fracture of an Aluminum Alloy Lifting-Sling Member","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048095","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The T-section cross member of the lifting sling failed in service while lifting a 966 kg (2130 lb) load. The L-section sling body and the cross member were made of aluminum alloy 5083 or 5086 and were joined by welding using aluminum alloy 4043 filler metal. The fracture was found by visual examination to have occurred at the weld joining the sling body and the cross member. Inadequate joint penetration and porosity was revealed by macrographic examination of the weld. Lower silicon content and a higher magnesium and manganese content than the normal for alloy 4043 filler metal were found during chemical analysis. It was revealed by examination of the ends of the failed cross member that a rotational force that had been applied on the cross member caused it to fracture near the sling body. It was concluded that brittle fracture at the weld was caused by overloading which was attributed to the misalignment of the sling during loading. Aluminum alloy 5183 or 5356 filler metal was recommended to be used to avoid brittle welds.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130982206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ductile Overload Failure of a T-Hook That Fractured in Service t型钩在使用中断裂的延性过载失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0047312
{"title":"Ductile Overload Failure of a T-Hook That Fractured in Service","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0047312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0047312","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A ductile iron T-hook hook was reported to have fractured in service. It was further reported that the hook had been subjected to a load that did not exceed 5900 kg (13,000 lb) at the time of fracture. No information was provided regarding the type of metal used to manufacture the hook. A failure analysis was requested to determine the cause of fracture. Two hooks were submitted for examination. Analysis (visual inspection, 2.7x light fractography, chemical analysis, 110x SEM fractography, 27x/110x/215x nital-etched micrographs) supported the conclusions that this component fractured in service as a consequence of ductile tensile overload. Evidence indicates that the fractured region was subjected to a load exceeding the capacity of the material. Because the information available from the service application indicated that the component had not been subjected to a stress that exceeded 5900 kg (13,000 lb), the observations made in this investigation suggested that either the load was underestimated or that the indicated load was applied at a more rapid rate (perhaps with a jerk), which would tend to increase the effective force of the load.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133850836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fractures of Flat Wire Conveyor Belt Links of Glass Annealing Furnaces 玻璃退火炉扁丝输送带接头断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001244
F. Naumann, F. Spies
{"title":"Fractures of Flat Wire Conveyor Belt Links of Glass Annealing Furnaces","authors":"F. Naumann, F. Spies","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001244","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The cross bars of conveyor belt links that served to transport glass containers through a stress relief furnace fractured in many cases. They consisted of wires of 5 mm diam made of low-carbon Siemens-Martin steel, while the interwoven longitudinal bars were made of strip steel of 4 x 2 sq mm. The furnace temperature was said to be 500 deg C. In addition to the fractures they also showed many more or less advanced cracks. These occurred in the circumferential grooves that recurred at regular intervals. The fractures were abraded and oxidized. They could have been fatigue fractures. The fracture probably was induced by the pressing-in or abrading of the sharp steel band edges into the surface of the cross bars. Torsion fatigue fractures may have started from these notches. Relaxation then contributed positively through recovery and recrystallization. Such damage occurs less frequently in round wire conveyor belt links because the round wire neither impresses so sharply nor abrades against the cross bars, and it also exerts less torsion than the flat wire.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114263216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Stress-Corrosion Cracking of a Stainless Steel Wire-Rope Terminal 不锈钢钢丝绳终端的应力腐蚀开裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048043
{"title":"Stress-Corrosion Cracking of a Stainless Steel Wire-Rope Terminal","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048043","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An AISI type 303(Se) stainless steel eye terminal that was roll swaged on the end of a 9.5 mm diam wire rope cracked extensively after one year of service. A hairline crack that had initiated at the inner surface of the fitting was revealed by metallographic examination of a sectioned terminal specimen. It was indicated by the holes in the region adjoining the crack and rough texture of the crack surface that a corrosive medium (presumably seawater) had entered the crack from the inner surface of the fitting and coupled with the hairline crack to develop crevice corrosion. The crack propagated toward the outer surface due to high residual stresses in the swaged metal and was followed closely by corrosion. Stress corrosion as result of a combination of residual stresses plus load stress and corrosion was found to cause the failure. Rotary swaging or swaging in a punch press was recommended instead of roll swaging as they made deformation more symmetrical.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123518247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure of a Special Eyebolt 特殊吊环螺栓失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001428
{"title":"Failure of a Special Eyebolt","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001428","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A special eyebolt was used to lift prefabricated concrete panels weighing approximately 16 cwt. Two eyebolts were used with a spreader bar to give a vertical lift on each eyebolt. Following failure of one eyebolt, which resulted in dropping of the load and subsequent failure of the other one, a complete eyebolt was submitted for assessment. Microscopic examination indicated a medium carbon-manganese steel had been used for the lower screwed portion of the eyebolt. Failure may have been due to brittle fracture or to fatigue, both of which could have been initiated at cracks in the hardened material in the region of the weld securing the screwed portion to the intermediate collar and which may have formed at the time of manufacture. Out-of-squareness of the thread with the collar, as was seen in the example submitted, gave rise to bending stresses when the bolt was tightened down, and this could have been a further factor which promoted failure. It was suggested that the design and construction could be improved by either making the component in one piece or, if it was desired, to adapt a standard eyebolt.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129162751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fatigue Fracture of Individual Steel Wires in a Hoisting Rope 提升绳中单根钢丝的疲劳断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048031
{"title":"Fatigue Fracture of Individual Steel Wires in a Hoisting Rope","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The 16 mm diam 6 x 37 fiber-core improved plow steel wire rope on a scrapyard crane failed after two weeks of service under normal loading conditions. This type of rope was made of 0.71 to 0.75% carbon steel wires and a tensile strength of 1696 to 1917 MPa. The rope broke when it was attached to a chain for pulling jammed scrap from the baler. The rope was heavily abraded and several of the individual wires were broken. a uniform cold-drawn microstructure, with patches of untempered martensite in regions of severe abrasion and crown wear was revealed by metallographic examination. As a result of abrasion, a hard layer of martensite was formed on the wire. The wire was made susceptible to fatigue cracking, while bending around the sheave, by this brittle surface layer. The carbon content and tensile strength of the wire was found lower than specifications. As a corrective measure, this wire rope was substituted by the more abrasion resistant 6 x 19 rope.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120956260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fatigue Failure of End Link from Grab Chain 抓斗链端杆疲劳失效研究
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001463
{"title":"Fatigue Failure of End Link from Grab Chain","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001463","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The link which failed was a special long one connecting a grab chain to a swivel. It was made from En 14A steel and in continuous use for two years. On one of the fracture faces the chisel edge weld preparation was clearly visible and the crack progression markings present indicated failure was due to fatigue. Macro-etched cross sections showed a lack of penetration and fusion in the weld. Fatigue cracks developed and slowly progressed through the weld metal. Fracture occurred when the remaining area of sound metal was insufficient to support the load. Lack of penetration of this magnitude could be revealed by radiography or ultrasonics but it would be difficult to detect the presence of cracks in course of development from the defects. It would be more prudent to ensure that welded links of this type were free from internal cavities before being put into service.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125469100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fracture of a 4615 Steel Chain Link Because of a Weld Defect 4615钢链因焊接缺陷而断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048048
{"title":"Fracture of a 4615 Steel Chain Link Because of a Weld Defect","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048048","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A resistance-welded chain link made from 16 mm diam 4615 steel failed while lowering a 9070 kg load of billets into a rail car after being in service for 13 months. Beach marks, typical of fatigue were found to have originated at the inside of the link which broke at the weld. Cracks in the weld zone (up to 1.2 mm deep) were revealed during metallographic examination of a section through the fracture surface. The cracks were filled with scale which indicated that they had formed during resistance welding of the link. The defect was thus attributed to the weld defects which initiated the fatigue failure by acting as stress raisers. The welding method was changed by the manufacturer and all chains were replaced with defect free chains.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126849671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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