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Brittle Fracture of Alloy Steel Chain Links Because of Excessive Hardness 硬度过高引起的合金钢链环脆性断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048052
{"title":"Brittle Fracture of Alloy Steel Chain Links Because of Excessive Hardness","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048052","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Several thousands of new 16 mm diam alloy steel sling chains used for handling billets failed by chain-link fractures. No failures were found to have occurred before delivery of the new chains. It was observed that the links had broken at the weld. It was found that all failures had occurred in links having hardness values in the range of 375 to 444 HRB. It was revealed by the supplier that the previous hardness level of 302 to 375 HRB was increased to minimize wear which made the links were made notch sensitive and resulted in fractures that initiated at the butt-weld flash on the inside surfaces of the links. A further reduction in ductility was believed to have been caused by lower temperatures during winter months. Thus, the failure was concluded to have been caused in a brittle manner caused by the notch sensitivity of the high hardness material at lower temperatures. The chains were retempered to a hardness of 302 to 375 HRB as a corrective measure and subsequently ordered chains had this hardness as a requirement.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125296751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure of Shaft from an Electic Goods Lift 电动货物升降机轴的故障
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001467
{"title":"Failure of Shaft from an Electic Goods Lift","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001467","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A shaft which carried the diverter sheave wheel of an electric goods lift failed, resulting in the cage failing to the bottom of the well. Failure had taken place at a reduction in diam at which no filet radius existed. Metallurgical examination did not disclose any abnormal features. The material was a mild steel in the normalized condition. The appearance of the fracture indicated failure was due to bending stresses. The absence of any fillet radius at the reduction in diam provided a region of stress concentration from which fatigue cracks developed.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"244 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116244726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fatigue Fracture of a 1040 Steel Coil Hook 1040钢卷钩的疲劳断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048064
{"title":"Fatigue Fracture of a 1040 Steel Coil Hook","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048064","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A 10,890-kg coil hook torch cut from 1040 steel plate failed while lifting a load of 13,600 kg after eight years of service. The normal ironing (wear) marks were exhibited by the inner surface of the hook. It was revealed by visual examination that cracking had originated at the inside radius of the hook. Beach marks (typical of fatigue fracture) were found extending over approximately 20% of the fracture surface. Numerous cracks were revealed by macroscopic examination of the torch-cut surfaces. It was revealed by macrograph of an etched specimen that the cracks had initiated in a hardened martensitic zone at the torch-cut surface and had extended up to the coarse pearlite structure beneath the martensitic zone. The fatigue fracture was concluded to have initiated in the brittle martensitic surface while failure was contributed by the 25% overload. As a corrective measure, the coil hooks were flame cut from ASTM A242 fine-grain steel plate, ground to remove the material damaged by flame cutting and stress relieved at 620 deg C.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122916279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fatigue Fracture of a 1020 Steel Crane Hook 1020钢吊钩疲劳断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048060
{"title":"Fatigue Fracture of a 1020 Steel Crane Hook","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048060","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The crane hook (rated for 13000 kg) failed in the threaded shank while lifting a load of 9072 kg. The metal in the hook was revealed by chemical analysis to be killed 1020 steel. It was disclosed by visual examination that the fracture had at the last thread on the shank and rough machining and chatter marks were evident on the threads. Beach marks that emanated from the thread-root locations on opposite sides of the fracture surface identified these locations to be the origins of the fracture. A medium-coarse slightly acicular structure was revealed by metallographic examination which indicated that the material was in the as-forged condition (which meant lower fatigue strength). The fracture was concluded to have occurred due to stress concentration in the root of the last thread. Normalizing of the crane hook after forging was suggested as a corrective measure. A stress-relief groove with a diam slightly smaller than the root diam was placed at the end of the thread and a large-radius fillet was machined at the change in diameter of the shank.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128753852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Fatigue Cracking of Welded Tubular Posts in a Carrier Vehicle Because of the Presence of Inclusions That Acted as Stress Raisers 由于夹杂物的存在而引起的运输车辆管状焊接桩的疲劳开裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0089766
{"title":"Fatigue Cracking of Welded Tubular Posts in a Carrier Vehicle Because of the Presence of Inclusions That Acted as Stress Raisers","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0089766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0089766","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Two tubular AISI 1025 steel posts (improved design) in a carrier vehicle failed by cracking at the radius of the flange after five weeks of service. The posts were two of four that supported the chassis of the vehicle high above the wheels. The original design involved a flat flange of low-carbon low-alloy steel that was welded to an AISI 1025 steel tube, and the improved design included placing the welded joint of the flange farther away from the flange fillet. Investigation (visual inspection and chemical analysis) supported the conclusion that the failures in the flanges of improved design were attributed to fatigue cracks initiating at the aluminum oxide inclusions in the flange fillet. Recommendations included retaining the improved design of the flange with the weld approximately 50 mm (2 in.) from the fillet, but changing the metal to a forging of AISI 4140 steel, oil quenched and tempered to a hardness of 241 to 285 HRB. Preheating to 370 deg C (700 deg F) before and during welding with AISI 4130 steel wire was specified. It was also recommended that the weld be subjected to magnetic-particle inspection and then stress relieved at 595 deg C (1100 deg F), followed by final machining.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123894548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure of a Cast Conveyor Chain Link 铸造输送机链环故障
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0047432
{"title":"Failure of a Cast Conveyor Chain Link","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0047432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0047432","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The conveyor chain link failed by fracturing through a fabrication weld after some time in service. The link was made of cast low-alloy steel heat treated to a hardness of 285 HRB. The fabrication weld was made using E7018 electrodes. The fracture surfaces were almost entirely covered with beach marks, indicating fatigue cracking. The beach marks emanated from a 6.4 mm (1/4 in.) wide band of unusual appearance running across the center of the fracture. Saw cuts were made perpendicular to both of the fracture surfaces and across the unusual-looking bands. The cut surfaces were ground and etched with ammonium persulfate solution revealing that complete penetration had not been achieved at the weld root. The band observed in the fracture was apparently part of the unfused weld-preparation surface at the root of the weld. This failure was caused by fatigue that initiated at an incomplete penetration defect at the root of the fabrication weld. As a result of this failure, steps were taken to ensure that good welding practice (back-gouging) would be followed in the future fabrication of these links.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"438 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134541495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Galvanized Cable Damaged by Localized Heating 局部加热损坏镀锌电缆
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001246
E. Waldl
{"title":"Galvanized Cable Damaged by Localized Heating","authors":"E. Waldl","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001246","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Two sections of a galvanized cable 10.5 A 160 GR +NORM M 9533 (round stranded cable of normal type, h + 6, Langslay, right-handed) were examined. One had a 100 mm long blackish-brown tarnished zone obviously caused by localized heating at one end, inside which the hemp core was missing, and the other corresponded to the original condition of the cable. The cause of the damage was unknown. About a third of the wires had fractured and the rest had been cut. All were tensile fractures with a relatively high degree of necking. The cause of the localized heating was unknown. It can only be concluded from the investigation that the temperature did not exceed the Ac3 point of the wire material, which should be about 750 deg C, and that the heating lasted a fairly long time.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130235825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bending-Fatigue Failure of a Steel Wire Hoisting Rope for a Stacker Crane 堆垛机钢丝绳的弯曲疲劳失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048020
{"title":"Bending-Fatigue Failure of a Steel Wire Hoisting Rope for a Stacker Crane","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A 13 mm diam 18 x 7 fiber-core improved plow steel nonrotating wire rope, brought into service as a replacement for 6 x 37 improved plow steel ropes, failed after 14 months of service on a stacker crane. The change was reported to have been caused by difficulties twisting of the 6 x 37 rope. The hoist arrangement for this crane was found to consist of one rope with each end attached to a separate drum and the rope was wound around two 30-cm diam sheaves in the block and back up around an equalizer sheave. The rope section that had been in contact with the sheaves was deduced by measurement checks. The presence of broken wire ends, which indicated that the rope failed by fatigue, was revealed by reverse bending of the section of the rope which was normally subjected to this flexing. It was found that minimum sheave diam for a 13-mm 18 x 7 wire rope was 43 cm and hence the currently used smaller sheaves caused excessive bending stresses in the rope. The 18 x 7 rope was replaced by two 6 x 37 side-by-side counter-stranded steel-core ropes as a corrective measure.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123754274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Broken Eyebolt 破碎的吊环螺栓
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001263
Gisela Brunsmann, Ödön Szabó
{"title":"Broken Eyebolt","authors":"Gisela Brunsmann, Ödön Szabó","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001263","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 After several years' use, an eyebolt suffered brittle fracture in the first turn of the thread. The fracture started at the notch at the root of the thread. Neither localized material defect nor an old crack were present. The investigation showed that instead of the specified steel quality St 37-2 N, a steel with about 0.5% C had been used. The microstructure with the coarse ferrite network indicated that the forged eye bolt had been normalized either at too high a temperature or not at all. In any case the anneal at 900 deg C produced a considerably more finely grained structure. In addition, the nature of the fracture and the results of the notched bar impact tests showed that in spite of the high C-content, the eye bolt had become brittle as a result of aging.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127562655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Brittle Fracture of a Cast Austenitic Manganese Steel Chain Link 铸造奥氏体锰钢链环的脆性断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0089676
{"title":"Brittle Fracture of a Cast Austenitic Manganese Steel Chain Link","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0089676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0089676","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Chain link, a part of a mechanism for transferring hot or cold steel blooms into and out of a reheating furnace, broke after approximately four months of service. The link was cast from 2% Cr austenitic manganese steel and was subjected to repeated heating to temperatures of 455 to 595 deg C (850 to 1100 deg F). Examination included visual inspection, macrograph of a nital-etched specimen from an as-received chain link 1.85x, micrographs of a nital-etched specimen from an as-received chain link 100x/600x, normal microstructure of as-cast standard austenitic manganese steel 100x, micrograph of a nital-etched specimen that had been austenitized 20 min at 1095 deg C (2000 deg F) and air cooled 315x, and micrograph of the same specimen after annealing 68 h at 480 deg C (900 deg F) 1000x). Investigation supported the conclusions that the chain link failed in a brittle manner, because the austenitic manganese steel from which it was cast became embrittled after being reheated in the temperature range of 455 to 595 deg C (850 to 1100 deg F) for prolonged periods of time. The alloy was not suitable for this application, because of its metallurgical instability under service conditions.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133527479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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