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Fatigue Failures of Links from Grab Chains 抓斗链环的疲劳失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001462
{"title":"Fatigue Failures of Links from Grab Chains","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001462","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Failure occurred by fatigue cracking of links from chains which were used to replace the ropes on grabs of the multirope type. In the first example, the links were made from high tensile steel rod. The fracture in the side of the link was duplex in appearance one half of the surface being discolored, indicative of a preexisting crack of the fatigue type, whilst the remaining portion was brightly crystalline, resulting from brittle fracture at the time of the mishap. In the second example, the fracture took place at a similar location adjacent to one of the butt welds situated at the mid-length of the sides. Brinell hardness values confirmed that the link was made from the higher tensile grade of material. The cracks were due to fatigue, there being no indications that the weld was initially defective.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114401623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An Analysis of Six Fatigue Failures in Cranes 起重机六种疲劳失效分析
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001549
W. M. Williams, M. Firth
{"title":"An Analysis of Six Fatigue Failures in Cranes","authors":"W. M. Williams, M. Firth","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001549","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Crane collapse due to bolt fatigue and fatigue failure of a crane support column, crane tower, overhead yard crane, hoist rope, and overhead crane drive shaft are described. The first four examples relate to the structural integrity of cranes. However, equipment such as drive and hoist-train components are often subject to severe fatigue loading and are perhaps even more prone to fatigue failure. In all instances, the presence of fatigue cracks at least contributed to the failure. In most instances, fatigue was the sole cause. Further, in each case, with regular inspection, fatigue cracks probably would have been detected well before final failure.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117267563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure of a Steel Lifting Eye 钢吊眼失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0089338
{"title":"Failure of a Steel Lifting Eye","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0089338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0089338","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A steel lifting eye, manufactured from grade 1144 steel, failed during service. The eye ring fractured in two places, adjacent to the threaded shank and diametrically opposite to this region. Woody overload features, typical for resulfurized steels were revealed by SEM. The directionality of the features was found to be suggestive of shear overload. It was observed that fracture preferentially followed the nonmetallic inclusions. The fracture was revealed to be parallel to the direction of the manganese sulfide stringer inclusions. The presence of significant banding of the ferrite and pearlite microstructure was revealed by etching. It was also observed that the fracture is primarily along the inclusions and through bands of ferrite. It was concluded that the lifting eye failed as a result of overload. Fracture occurred parallel to the rolling direction, through manganese-sulfide stringers and ferrite bands in the base metal matrix. The material used for this application was very anisotropic, exhibiting substantially poorer long and short transverse mechanical properties than longitudinal properties.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123665240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure of Some Electrically Butt-Welded Mild-Steel Chains 部分电焊低碳钢链的失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001426
{"title":"Failure of Some Electrically Butt-Welded Mild-Steel Chains","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001426","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Following three similar failures of load chains on manually operated geared pulley-blocks of 1-ton capacity, a portion of one of the chains was obtained for examination. The chain was made of mild steel and the links had been electrically butt-welded at one side. In the case of the sample obtained, the failure in service had resulted from fracture of one of the links in the plane of the weld. Six of the other links in the vicinity showed cracks in the welds in various stages of development. Microscope examination showed a crack in an early stage of development and also from an apparently sound link, the prepared surfaces lying in the planes of the links. This examination revealed that the welds were initially defective. Discontinuities were present in both cases adjacent to the insides of the links, of a type indicative of either inadequate fusion or incomplete expulsion of oxide, etc., at the time of the upset, i.e. the pressing together of the ends of the links to complete the welding. It was evident from the examination that the service failures were due to the use of chain that was initially defective.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114966172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fracture of a Lifting Fork Arm 举叉臂骨折
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001196
G. Paul
{"title":"Fracture of a Lifting Fork Arm","authors":"G. Paul","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001196","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A forged alloy steel arm of a lifting fork with an approximate cross section of 150 x 240 mm (5.92 x 9.45 in.) fractured after only a short service life on a lift truck. The fracture surface had the appearance of a fracture originating from a surface crack. Analysis (visual inspection, 200x micrographs, chemical analysis, and metallographic examination) supported the conclusion that the primary cause of the failure was the brittleness (lack of impact toughness) of the steel. The coarse bainitic microstructure was inadequate for the service application. The microstructure resulted from either improper heat treatment or no heat treatment after the forging operation. The surface cracks in the lifting-fork arm acted as starter notches (stress raisers), assisting in the initiation of fracture. No recommendations were made.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132889314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure of an Overhead Crane Drive Shaft Due to Rotating-Bending Fatigue 桥式起重机传动轴旋转弯曲疲劳失效研究
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0091092
{"title":"Failure of an Overhead Crane Drive Shaft Due to Rotating-Bending Fatigue","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0091092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0091092","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A 60.3 mm (2.375 in.) diam drive shaft in the drive train of an overhead crane failed. The part submitted for examination was a principal drive shaft that fractured near a 90 deg fillet where the shaft had been machined down to 34.9 mm (1.375 in.) to serve as a wheel hub. A 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) wide x 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) deep keyway was machined into the entire length of the hub, ending approximately 1.6 mm (0.062 in.) away from the 90 deg fillet. A second shaft was also found to have cracked at a change in diameter, where it was machined down to serve as the motor drive hub. Investigation (visual inspection, inspection records review, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and fractography) supported the conclusion that the fracture mode for both shafts was low-cycle rotating-bending fatigue initiating and propagating by combined torsional and reverse bending stresses. Recommendations included replacing all drive shafts with new designs that eliminated the sharp 90 deg chamfers in favor of a more liberal chamfer, which would reduce the stress concentration in these areas.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127633545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Brittle Fracture of a 1020 Steel Stop-Block Guide on a Crane Runway 起重机跑道上1020钢挡块导轨脆性断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048091
{"title":"Brittle Fracture of a 1020 Steel Stop-Block Guide on a Crane Runway","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048091","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A section from a stop-block guide fell to the floor on a crane runway after it failed. A brittle crystalline-type break was disclosed by examination of the fracture surface. The point of initiation was in a hardened heat-affected layer that had developed during flame cutting and welding. The metal was identified to be 1020 steel. It was indicated by the coarse as-rolled structure (grain size of ASTM 00 to 4) of the base metal that the weldment (stop block and guide) had not been normalized. The brittle failure was evaluated to have been initiated at a metallurgical and mechanical notch produced by flame cutting and welding. As corrective measures, fully silicon-killed 1020 steel with a maximum grain size of ASTM 5 were used to make new stop-block weldments. The weldments were normalized at 900 deg C after flame cutting and welding to improve microstructure and impact strength. All flame-cut surfaces were ground to remove notches.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121464576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure of Steel Wire Rope Because of Overheating 钢丝绳因过热而失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048035
{"title":"Failure of Steel Wire Rope Because of Overheating","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0048035","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A 3.8-cm diam 6 x 37 rope of improved plow steel wire failed in service during dumping of a ladle of hot slag. A heavy blue oxide extending 0.6 to 0.9 m back from each side of the break was revealed on examination of the rope. Tensile fractures were shown by the broken ends of the rope. Recrystallization of the steel was revealed during microscopic examination of the wires adjacent to the break which indicated that the wires had been heated in excess of 700 deg C (1292 deg F). The tensile strength of the wires in the rope that broke was 896 MPa whereas the specification required it to be 1724 MPa. Thus, a 50% loss in tensile strength of the wires was caused by overheating which lead to failure of the rope. It was recommended that prolonged exposure of wire ropes to extreme conditions should be avoided.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129796454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Premature Failure of 200T Crane Hook From a Weld Deposit 200T起重机吊钩因焊缝沉积而过早失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001438
{"title":"Premature Failure of 200T Crane Hook From a Weld Deposit","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c9001438","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A crane hook of 200T rated capacity failed suddenly at an indicated load of 143T, while the crane was undergoing a load test. Fracture took place through the intrados of the hook at the region of maximum stress. The jib and other portions suffered subsequent damage following the sudden release of the load. Fracture was wholly of the brittle cleavage type except for a small crescent shaped lip at the top right-hand side. In this zone, fracture occurred at an angle of 45 deg to the general plane of fracture, indicative of failure in shear. Failure of the hook had taken place where a deposit of weld metal had been made, probably to eliminate a surface defect but apparently, without complete removal of the defect down to sound metal prior to welding. On many occasions it is preferable to blend out surface defects by local dressing. The effect of the resulting loss of strength is insignificant compared with the increased chance of failure associated with a weld repair.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131168439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fatigue Fracture of a Forged 4150 Steel Drive Axle in an Overhead Crane 桥式起重机4150钢锻造驱动桥的疲劳断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0046160
{"title":"Fatigue Fracture of a Forged 4150 Steel Drive Axle in an Overhead Crane","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0046160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.matlhand.c0046160","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A stepped drive axle (hardened and tempered resulfurized 4150 steel forging) used in a high-speed electric overhead crane (rated at 6800 kg, or 7 tons, and handling about 220 lifts/day with each lift averaging 3625 to 5440 kg, or 4 to 6 tons) broke after 15 months of service. Visual examination of the fracture surface revealed three fracture regions. The primary fracture occurred approximately 50 mm (2 in.) from the driven end of the large-diam keywayed section on the stepped axle and approximately 38 mm (1 in.) from one end of the keyway where the crane wheel was keyed to the axle. Macroscopic, microscopic, and chemical examination revealed composition that was basically within the normal range for 4150 steel. This evidence supports the conclusion that cracking initiated at a location approximately opposite the keyway, and final fracture was due to mixed ductile and brittle fracture. Axial shift of the crane wheel during operation, because of insufficient interference fit, was the major cause of fatigue cracking. Recommendations included redesigning the axle to increase the critical diameter from 140 to 150 mm (5.5 to 6 in.) and to add a narrow shoulder to keep the drive wheel from shifting during operation.","PeriodicalId":131762,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Material Handling Equipment","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132487591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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