IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics最新文献

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Editorial: Advances in Free-Space Laser Communications 社论:自由空间激光通信的进展
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Pub Date : 2026-03-09 DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3663054
Katia Shtyrkova;Farzana Khatri;Dimitar Kolev;Malcolm Wright
{"title":"Editorial: Advances in Free-Space Laser Communications","authors":"Katia Shtyrkova;Farzana Khatri;Dimitar Kolev;Malcolm Wright","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3663054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3663054","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 1: Advances in Free Space Laser Communications","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11425849","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147440617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Editorial Interview: Scaling Photonic Integration: The Shift From 2.5D to True 3D 编辑采访:缩放光子集成:从2.5D到真正3D的转变
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-14 DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3677516
Adam Carter
{"title":"Editorial Interview: Scaling Photonic Integration: The Shift From 2.5D to True 3D","authors":"Adam Carter","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3677516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3677516","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 2: 3-D Horizons in Photonics: Integrated Circuits","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11481188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147696666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ultraviolet Wavelength-Multiplexed Metalens for Simultaneous Wavelength and OAM Detection 同时波长和OAM检测的紫外波长复用超透镜
IF 4.5 2区 工程技术
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-28 DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3688034
Xing Ling;Yue Dai;Dan Yang;Qiqing Li;Chenxi Wang;Haizhong Zhang;Minmin Zhu
{"title":"Ultraviolet Wavelength-Multiplexed Metalens for Simultaneous Wavelength and OAM Detection","authors":"Xing Ling;Yue Dai;Dan Yang;Qiqing Li;Chenxi Wang;Haizhong Zhang;Minmin Zhu","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3688034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3688034","url":null,"abstract":"Vortex beams, also known as orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams, possess a helical wavefront phase and have attracted broad interest in optical communication, detection, manipulation and trapping. Reliable detection of OAM modes is essential for practical deployment. Beyond OAM, vortex beams encode information in additional dimensions, such as wavelength. However, conventional optical systems typically rely on bulky components and repeated measurements to extract such multidimensional information, hindering miniaturization and on-chip integration. Here we introduce an ultraviolet (UV) metasurface platform for multidimensional light-field detection. We design a wavelength-multiplexed multifocal metalens operating in the UV band and, on this basis, implement a wavelength-multiplexed vortex-beam sorter that exploits momentum conservation. Beams with different wavelengths and OAM states are mapped to distinct positions in the focal plane, enabling simultaneous sorting of wavelength and OAM. Furthermore, by projecting two OAM modes onto a single focal spot, we achieve single-spot detection of dual OAM modes, substantially increasing the detection capacity of the sorter. Our approach offers a compact and integrable solution for UV vortex-beam analysis, with potential applications in high-resolution imaging, high-capacity optical communication, biomedical sensing and quantum optics.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 3: Nanophotonics, Metamaterials and Plasmonics","pages":"4701109-4701109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148479559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Information for Authors IEEE量子电子信息专题杂志
IF 4.5 2区 工程技术
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-30 DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3682099
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3682099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3682099","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 2: 3-D Horizons in Photonics: Integrated Circuits","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11503084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148481720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Harnessing TiO2-Based Nanofilaments: A Pathway to Enhanced Optoelectronic Performance in Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Light Harvesters 利用二氧化钛纳米丝:提高染料敏化和钙钛矿光收割机光电性能的途径
IF 4.5 2区 工程技术
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-20 DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3715090
Zahraa Ismail;Tarek Aly Elmelegy;Hassan Nageh;Sameh Abdellatif
{"title":"Harnessing TiO2-Based Nanofilaments: A Pathway to Enhanced Optoelectronic Performance in Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Light Harvesters","authors":"Zahraa Ismail;Tarek Aly Elmelegy;Hassan Nageh;Sameh Abdellatif","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3715090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3715090","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the integration of TiO<sub>2</sub>-based nanofilaments into dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to enhance their optoelectronic performance. Despite the advancements in one-dimensional lepidocrocite TiO<sub>2</sub> nanofilaments, there remains a significant gap in understanding their optical scattering mechanisms and dual applicability in both types of solar cells. We synthesized TiO<sub>2</sub> nanofilaments and compared their performance to conventional P25 TiO<sub>2</sub> in terms of morphology, electrical, and optical properties. The results indicate that the DSSC utilizing nanofilaments achieved a short-circuit current density of 8.2 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.9%, compared to 7.1 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> and 5.1% for the bare P25 cell. Similarly, the PSCs exhibited a short-circuit current density increase from 16.0 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> to 19.7 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> and a PCE improvement from 11.3% to 13.4% when employing nanofilament TiO<sub>2</sub>. These enhancements are attributed to superior charge transport properties, increased surface area for dye adsorption, and enhanced forward optical scattering, which collectively improve light harvesting and charge collection efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 3: Nanophotonics, Metamaterials and Plasmonics","pages":"4000109-4000109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148626823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
3D-Printed Linear-Polarization Multiplexed Metasurface for Independent Terahertz Focusing and Orbital Angular Momentum Beam Generation 用于独立太赫兹聚焦和轨道角动量光束产生的3d打印线偏振复用超表面
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-20 DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3676207
Dexian Yan;Ziwen Wang;Xiangjun Li;Le Zhang;Jining Li
{"title":"3D-Printed Linear-Polarization Multiplexed Metasurface for Independent Terahertz Focusing and Orbital Angular Momentum Beam Generation","authors":"Dexian Yan;Ziwen Wang;Xiangjun Li;Le Zhang;Jining Li","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3676207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3676207","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and experimentally demonstrate a dual-linear-polarization multiplexed metasurface capable of independently generating point-focused and focused orbital angular momentum (OAM) terahertz beams at 140 GHz. The metasurface consists of polymer-based birefringent meta-atoms fabricated via high-resolution 3D printing, enabling full 0–2<inline-formula><tex-math>$pi$</tex-math></inline-formula> transmission phase control for both orthogonal polarizations through independent geometric parameter tuning. For y-polarized incidence, the device achieves a focal length of 82 mm with a high efficiency of 50.71%. For x-polarized incidence, it produces an focused OAM beam with a topological charge of <inline-formula><tex-math>$ell$</tex-math></inline-formula> = –2 and a focal length of 115 mm, maintaining an efficiency of 54.61%. The measured focal positions, beam profiles, and phase structures exhibit strong agreement with full-wave simulations, with only minor deviations attributed to fabrication and measurement constraints. Compared with previously reported designs, the proposed all-resin structure offers simplified fabrication, single-layer multifunctional implementation, and high phase-control accuracy. This work demonstrates a scalable and low-cost strategy for multifunctional terahertz beam shaping and multiplexing, with promising applications in terahertz imaging, communication, and sensing.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 3: Nanophotonics, Metamaterials and Plasmonics","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Directivity and Efficiency of the THz and FIR Smith-Purcell Radiation Phased Array Antenna Made of Graphene Nanotubes 石墨烯纳米管太赫兹和FIR Smith-Purcell辐射相控阵天线的指向性和效率
IF 4.5 2区 工程技术
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-07-27 DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3717216
Dariia O. Herasymova;Sergii V. Dukhopelnykov;Mario Lucido;Oleksandr I. Nosych
{"title":"Directivity and Efficiency of the THz and FIR Smith-Purcell Radiation Phased Array Antenna Made of Graphene Nanotubes","authors":"Dariia O. Herasymova;Sergii V. Dukhopelnykov;Mario Lucido;Oleksandr I. Nosych","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3717216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3717216","url":null,"abstract":"We consider radiation characteristics of a phased array meta-antenna composed of finite number of graphene nanotubes with low-permittivity dielectric cores, driven by a modulated beam of charged particles. Monolayer graphene’s properties are accounted for using the quantum Kubo formalism for its conductivity and resistive-sheet boundary conditions. By inverting analytically the single-tube part of the full problem, we cast it into a well-conditioned system of linear equations. This semi-analytical technique possesses guaranteed convergence and has high computational efficiency. Numerical results display the resonances on the plasmon modes of graphene tubes and the lattice modes of the grating near the Rayleigh Anomaly frequencies of similar infinite grating. We clarify the role of the number of nanotubes and their chemical potential. We show that the radiation efficiency is generally high, close to 100%, at all frequencies except the band around the frequency of the so-called invisibility effect, where the scattering has a deep minimum. The directivity is proportional to the number of grating elements and reaches maxima at the red side of the Rayleigh Anomalies.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 3: Nanophotonics, Metamaterials and Plasmonics","pages":"4600700-4600700"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149033731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ultralow Prediction Error in SPR-Based PCF Sensor Using Kolmogorov–Arnold and Artificial Neural Networks 基于Kolmogorov-Arnold和人工神经网络的spr型PCF传感器超低预测误差
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-03 DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3669493
Jatin Rana;Rupam Srivastava;Vinit Kumar;Sarika Pal;Yogendra Kumar Prajapati
{"title":"Ultralow Prediction Error in SPR-Based PCF Sensor Using Kolmogorov–Arnold and Artificial Neural Networks","authors":"Jatin Rana;Rupam Srivastava;Vinit Kumar;Sarika Pal;Yogendra Kumar Prajapati","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3669493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3669493","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the application of machine learning (ML) techniques such as Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KAN) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for predicting confinement loss (CL) in photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensors based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) concept. A thin gold (Au) coating is incorporated into the PCF structure to induce plasmonic effects. Confinement loss is analyzed through simulations performed in COMSOL Multiphysics for analytes with refractive indices in the range of 1.30–1.40. In this study, a novel KAN model is introduced alongside a conventional ANN to predict confinement loss with significantly improved precision. The results demonstrate that the KAN model achieves superior predictive performance, yielding a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.02193, compared to 0.04327 for the ANN and prior studies. Furthermore, the KAN model attains an outstanding coefficient of determination (<inline-formula><tex-math>$R^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> score) of 0.9996 and a remarkably low <inline-formula><tex-math>$R^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> score adjusted of 0.999, which indicate improved performance in ML-based PCF-SPR sensor design. This work thus provides an effective framework for developing high-performance PCF-SPR sensors using advanced ML algorithms, with promising applications in biosensing and chemical diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 3: Nanophotonics, Metamaterials and Plasmonics","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147557818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Uniform 2D Target Generation via Inverse-Designed Metasurfaces 通过反设计的元表面均匀二维目标生成
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-18 DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3675376
Yushi Zhou;Yun-Sheng Chen;Yang Zhao
{"title":"Uniform 2D Target Generation via Inverse-Designed Metasurfaces","authors":"Yushi Zhou;Yun-Sheng Chen;Yang Zhao","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3675376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3675376","url":null,"abstract":"We propose an inverse design framework for metasurfaces that achieves highly uniform two-dimensional intensity profiles across an on-demand shape. The optimization objective is formulated to enhance overall projection efficiency via the adjoint method, while a regularization term penalizes local deviations in field amplitude to suppress intensity non-uniformity. The regularization weight is adaptively tuned based on the current non-uniformity, enabling stable and efficient optimization. Compared with the widely used mean squared error (MSE) objective, our method yields superior performance in both intensity fidelity and uniformity. We also extend our framework to handle realistic Gaussian beam illumination by biasing the library. This framework utilizes the Finite Element Method (FEM) for surrogate modeling and full-wave Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulations for rigorous verification. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of our approach for generating high-quality, uniform field patterns.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 3: Nanophotonics, Metamaterials and Plasmonics","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147696189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Temperature Facilitated Multi-Resonance Reconfigurability in Terahertz Metasurface and Subsequent Development of Dual Channel Heat Sensor 温度促进了太赫兹超表面的多共振可重构性和双通道热传感器的后续发展
IF 4.5 2区 工程技术
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-25 DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3677467
Nityananda Acharyya;Yogitha S N;Abhishek Mishra;Amit Verma;Dhanvir Singh Rana;Dibakar Roy Chowdhury
{"title":"Temperature Facilitated Multi-Resonance Reconfigurability in Terahertz Metasurface and Subsequent Development of Dual Channel Heat Sensor","authors":"Nityananda Acharyya;Yogitha S N;Abhishek Mishra;Amit Verma;Dhanvir Singh Rana;Dibakar Roy Chowdhury","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3677467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2026.3677467","url":null,"abstract":"Resonance is probably the most fascinating phenomenon in science and technology, regardless of the subject involved. In case of metamaterials (artificially engineered structures) too, most of the enthralling applications are based on the resonances. Therefore, it is extremely important to influence the metasurface resonances to enhance the versatility of their applications. Hence, in this work, we simultaneously regulate multiple resonances (non-radiating toroidal and radiating dipole) in a near-field coupled terahertz metasurface fabricated on a VO2 platform by controlling the ambient temperature. By altering the temperature from 26 °C to 100 °C, we exploit the insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) characteristics of VO2, resulting in substantial variations in THz conductivity. Furthermore, the phase transition enables tunable control of the dipole and toroidal features, exhibiting amplitude modulations of 50% and 12%, respectively. In addition, the dipole mode undergoes a substantial redshift of 0.28 THz. Therefore, the temperature-dependent simultaneous tunability of resonance frequency and amplitude offers a viable approach for dual channel heat sensing that we have further explored. Such frequency and amplitude agile multi-resonant THz devices can facilitate advanced applications in active THz technologies and precise temperature sensing.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"32 3: Nanophotonics, Metamaterials and Plasmonics","pages":"4701010-4701010"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148480820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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