Michele Zenari;Matteo Buffolo;Fabiana Rampazzo;Carlo De Santi;Francesca Rossi;Laura Lazzarini;Jeroen Goyvaerts;Alexander Grabowski;Johan S. Gustavsson;Roel Baets;Anders Larsson;Günther Roelkens;Gaudenzio Meneghesso;Enrico Zanoni;Matteo Meneghini
{"title":"Impact of the Oxide Aperture Width on the Degradation of 845 Nm VCSELs for Silicon Photonics","authors":"Michele Zenari;Matteo Buffolo;Fabiana Rampazzo;Carlo De Santi;Francesca Rossi;Laura Lazzarini;Jeroen Goyvaerts;Alexander Grabowski;Johan S. Gustavsson;Roel Baets;Anders Larsson;Günther Roelkens;Gaudenzio Meneghesso;Enrico Zanoni;Matteo Meneghini","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3415674","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3415674","url":null,"abstract":"For the first time, we analyzed the degradation as a function of the oxide aperture in 845 nm VCSELs designed for silicon photonics (SiPh) applications. First, we evaluated the optical degradation of the devices by collecting EL images during a constant current stress. The experimental results showed an increased spreading of the optical beam of the VCSEL with increasing ageing time. Based on numerical simulations, we demonstrated that the electrical degradation (increase in series resistance) is responsible for a larger current spreading which, in turn, increases the FWHM (full width half maximum) of the optical beam. We further evaluated the series resistance variation by aging four lasers with different oxide apertures. The results of this set of experiments showed that the electrical degradation is stronger as the oxide aperture is smaller, and mostly depends on the contribution of the top DBR resistance. Thanks to our analysis we proved that the use of a larger aperture can result in a better device reliability.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"31 2: Pwr. and Effic. Scaling in Semiconductor Lasers","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10561476","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141948742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maksym Ivanov;Étienne Doiron;Marco Scaglia;Pedram Abdolghader;Gabriel Tempea;François Légaré;Carlos A. Trallero-Herrero;Giulio Vampa;Bruno E. Schmidt
{"title":"Advancing High-Power Hollow-Core Fiber Pulse Compression","authors":"Maksym Ivanov;Étienne Doiron;Marco Scaglia;Pedram Abdolghader;Gabriel Tempea;François Légaré;Carlos A. Trallero-Herrero;Giulio Vampa;Bruno E. Schmidt","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3415421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3415421","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrafast laser science witnesses a transformative change due to the introduction of robust, high repetition rate Yb based solid state lasers. We prove the ability of hollow-core fiber (HCF) post compression to keep pace with the constantly raising average powers and pulse energies provided by state-of-the-art lasers. Over a wide range of input parameters, HCFs can provide high transmissions in the 80%–90% range with greater than 10-fold compression. First, we describe a double stage HCF setup that compresses 80 W, 2 mJ, 338 fs pulses centered at 1030 nm down to sub-two optical cycles (6 fs FWHM) with 56 W output power. This 56-fold pulse compression is paired with an overall throughput of 70% and very good long term stability (1.5% StDev over 8 hours). Next, power scaling to 300 W with variable pulse energy and repetition rate (from 100 kHz, 3 mJ to 25 kHz, 12 mJ) is presented. We compressed 1.3 ps pulses of down to 100 fs in a single HCF at 300 W level. Finally, we reveal the potential of utilizing the ultrabroadband HCF output as a spectroscopy platform that can provide various, simultaneous outputs covering a wavelength range from 430 nm up to 12 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"30 6: Advances and Applications of Hollow-Core Fibers","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10559242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141602454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Low-Power, High-Performance Electro-Optic Modulator Based on MoS2-SiN Integrated Waveguide","authors":"Jiahao Sun;Jiatong Li;Zhenyuan Shang;Guoqing Wang;Rumin Cheng;Qianrui Huang;Ling Li;Yiwen Sun;Peiguang Yan;Junle Qu","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3414173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3414173","url":null,"abstract":"Two-dimensional layered materials and low-loss, high-quality on-chip functional devices formed by optical waveguides have received widespread attention in the field of integrated photonics. In this work, we demonstrate an electro-optic modulator based on Mach-Zehnder interference (MZI) for the first time, which is integrated with MoS2. The ionic liquid is directly cover the surface of the MoS2-SiN waveguide device to form a capacitor structure Due to the outstanding electro-refractive and electro-absorption properties of MoS2, the phase modulation efficiency obtained by adjusting the voltage on the long and short arms is 445 pm/V, the maximum phase change is 1.14π, the half-wave voltage length product VπL is 0.11 V·cm, and the maximum effective refractive index offset is 2.93 × 10\u0000<sup>−3</sup>\u0000 RIU. Notably, we can achieve a wavelength shift of 1780 nm and an electro-optic response bandwidth exceeding 8.5 GHz at voltage saturation. The proposed electro-optic modulator is expected to be applied to low-loss, high-performance large-scale photonic integrated systems.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"30 4: Adv. Mod. and Int. beyond Si and InP-based Plt.","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141729913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Hollow-Core Fiber Based Stand-Alone Multimodal (2-Photon, 3-Photon, SHG, THG) Nonlinear Flexible Imaging Endoscope System","authors":"Dylan Septier;Gaëlle Brévalle-Wasilewski;Eloïse Lefebvre;Naveen Gajendra Kumar;Yong Jian Wang;Attila Kaszas;Hervé Rigneault;Alexandre Kudlinski","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3411821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3411821","url":null,"abstract":"Multimodal nonlinear endoscopes have been a topic of intense research over the past two decades, enabling sub-cellular and label-free imaging in areas not reachable with table-top microscopes. They are sophisticated systems that can be implemented on an optical table in a lab environment, but they cannot be easily moved within or out of the lab. We present here a multimodal and flexible nonlinear endoscope system able to perform two-photon excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation imaging with a stand-alone and movable kart integrating a compact ultrashort laser source. In addition, the system can perform three-photon excited fluorescence and third harmonic generation imaging thanks to a delivery optical fiber that connects a large frame laser system to the stand-alone kart. The endoscopic fiber probes and delivery optical fibers are based on functionalized negative curvature hollow core fibers. The endoscope distal head has a diameter \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$< $</tex-math></inline-formula>\u00002.2 mm and can perform nonlinear imaging at max 10 frames/s over a field of view up to 600 μm with a \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$sim$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u00001 μm spatial resolution.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"30 6: Advances and Applications of Hollow-Core Fibers","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141439475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Polarization Sensitive Multi-Hollow-Core Antiresonant Fiber","authors":"Guillaume Raynal;Charu Goel;Seongwoo Yoo;Wonkeun Chang","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3394851","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3394851","url":null,"abstract":"The recent expansion of interest to use hollow-core fibers for telecommunications, nonlinear studies, and beam delivery calls for fiber-based components for all-fiberized integration. Of particular interest is the development of an inline multicore polarization beam splitter. To this end, multicore fiber designs have been investigated, but mostly in simulation studies. Reports on experimental results are scarce and their performances have been limited. In this work, we present a design and fabrication of a polarization-dependent triple hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (PD-THC-ARF). Numerical simulations predict that the fiber design allows for polarization beam splitting with a polarization extinction ratio (PER) greater than 20 dB. Experimentally, the fabricated PD-THC-ARF achieves polarization beam splitting with a PER greater than 7.8 dB. This is the first experimental demonstration of polarization beam splitting in an antiresonant hollow-core fiber. The PER can be improved by refining fabrication to achieve better uniformity of the capillary glass wall thickness. Furthermore, the fabricated fiber can serve as a polarization filter, a polarization-dependent coupler, or a spectral comb filter, with PER of up to 23 dB. The results of this study encourage the development of various hollow multicore antiresonant fiber components, such as beam combiners, mode converters, and multicore fiber amplifiers.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"30 6: Advances and Applications of Hollow-Core Fibers","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140828441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yi Feng;Lin Du;Yuan He;Tiantian Zhou;Ruiting Zhou;Dongyang Liu;Ning Li;Lili Miao;Chujun Zhao
{"title":"Broadband Nonlinear Optical Modulator Enabled by Transition Metal Pentatelluride Nanosheets Towards Mid-Infrared Regime","authors":"Yi Feng;Lin Du;Yuan He;Tiantian Zhou;Ruiting Zhou;Dongyang Liu;Ning Li;Lili Miao;Chujun Zhao","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3394220","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3394220","url":null,"abstract":"The broadband nonlinear optical modulators (NLOMs) are highly required for the versatile optoelectronic applications, especially towards the mid-infrared (mid-IR) regime. Transition metal pentatelluride (TMP), the typical Dirac semimetal, has attracted great attention due to its unique broadband physicochemical properties, which make it an ideal candidate for optoelectronic devices. Here, we prepared HfTe\u0000<sub>5</sub>\u0000 and ZrTe\u0000<sub>5</sub>\u0000 nanosheets by liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) method and experimentally demonstrated their ultra-broadband nonlinear optical modulation performance covering wavelengths from 2.8∼10 μm. In addition, the NLOMs based on HfTe\u0000<sub>5</sub>\u0000 and ZrTe\u0000<sub>5</sub>\u0000 nanosheets have been introduced into the mid-IR Er\u0000<sup>3+</sup>\u0000-doped fluoride fiber lasers (EDFFL) to deliver the Q-switched pulses with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 43.4 and 38.3 dB, and pulse duration of 479 ns and 571 ns, respectively. The results show that the TMP nanosheets exhibit broadband nonlinear optical response, which are ideal candidates for stable, broadband mid-IR NLOMs.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"30 4: Adv. Mod. and Int. beyond Si and InP-based Plt.","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140801609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Low Noise W-Band Photonic Oscillator","authors":"Anatoliy Savchenkov;Dmitry Strekalov;Vladimir Ilchenko;Michael Toennies;Ninoslav Majurec;Razi Ahmed;Andrey Matsko","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3393852","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3393852","url":null,"abstract":"Photonic oscillators are capable of generating spectrally pure radio, microwave and millimeter wave signals by optical means. The oscillators take advantage of a long lifetime optical energy storage element, such as optical delay line or a cavity, to produce the signals. We here show that using a Kerr comb generated in a magnesium fluoride whispering gallery mode resonator with quality factor exceeding a billion one can generate W-band microwave frequency signals with phase noise approaching −120 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz frequency offset. The observation paves the way towards realization of the miniature microwave photonic frequency generators and synthesizers at higher carrier frequencies.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"30 5: Microresonator Frequency Comb Technologies","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140801669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alessandro Trenti;Costin Luchian;Francesco Poletti;Radan Slavík;Periklis Petropoulos;Obada Alia;George T. Kanellos;Hannes Hübel
{"title":"High Fidelity Distribution of Telecom Polarization Entangled Photons through a 7.7 Km Antiresonant Hollow-Core Fiber","authors":"Alessandro Trenti;Costin Luchian;Francesco Poletti;Radan Slavík;Periklis Petropoulos;Obada Alia;George T. Kanellos;Hannes Hübel","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3392416","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3392416","url":null,"abstract":"Antiresonant hollow-core fibers are a novel type of optical fiber with unparalleled characteristics, unattainable with solid-core fibers. In particular, antiresonant hollow-core fibers are characterized by vacuum-like propagation speed, suppressed dispersion and nonlinear optical effects and, recently, even ultra-low propagation loss. In recent years, the development of a type of antiresonant hollow-core fiber, called Nested Antiresonant Nodeless Fiber (NANF) has seen tremendous improvements, and applications in both classical and quantum communications have been suggested. While encouraging results over meter long distances have been shown, the distribution of polarized entangled photons over inner-city distances through antiresonant hollow-core fibers has not been demonstrated yet. This could be a game changer for the development of quantum networks, which leverage entanglement for the distribution of secret keys, and more in the long term, in a quantum internet scenario. In this work, an experimental investigation of entanglement distribution through a NANF with an overall length of 7.72 km is presented. Remarkably, substantial reduction of latency (about 13 μs) and suppressed chromatic dispersion (about one order of magnitude) of the studied NANF compared to a telecom single-mode fiber (Corning's SMF28) of equal length are measured for different bandwidths of the distributed entangled photons. Moreover, by encoding entanglement in polarization, high fidelity (>95%) distribution of narrow-bandwidth entangled photons is demonstrated. This result paves the way to the exploitation of NANF as a superior transmitting medium for quantum technology applications relying on the distribution of entanglement encoded in polarization over inner-city distances.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"30 6: Advances and Applications of Hollow-Core Fibers","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140635791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amr O. Ghoname;Ahmed E. Hassanien;Lynford L. Goddard;Songbin Gong
{"title":"Compact Lithium Niobate Michelson Interferometer Modulators Based on Spiral Waveguides","authors":"Amr O. Ghoname;Ahmed E. Hassanien;Lynford L. Goddard;Songbin Gong","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3391693","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3391693","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate ultra-compact and highly efficient electro-optic Michelson interferometer modulators on thin film lithium niobate based on spiral-shaped waveguides. The modulator utilizes the in-plane isotropy of the Z-cut lithium niobate refractive index to achieve space-efficient spiral waveguides that are modulated using bottom and top electrodes. Monolithic optical rib waveguides are achieved using dry etching of lithium niobate with bottom and top cladding layers made of silicon dioxide and SU-8 polymer, respectively. The proposed modulator requires a total area of 175 × 175 μm\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000 to accommodate a 9-mm long waveguide, owing to the optimized design of the spiral inner radius and the gap between adjacent turns. The vertical distance between electrodes is engineered to achieve a half-wave-voltage-length product (\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>${{V}_{pi}}L$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) less than 2.02 V.cm with low optical propagation loss of 1.3 dB/cm. The 3-dB electro-optic bandwidth of the fabricated modulators varied between 4.2 GHz and 17.8 GHz for total spiral lengths of 9 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively. The compact modulator architecture fulfills the pressing demand for high-density photonic integrated circuits in modern data centers and telecommunication networks.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"30 4: Adv. Mod. and Int. beyond Si and InP-based Plt.","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10505770","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140627565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial Integrated Optoelectronics for VR/AR/MR","authors":"Dewen Cheng;Yongtian Wang;Daping Chu;Hong Hua;Jae-Hyeung Park;Shin-Tson Wu","doi":"10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3383910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2024.3383910","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR/MR) devices provide a platform of basic infrastructure for the next-generation human-computer interfaces. Integrated Optoelectronics for VR/AR/MR technologies plays an essential role in improving the performance and reducing the size/volume/ weight/power consumption for VR/AR/MR systems, and it has become a hot research topic in recent years. Advancing this multi-disciplinary research topic requires scientific understanding and technological innovation across a broad range of interdisciplinary fields including optics, electronics, computing, materials, and ergonomics.","PeriodicalId":13094,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","volume":"30 2: Integrated Optoelectronics for VR/AR/MR","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10505921","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140621194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}