Comparative Federalism and Covid-19最新文献

{"title":"Brazil and the Fight Against Covid-19","authors":"G. M. Rodrigues, Vanessa Elias de Oliveira, Marcelo Labanca Corrêa de Araújo, S. Ferrari","doi":"10.4324/9781003166771-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003166771-17","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the dual nature of Brazilian federalism and the strengthening of subnational autonomy, as evidenced during the Covid-19 pandemic. On one hand, the crisis highlighted the importance of the federal government in the institutional arrangement of Brazilian federalism, which is highly centralised;on the other, it has provided greater scope for action by state governments, whose political power has gradually diminished over the 30 years since the 1988 Constitution came into being. Municipalities have also played a stronger role based on their local interest. To analyse those aspects, the chapter presents the constitutional design of the Brazilian federation and the public policies in health and disaster management to contain the pandemic, demonstrating that the intergovernmental relations generated by the very nature of federalism were indispensable in enabling Brazil to address the pandemic and so prevent worse outcomes in terms of public health. Additionally, the expanded autonomy of states and municipalities during the pandemic, due to a Supreme Court decision, was fundamental to the struggle against the denialism of the President Jair Bolsonaro, who neglected his federal responsibilities. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Nico Steytler.","PeriodicalId":130880,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Federalism and Covid-19","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126081829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Federalism under Pressure","authors":"N. Steytler","doi":"10.4324/9781003166771-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003166771-28","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter poses three questions: first, how did the federal systems under review respond to the pandemic - what were the modalities of the response and their effect on centralisation or decentralisation processes? Secondly, how well (or badly) did the federal systems fare in combating the pandemic? Were the systems robust enough to cope with the challenge? Thirdly, will the manner in which the systems responded - the changes brought about to federal dynamics - have a lasting impact? The 19 case studies show that most federal systems became more centralised in response to the pandemic, but not uniformly or continuously so. Intergovernmental relations were often inadequate or non-existent. The increased dependence of subnational governments on federal transfers also had a centralising effect. Some federations were resilient enough to deal effectively with the pandemic, but in many other failures occurred in their federal system, leading to poor outcomes. Finally, Covid-19 might be a catalyst in some countries for greater decentralisation, particularly in the field of fiscal federalism. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Nico Steytler.","PeriodicalId":130880,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Federalism and Covid-19","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133117417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decentralisation and Covid-19","authors":"Mikel Erkoreka, Mireia Grau Creus, Mario Kölling","doi":"10.4324/9781003166771-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003166771-4","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyses how the Spanish governance system and territorial model responded to the stress test generated by the Covid-19 pandemic. The abrupt irruption of the health crisis took the Spanish political and institutional system into a crisis mode. The initial reactions were based on ‘institutionally automatic-pilot reactions’: a hierarchical response that centralised all powers in a single decision-making unit by declaring the state of alarm. Under the state of alarm, the central government assumed some powers of the autonomous communities (ACs). However, the growing political contestation and the logistical inefficiencies derived from recentralising brought about a change of perspective. From May 2020, the ACs gradually recovered their health powers and were given a voice within the pandemic’s decision-making processes. The Covid-19 crisis has unveiled that Spain’s decentralised political system, for years assumed to be fast and furiously running into a federal track, had actually a structural speed limit: an unfitted shared rule and a very-easy-to-dismantle self-rule. Although central government’s approach on the role of the ACs in state-wide decision-making processes changed during the crisis, whether this change, based on political attitudes and interests, can generate a stable institutional context is an issue to be dealt with in the future. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Nico Steytler.","PeriodicalId":130880,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Federalism and Covid-19","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114857960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing Covid-19 in a ‘Façade Federalism’","authors":"L. Abdulrauf","doi":"10.4324/9781003166771-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003166771-25","url":null,"abstract":"Managing Covid-19 has been a challenge for countries, such as Nigeria, with poor infrastructure and a weak health-care system. Nigeria was not prepared for a pandemic of this magnitude when Covid-19 struck. Deploying the necessary resources in controlling the spread of the pandemic therefore meant the federal arrangement would be put to test. Thus, the pandemic presented an opportunity to re-assess Nigeria’s federal governance system given the recent resurgence of the clamour for restructuring. While federalism was originally put in place in the country to bring together diverse ethno-religious interests, recent events now reveal that there are deeper issues which federalism ought to address and which are left unattended. This chapter aims at examining Nigeria’s multi-government level response to Covid-19. It finds that the practice of federalism in the country is dysfunctional and this is made more apparent by the handling of the pandemic which revealed more centralisation of powers and the diminishing role of federating units. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Nico Steytler.","PeriodicalId":130880,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Federalism and Covid-19","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117202415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing the Coronavirus Pandemic in a Centralised Federal System","authors":"José María Serna de la Garza","doi":"10.4324/9781003166771-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003166771-15","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the actions and decisions that federal, state, and municipal actors took during the Covid-19 pandemic within the applicable constitutional and legislative framework. It identifies what can be learnt about Mexico’s federal system by analysing the behaviour of the different levels of government. The argument made is that, in spite of a centralised federal system, states and municipalities played a significant role in combating Covid-19, thus reinvigorating that system. During the period from 18 March to 31 October 2020, it was possible to observe key federal issues play out in regard to the distribution of powers and responsibilities and intergovernmental relations. Although the federal government has broad legal powers in the fields of health and education, and in matters relating to the reopening of the economy, several governors, in spite of those powers, took the initiative to decide when to shut down their states’ economies and schools and adopted public health measures contrary to federal guidelines. The displeasure of states with the current fiscal arrangements also came to the surface, with calls for ʼnew federalism’ and a ʼnew fiscal pact’. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Nico Steytler.","PeriodicalId":130880,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Federalism and Covid-19","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129444323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grappling with the Pandemic","authors":"C. Saunders","doi":"10.4324/9781003166771-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003166771-27","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the use of intergovernmental relations in federal-type systems during the challenging conditions presented by the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, to enhance understanding of the theory and practice of intergovernmental relations more generally. To this end, it draws on accounts of this period in 19 federal-type systems, including the European Union. To assist understanding of the diversity of intergovernmental relations, this chapter begins by identifying aspects of the context of federal-type systems by which intergovernmental relations are shaped. Thereafter, this chapter explores the range of purposes for which intergovernmental relations were used in responding to Covid-19 and the modalities through which they took place. This chapter shows that all federal-type systems used intergovernmental relations to some degree, although there were significant differences in how they did so and in the outcomes achieved. A concluding section of this chapter points to a series of insights with wider application. Intergovernmental relations benefit from the contributions of all participating jurisdictions and are less effective if designed to be top-down. Uniformity is not necessarily the appropriate goal. It is essential for each level of government to be capable of effectively performing the role it has undertaken in an intergovernmental program. And finally, in this as in other intergovernmental contexts, the challenge of providing the transparency and accountability on which democracy depends remains a work in progress. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Nico Steytler.","PeriodicalId":130880,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Federalism and Covid-19","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129741542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Covid-19 Pandemic in the United Kingdom","authors":"Paul Anderson","doi":"10.4324/9781003166771-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003166771-10","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the response of the United Kingdom (UK) to the Covid-19 pandemic during the first wave of infections from January to October 2020. In Western Europe, the UK was one of the worst affected countries during the first wave of the pandemic, registering more than 46, 000 deaths by the end of October 2020. Taking into account the UK’s devolved constitutional framework, this chapter highlights the territorial dynamics in play during the first wave of the pandemic. It traces the evolution of the UK response, from a coordinated effort between all four governments in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland to curtail the spread of the virus at the beginning of the pandemic, to a disjointed approach in relation to lifting restrictions in early summer 2020. The findings demonstrate how the pandemic raised the profile of devolution more than any other event since the establishment of the devolved legislatures in the late 1990s. They point also to a limp federal spirit, particularly in the context of collaboration at both national and local levels, and consider the ramifications of the pandemic and perception of government responses for the future terrain of territorial politics in the UK. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Nico Steytler.","PeriodicalId":130880,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Federalism and Covid-19","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132807529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weak Institutions, Positive Results","authors":"B. Caravita, Simone Barbareschi, Francesco Severa, Sergio Spatola, Adriano Dirri","doi":"10.4324/9781003166771-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003166771-8","url":null,"abstract":"The pandemic has proved to be the main economic challenge and a critical juncture for the European Union (EU) since the end of the Second World War. At the same time, the pandemic has tested the European institutional architecture, unveiling unresolved issues of that framework. This chapter discusses the response of the EU during the pandemic, which shifted from initially insufficient action to a better coordination during the subsequent months of March/April and May 2020. Coordination was the main task of the European Commission, which eventually led to a concrete action of solidarity, through various measures for economic relief. Nonetheless, the pandemic shall be included within the context of a decade of crisis in the EU. Hence, the issues regarding the pandemic have underlined the old fractures of the EU - on one hand, the North-South divide between the member states, and on the other hand, the debate over a more supranational integration versus the intergovernmental method. This chapter underscores that the EU was not able to face such an emergency at the beginning and that the European Council decisions of July 2020 may renew European integration. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Nico Steytler.","PeriodicalId":130880,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Federalism and Covid-19","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127183616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facing the Coronavirus Pandemic in the Canadian Federation","authors":"J. Poirier, Jessica Michelin","doi":"10.4324/9781003166771-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003166771-14","url":null,"abstract":"English Abstract: Canada’s federal structure has undeniably impacted the management of the Covid-19 pandemic. Innumerable policy areas, implicating both federal and provincial/territorial actors, are engaged in a pandemic response. Despite a formally dualist constitutional structure, grey zones – where jurisdictions overlap – exist. Effective public health responses require actors to sort out “who does what” and coordinate their actions. This paper examines federal dynamics in the first six months of the Covid-19 pandemic, encompassing the initial outbreak in March 2020 and first wave, the summer months’ partial lull and the start of the second wave in the fall of 2020. Focusing primarily on health and public safety (including emergency power), it describes the constitutional and legislative frameworks shaping each order of government’s actions, as well as the existing institutional intergovernmental frameworks. The article surveys the response measures taken at the federal and provincial levels and analyzes intergovernmental relations during this initial period. It also examines what measures were not taken – notably the invocation of the federal emergency power. The federal narrative of Canada’s initial pandemic response is one of parallel action by various orders of government, in line with the dualist nature of the federation. Both the provinces and the center remain strong actors. Surprisingly, there have hardly been any jurisdictional turf battles. Still, initial convergences in public health measures have given way to greater variations as provinces re-opened in the summer of 2020. With infection rates and deaths differing radically across the country, relations between provinces have been strengthened and, in some cases, tested. Unlike some federations, which saw either centralisation (temporary or not) or the creation of new multilateral bodies often under federal leadership, intergovernmental relations have been real, particularly at the operational level, but muted. Consultations occurred via a number of both already established and more ad hoc intergovernmental channels, often with quiet and largely behind-the-scenes cooperation. New regional blocks have also emerged, to improve public health measures but also to maximize bargaining power and political pressure on the federal government. Generally, intergovernmental relations remain widespread, executive-led, and relatively effective. But opaque as ever. French Abstract: La structure fédérale du Canada a un impact indéniable sur la gestion de la pandémie de Covid-19. D’innombrables sphères de politiques publiques sont mobilisées dans la lutte contre la pandémie. Elles relèvent tant des autorités fédérales que des provinces et territoires. Malgré une structure constitutionnelle formellement dualiste, des zones grises, où les compétences se chevauchent, existent. Des réponses efficaces en termes de santé publique exigent que les acteurs clarifient « qui fait quoi » et coordonnent leurs ","PeriodicalId":130880,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Federalism and Covid-19","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121581914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"American Federalism and Covid-19","authors":"J. Kincaid, J. Leckrone","doi":"10.4324/9781003166771-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003166771-13","url":null,"abstract":"The United States has a dualist federal system where the states delegated limited power to the federal government. Public health is largely reserved to the states, although the federal government can regulate foreign and interstate travel and commerce, as well as provide financial and scientific assistance to the states. States’ governors and many local-government executives responded to the Covid-19 pandemic with different combinations of mitigation policies, including stay-at-home orders, masking requirements, self-quarantine, and variations on permitted business activity. The federal government limited foreign travel, provided public health recommendations, aided private companies in vaccine development, and provided unprecedented financial assistance to fight the pandemic and stimulate the economy. President Donald Trump did not have authority to mandate a national mitigation strategy. However, he did not use his informal powers to coordinate with governors to create a more unified approach to Covid-19. He, along with most Republican governors and members of Congress, focused more on economic recovery, while Democratic officials focused more on controlling the virus. This partisan polarisation, and Trump’s lack of intergovernmental leadership, rather than the federal structure itself, prevented the United States from having a stronger response to Covid-19. The pandemic response has not resulted in any significant changes in the federal structure. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Nico Steytler.","PeriodicalId":130880,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Federalism and Covid-19","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127023961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}