High altitude medicine & biology最新文献

{"title":"Post-Exercise Hypotension after Exercising in Hypoxia with and Without Tart Cherry Supplementation.","authors":"Masahiro Horiuchi, Samuel J Oliver","doi":"10.1089/ham.2024.0076","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ham.2024.0076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Horiuchi, Masahiro, and Samuel J. Oliver. Post-exercise hypotension after exercising in hypoxia with and without tart cherry supplementation. <i>High Alt Med Biol.</i> 26:63-69, 2025. <b><i>Background:</i></b> This study investigated the effects of hypoxic exercise with and without tart cherry (TC) supplementation on post-exercise hypotension (PEH). <b><i>Method:</i></b> In a randomized order, 12 healthy young adults (9 men and 3 women) completed cycle exercise to exhaustion (1) in normoxia without any supplementation (Norm), (2) in hypoxia (13% O₂) with placebo (Hypo), and (3) in hypoxia with TC supplementation (Hypo + TC). Supplements were supplied for 5 days pre-trial (TC was 200 mg anthocyanin per day for 4 days and 100 mg on day 5). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Cycle exercise total energy expenditure was greater in Norm than Hypo and Hypo + TC (<i>p</i> < 0.001) with no difference between Hypo and Hypo + TC (<i>p</i> = 0.41). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased during recovery in all trials (main effect of time, <i>p</i> < 0.001), with no difference in PEH between the trials (<i>p</i> > 0.05, change [Δ] in MAP from pre-exercise at 60 minutes recovery, mean difference, Norm Δ-4.4 mmHg, Hypo Δ-6.1 mmHg, and Hypo + TC Δ-5.2 mmHg). Cardiac baroreflex sensitivity decreased during recovery in all trials (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and was lower in Hypo than Norm and Hypo + TC (main effect of trial, <i>p</i> = 0.02). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> PEH was not increased after exercise in hypoxia, with or without TC supplementation, compared with exercise in normoxia.</p>","PeriodicalId":12975,"journal":{"name":"High altitude medicine & biology","volume":" ","pages":"63-69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142619109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergency Care for High-Altitude Trekking and Climbing.","authors":"Michiel J van Veelen, Rudolf Likar, Markus Tannheimer, Konrad E Bloch, Silvia Ulrich, Michael Philadelphy, Barbara Teuchner, Thomas Hochholzer, Jacqueline Pichler Hefti, Urs Hefti, Peter Paal, Martin Burtscher","doi":"10.1089/ham.2024.0065","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ham.2024.0065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>van Veelen, Michiel J., Rudolf Likar, Markus Tannheimer, Konrad E. Bloch, Silvia Ulrich, Michael Philadelphy, Barbara Teuchner, Thomas Hochholzer, Jacqueline Pichler Hefti, Urs Hefti, Peter Paal, and Martin Burtsche. Emergency Care for High-Altitude Trekking and Climbing. <i>High Alt Med Biol.</i> 26:70-86, 2025. <b><i>Introduction:</i></b> High altitude regions are characterized by harsh conditions (environmental, rough terrain, natural hazards, and limited hygiene and health care), which all may contribute to the risk of accidents/emergencies when trekking or climbing. Exposure to hypoxia, cold, wind, and solar radiation are typical features of the high altitude environment. Emergencies in these remote areas place high demands on the diagnostic and treatment skills of doctors and first-aiders. The aim of this review is to give insights on providing the best possible care for victims of emergencies at high altitude. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Authors provide clinical recommendations based on their real-world experience, complemented by appropriate recent studies and internationally reputable guidelines. <b><i>Results and Discussion:</i></b> This review covers most of the emergencies/health issues that can occur when trekking or during high altitude climbing, that is, high altitude illnesses and hypothermia, freezing cold injuries, accidents, for example, with severe injuries due to falling, cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses, abdominal, musculoskeletal, eye, dental, and skin issues. We give a summary of current recommendations for emergency care and pain relief in case of these various incidents.</p>","PeriodicalId":12975,"journal":{"name":"High altitude medicine & biology","volume":" ","pages":"70-86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141787867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood Glucose During High Altitude Trekking in Young Healthy Adults.","authors":"Ly-Anh Reid, Jordan L Rees, Miranda Kimber, Marina James, Graeme M Purdy, Megan Smorschok, Lauren E Maier, Normand G Boulé, Trevor A Day, Margie H Davenport, Craig D Steinback","doi":"10.1089/ham.2024.0070","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ham.2024.0070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reid, Ly-Anh, Jordan L. Rees, Miranda Kimber, Marina James, Graeme M. Purdy, Megan Smorschok, Lauren E. Maier, Normand G. Boulé, Trevor A. Day, Margie H. Davenport, and Craig D. Steinback. Blood glucose during high altitude trekking in young healthy adults. <i>High Alt Med Biol.</i> 26:30-36, 2025. <b><i>Introduction:</i></b> High altitude trekking is becoming more popular and accessible to an increased number of people. Simultaneously, there is a worldwide rise in the prevalence of metabolic diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a gradual trekking ascent to high altitude on continuous glucose monitoring outcomes including fasting, mean 24-hour, postprandial, and post-75 g modified oral glucose tolerance test. This study also investigated the relationship between physical activity intensity, high altitude, and glucose concentrations. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Individuals (<i>n</i> = 9) from Alberta, Canada participated in a 2-week trek in the Khumbu Valley in Nepal, ascending by foot from 2,860 m to 5,300 m (∼65 km) over 10 days. A standardized 75 g oral glucose load was given to participants at four different altitudes (1,130 m, 3,440 m, 3,820 m, 5,160 m). Physical activity (Actigraph accelerometry) and interstitial glucose (iPro2, Medtronic) were measured continuously during the trek. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Fasting and mean 24-hour glucose concentrations were not different between altitudes. However, 2-hour post dinner glucose and 2-hour post lunch glucose, AUC concentrations were different between altitudes. The relationship between physical activity intensity and glucose was not influenced by increasing altitudes. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Our findings suggest that glucose regulation is largely preserved at high altitude; however, inconsistency in our postprandial glucose concentrations at altitude warrants further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12975,"journal":{"name":"High altitude medicine & biology","volume":" ","pages":"30-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of High-Altitude Residential History on Optimal HbA1c Cutoff for Detecting Abnormal Glucose Metabolism.","authors":"Zengmei Sun, Suyuan Wang, Hua He, Chenghui Zhang, Mingxia Li, Yan Ye, Huiqin Zhang, Xuanyu Yao, Shuyao Sun, Yuanze Du, Yang Zhong, Yunhong Wu","doi":"10.1089/ham.2024.0030","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ham.2024.0030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zengmei, Sun, Suyuan Wang, Hua He, Chenghui Zhang, Mingxia Li, Yan Ye, Huiqin Zhang, Xuanyu Yao, Shuyao Sun, Yuanze Du, Yang Zhong, and Yunhong Wu. Influence of high-altitude residential history on optimal HbA1c cutoff for detecting abnormal glucose metabolism. <i>High Alt Med Biol.</i> 26:45-54, 2025. <b><i>Aims:</i></b> To explore the influence of recent high-altitude residential history on the optimal cutoff of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) for detecting abnormal glucose metabolism. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The study included 505 self-reported healthy Han participants of age 18-65 years, recruited in Chengdu and categorized based on recent (within 3 months) high-altitude (>2,500 m) residential history. The 1999 WHO criteria was used as the gold standard for defining prediabetes and diabetes. HbA1c test performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve, with the optimal cutoff determined by Maximum Youden index. Propensity score matching with 0.02 calipers and nearest neighbor method was used to balance confounding factors between groups. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of the participants, 238 (47.13%) were populations with recent high-altitude residential history (HA group), and 267 (52.87%) were low-altitude dwellers (LA group). The HA group had slightly higher HbA1c levels (<i>p</i> > 0.05) and higher erythrocyte and hemoglobin levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05), compared to the LA group. Weak correlations between prediabetes and HbA1c levels were observed in the HA group (<i>r</i>_s = 0.21, <i>p</i> < 0.05) and the LA group (<i>r</i>_s = 0.07, <i>p</i> = 0.25). The optimal cutoff for the detection of diabetes was 6.5% (area under the curve [AUC] 0.94) in the HA group and 5.9% (AUC 0.97) in the LA group, which remained unchanged after adjustment for confounders. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The optimal cutoff of HbA1c for the detection of diabetes in populations with recent history of living at high altitude was higher than that in general populations living at low altitude, and the diagnostic value of HbA1c for prediabetes was also inadequate.</p>","PeriodicalId":12975,"journal":{"name":"High altitude medicine & biology","volume":" ","pages":"45-54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142390126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Above the Clouds with Diabetes: From Pathophysiological Considerations to Practical Recommendations for Safe Flights.","authors":"Dimitra Vasdeki, Georgios Tsamos, Kleoniki I Athanasiadou, Vasiliki Michou, Evangelos Botsarakos, Michael Doumas, Kalliopi Kotsa, Theocharis Koufakis","doi":"10.1089/ham.2024.0057","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ham.2024.0057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vasdeki, Dimitra, Georgios Tsamos, Kleoniki I. Athanasiadou, Vasiliki Michou, Evangelos Botsarakos, Michael Doumas, Kalliopi Kotsa, and Theocharis Koufakis. Above the clouds with diabetes: from pathophysiological considerations to practical recommendations for safe flights. <i>High Alt Med Biol.</i> 26:87-98, 2025. <b><i>Background:</i></b> The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has been following an increasing trend in the last decades, leading to a growing number of travelers with diabetes seeking pretravel advice from medical professionals. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This narrative review summarizes the existing evidence on the intriguing association between diabetes and air travel, analyzes safety and certification protocols, and provides practical recommendations for the management of diabetes during flights. <b><i>Results:</i></b> During air travel, individuals with diabetes face challenges arising from inappropriate dietary options, restricted access to medications and healthcare services, disruption of medication dosing intervals, and exposure to hypobaric conditions in the airplane cabin. In addition, people with diabetes, especially those treated with insulin, have traditionally been considered ineligible to become professional pilots. However, this approach gradually changes and numerous countries are now implementing strict protocols to determine the eligibility of pilots with diabetes to operate flights. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Given the increasing use of technology and new drugs in daily clinical practice, there is a need for further research in the field to shed light on existing knowledge gaps and ensure safe flights for people with diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12975,"journal":{"name":"High altitude medicine & biology","volume":" ","pages":"87-98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141878592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiopathology of High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema.","authors":"Giuseppe Miserocchi","doi":"10.1089/ham.2024.0037","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ham.2024.0037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Miserocchi, Giuseppe. Physiopathology of high-altitude pulmonary edema. <i>High Alt Med Biol.</i> 26:1-12, 2025.-The air-blood barrier is well designed to accomplish the matching of gas diffusion with blood flow. This function is achieved by maintaining its thickness at ∼0.5 µm, a feature implying to keep extravascular lung water to the minimum. Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia, especially when associated with exercise, is a condition potentially leading to the development of the so-called high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). This article presents a view of the physiopathology of HAPE by merging available data in humans exposed to high altitude with data from animal experimental approaches. A model is also presented to characterize HAPE nonsusceptible versus susceptible individuals based on the efficiency of alveolar-capillary oxygen uptake and estimated morphology of the air-blood barrier.</p>","PeriodicalId":12975,"journal":{"name":"High altitude medicine & biology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142345584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Naltrexone on Sleep Quality and Periodic Breathing at High Altitude.","authors":"Katharine Foster, James D Anholm, Gary Foster, Suman Thapamagar, Prajan Subedi","doi":"10.1089/ham.2024.0023","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ham.2024.0023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Foster, Katharine, James D. Anholm, Gary Foster, Suman Thapamagar, and Prajan Subedi. Effects of naltrexone on sleep quality and periodic breathing at high altitude. <i>High Alt Med Biol.</i> 26:13-19, 2025. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> This study examined the effects of naltrexone on breathing and sleep at high altitude. Mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists have a depressive effect on respiration. Naltrexone is known to block the MOR. We hypothesized that MOR blockade with naltrexone would result in higher nocturnal oxygen saturations, fewer apneas, and improved sleep at high altitude. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study included nine healthy volunteers (four females, five males) aged 27.9 (4.6) (mean [standard deviation]) years. Two overnight trips spaced at least 2 weeks apart took participants from Loma Linda, CA (355 m) to the Barcroft Laboratory, CA (3,810 m) for each arm. Participants ingested either 50 mg naltrexone or matching placebo at bedtime. Sleep metrics were recorded using an ambulatory physiological sleep monitor (APSM). Subjective data were measured with the Groningen Sleep Quality Scale, Stanford Sleepiness Scale, and the 2018 Lake Louise Score (LLS) for acute mountain sickness (AMS). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Mean overnight SpO₂ was lower after taking naltrexone, 81% (6) versus 83% (4) (mean difference 1.9% [2.1, 95% confidence interval or CI = 0.1-3.6, <i>p</i> = 0.040]). The lowest overnight SpO₂ (nadir) was lower on naltrexone 70% (6) versus 74% (4) (dif. 4.6% [4.3], CI = 1.0-8.2, <i>p</i> = 0.020). Total sleep time and total apnea-hypopnea index were unchanged. Subjective sleep quality was significantly worse on naltrexone measured via the Groningen Sleep Quality Scale (<i>p</i> = 0.033) and Stanford Sleepiness Scale (<i>p</i> = 0.038). AMS measured via LLS was significantly worse while taking naltrexone (<i>p</i> = 0.025). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Contrary to our hypothesis, this study demonstrated a significant decrease in nocturnal oxygen saturation, worse sleep quality, and AMS scores. Further characterization of the MOR's effects on sleep and AMS is needed to evaluate potential exacerbating mechanisms for AMS and poor sleep quality at altitude.</p>","PeriodicalId":12975,"journal":{"name":"High altitude medicine & biology","volume":" ","pages":"13-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141534275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Nocturnal Hypoxemia on Cognitive Performance in Andean Highlanders.","authors":"Elizabeth V Young, Matea A Djokic, Erica C Heinrich, Traci Marin, Cecilia Anza-Ramirez, Jeremy E Orr, Dillon Gilbertson, Pamela N DeYoung, Gustavo Vizcardo-Galindo, Rómulo Figueroa-Mujica, Francisco C Villafuerte, Atul Malhotra, Tatum S Simonson","doi":"10.1089/ham.2024.0077","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ham.2024.0077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Many Andean highlanders exposed to chronic hypoxemia are susceptible to excessive erythrocytosis (EE) and chronic mountain sickness (CMS). Nocturnal hypoxemia is more marked than diurnal hypoxemia and includes sustained and intermittent components. The potential for cognitive impairments related to nocturnal hypoxemia in this population has not been extensively studied, but improved understanding may provide opportunities for the prevention of long-term effects of EE and CMS. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> To examine this relationship, 48 participants residing permanently at 4,340 m completed an overnight sleep study and a battery of cognitive function tests that examined a broad range of cognitive domains. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Greater nocturnal hypoxemia was associated with longer reaction times on Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and Emotion Recognition Test (ERT) (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Longer completion times of Trail Making Task were also associated with increased nocturnal hypoxemia (<i>p</i> = 0.03). Increased hematocrit was similarly associated with longer reaction times on the ERT (<i>p</i> = 0.01) and the BART (<i>p</i> = 0.01). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Overall, our results showed that increased nocturnal hypoxemia and higher hematocrit were associated with impairments in cognitive performance in individuals residing permanently at high altitude.</p>","PeriodicalId":12975,"journal":{"name":"High altitude medicine & biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142806879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recurrent Pulmonary Embolism at High Altitude in a Mountaineer with Hereditary Thrombophilia.","authors":"Robert K Szymczak, Magdalena Sawicka, Małgorzata Jelitto","doi":"10.1089/ham.2023.0110","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ham.2023.0110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Szymczak, Robert K., Magdalena Sawicka, and Małgorzata Jelitto. Recurrent pulmonary embolism at high altitude in a mountaineer with hereditary thrombophilia. <i>High Alt Med Biol.</i> 25:345-347, 2024.-It is speculated that high-altitude travel is an independent risk factor for thrombosis. Mountaineering-specific factors, such as hypoxia, cold, and immobilization, may interact with patient-specific risk factors and contribute to thrombus formation. We present the case of a mountaineer with hereditary thrombophilia who experienced recurrent pulmonary embolism during high-altitude expeditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12975,"journal":{"name":"High altitude medicine & biology","volume":" ","pages":"345-347"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141199630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential Interplay Between HIF-1α, Angiogenic, and Autophagic Signaling During Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure and Exercise.","authors":"Quint N Berkemeier, Michael R Deyhle, James J McCormick, Kurt A Escobar, Christine M Mermier","doi":"10.1089/ham.2023.0090","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ham.2023.0090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Berkemeier, Quint N., Michael R. Deyhle, James J. McCormick, Kurt A. Escobar, and Christine M. Mermier. The potential interplay between HIF-1α, angiogenic, and autophagic signaling during intermittent hypoxic exposure and exercise <i>High Alt Med Biol.</i> 25:326-336, 2024.-Environmental hypoxia as a result of decreased barometric pressure upon ascent to high altitudes (>2,500 m) presents increased physiological demands compared with low altitudes, or normoxic environments. Competitive athletes, mountaineers, wildland firefighters, military personnel, miners, and outdoor enthusiasts commonly participate in, or are exposed to, forms of exercise or physical labor at moderate to high altitudes. However, the majority of research on intermittent hypoxic exposure is centered around hematological markers, and the skeletal muscle cellular responses to exercise in hypoxic environments remain largely unknown. Two processes that may be integral for the maintenance of cellular health in skeletal muscle include angiogenesis, or the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vasculature and autophagy, a process that removes and recycles damaged and dysfunctional cellular material in the lysosome. The purpose of this review is to is to examine the current body of literature and highlight the potential interplay between low-oxygen-sensing pathways, angiogenesis, and autophagy during acute and prolonged intermittent hypoxic exposure in conjunction with exercise. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy of the Department of Army, DOD, DOE, ORAU/ORISE or U.S. Government.</p>","PeriodicalId":12975,"journal":{"name":"High altitude medicine & biology","volume":" ","pages":"326-336"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140848779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}