Gut Microbes最新文献

{"title":"Post sleeve gastrectomy-enriched gut commensal Clostridia promotes secondary bile acid increase and weight loss.","authors":"Shaoqian Zhao, Huibin Lin, Wen Li, Xiaoqiang Xu, Qihan Wu, Zhifeng Wang, Juan Shi, Yufei Chen, Lingxia Ye, Liuqing Xi, Lijia Chen, Mingyang Yuan, Junlei Su, Aibo Gao, Jiabin Jin, Xiayang Ying, Xiaolin Wang, Yaorui Ye, Yingkai Sun, Yifei Zhang, Xiaxing Deng, Baiyong Shen, Weiqiong Gu, Guang Ning, Weiqing Wang, Jie Hong, Jiqiu Wang, Ruixin Liu","doi":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2462261","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2462261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gut microbiome is altered after bariatric surgery and is associated with weight loss. However, the commensal bacteria involved and the underlying mechanism remain to be determined. We performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing in obese subjects before and longitudinally after sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and found a significant enrichment in microbial species in Clostridia and bile acid metabolizing genes after SG treatment. Bile acid profiling further revealed decreased primary bile acids (PBAs) and increased conjugated secondary bile acids (C-SBAs) after SG. Specifically, glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) and taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) were increased at different follow-ups after SG, and were associated with the increased abundance of Clostridia and body weight reduction. Fecal microbiome transplantation with post-SG feces increased SBA levels, and alleviated body weight gain in the recipient mice. Furthermore, both Clostridia-enriched spore-forming bacteria and GDCA supplementation increased the expression of genes responsible for lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in adipose tissue and reduced adiposity via Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) signaling. Our findings reveal post-SG gut microbiome and C-SBAs as contributory to SG-induced weight loss, in part via TGR5 signaling, and suggest SBA-producing gut microbes as a potential therapeutic target for obesity intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":12909,"journal":{"name":"Gut Microbes","volume":"17 1","pages":"2462261"},"PeriodicalIF":12.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11810084/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143364581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AhR Activation Transcriptionally Induces Anti-Microbial Peptide Alpha-Defensin 1 Leading to Reversal of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Colitis.","authors":"Manikandan Palrasu, Khadija Kakar, Amarnath Marudamuthu, Hamida Hamida, Shruthi Thada, Yin Zhong, Shanieka Staley, Philip Brandon Busbee, Jie Li, Monica Garcia-Buitrago, Mitzi Nagarkatti, Prakash Nagarkatti","doi":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2460538","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2460538","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alpha-defensin 1 is a small antimicrobial peptide that acts as the first line of defense against pathogens. It is induced following microbial cues and inflammatory signals in neutrophils and Paneth cells in the small intestine, which suggests that it plays a role in microbial homeostasis in the gut. The gut microbial products also serve as ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), an environmental sensor. In the current study, we investigated if there is any crosstalk between AhR and alpha-defensin 1. Interestingly, we found a positive correlation between AhR and alpha-defensin 1 protein levels in ileal tissues from active Crohn's' (CD) patients and epithelial cells (IECs) from multiple models of murine colitis. <i>In vitro</i> downregulation of AhR led to inhibition of α-defensin 1, while activation of AhR induced α-defensin 1 in IECs. AhR directly targeted the dioxin response element 3 (DRE3) region on the α-defensin 1 promoter in IECs. AhR-mediated induction of α-defensin 1 in colitis mice reversed the gut microbial dysbiosis and alleviated colitis. Our data identify a novel signaling pathway in which AhR acts as a transcription factor for α-defensin 1, leading to regulation of homeostasis between gut microbiota, intestinal mucosa, and mucosal immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12909,"journal":{"name":"Gut Microbes","volume":"17 1","pages":"2460538"},"PeriodicalIF":12.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11792800/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143079035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut microbiome shifts in adolescents after sleeve gastrectomy with increased oral-associated taxa and pro-inflammatory potential.","authors":"Cynthia O Akagbosu, Kathryn E McCauley, Sivaranjani Namasivayam, Hector N Romero-Soto, Wade O'Brien, Mickayla Bacorn, Eric Bohrnsen, Benjamin Schwarz, Shreni Mistry, Andrew S Burns, P Juliana Perez-Chaparro, Qing Chen, Phoebe LaPoint, Anal Patel, Lauren E Krausfeldt, Poorani Subramanian, Brian A Sellers, Foo Cheung, Richard Apps, Iyadh Douagi, Shira Levy, Evan P Nadler, Suchitra K Hourigan","doi":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2467833","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2467833","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bariatric surgery is highly effective in achieving weight loss in children and adolescents with severe obesity, however the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood, and gut microbiome changes are unknown. Here, we show that adolescents exhibit significant gut microbiome and metabolome shifts several months after laparoscopic vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), with increased alpha diversity and notably with enrichment of oral-associated taxa. To assess causality of the microbiome/metabolome changes in phenotype, pre-VSG and post-VSG stool was transplanted into germ-free mice. Post-VSG stool was not associated with any beneficial outcomes such as adiposity reduction compared pre-VSG stool. However, post-VSG stool exhibited a potentially inflammatory phenotype with increased intestinal Th17 and decreased regulatory T cells. Concomitantly, we found elevated fecal calprotectin and an enrichment of proinflammatory pathways in a subset of adolescents post-VSG. We show that in some adolescents, microbiome changes post-VSG may have inflammatory potential, which may be of importance considering the increased incidence of inflammatory bowel disease post-VSG.</p>","PeriodicalId":12909,"journal":{"name":"Gut Microbes","volume":"17 1","pages":"2467833"},"PeriodicalIF":12.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11845021/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143457594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The gut-skin axis: a bi-directional, microbiota-driven relationship with therapeutic potential.","authors":"Maira Jimenez-Sanchez, Larissa S Celiberto, Hyungjun Yang, Ho Pan Sham, Bruce A Vallance","doi":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2473524","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2473524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review explores the emerging term \"gut-skin axis\" (GSA), describing the bidirectional signaling that occurs between the skin and the gastrointestinal tract under both homeostatic and disease conditions. Central to GSA communication are the gut and skin microbiota, the microbial communities that colonize these barrier surfaces. By influencing diverse host pathways, including innate immune, vitamin D receptor, and Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, a balanced microbiota contributes to both tissue homeostasis and host defense. In contrast, microbiota imbalance, or dysbiosis at one site, can lead to local barrier dysfunction, resulting in the activation of signaling pathways that can disrupt tissue homeostasis at the other site, potentially leading to inflammatory skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, or gut diseases like Inflammatory Bowel Disease. To date, most research on the GSA has examined the impact of the gut microbiota and diet on skin health, but recent studies show that exposing the skin to ultraviolet B-light can beneficially modulate both the gut microbiome and intestinal health. Thus, despite the traditional focus of clinicians and researchers on these organ systems as distinct, the GSA offers new opportunities to better understand the pathogenesis of cutaneous and gastrointestinal diseases and promote health at both sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":12909,"journal":{"name":"Gut Microbes","volume":"17 1","pages":"2473524"},"PeriodicalIF":12.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11901370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143572727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal consumption of urbanized diet compromises early-life health in association with gut microbiota.","authors":"Rong Huang, Guicheng Zhou, Jie Cai, Cha Cao, Zhenjun Zhu, Qingping Wu, Fen Zhang, Yu Ding","doi":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2483783","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2483783","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urbanization has significantly transformed dietary habits worldwide, contributing to a globally increased burden of non-communicable diseases and altered gut microbiota landscape. However, it is often overlooked that the adverse effects of these dietary changes can be transmitted from the mother to offspring during early developmental stages, subsequently influencing the predisposition to various diseases later in life. This review aims to delineate the detrimental effects of maternal urban-lifestyle diet (urbanized diet) on early-life health and gut microbiota assembly, provide mechanistic insights on how urbanized diet mediates mother-to-offspring transfer of bioactive substances in both intrauterine and extrauterine and thus affects fetal and neonatal development. Moreover, we also further propose a framework for developing microbiome-targeted precision nutrition and diet strategies specifically for pregnant and lactating women. The establishment of such knowledge can help develop proactive preventive measures from the beginning of life, ultimately reducing the long-term risk of disease and improving public health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12909,"journal":{"name":"Gut Microbes","volume":"17 1","pages":"2483783"},"PeriodicalIF":12.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143772221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Best practices for developing microbiome-based disease diagnostic classifiers through machine learning.","authors":"Peikun Li, Min Li, Wei-Hua Chen","doi":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2489074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2025.2489074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human gut microbiome, crucial in various diseases, can be utilized to develop diagnostic models through machine learning (ML). The specific tools and parameters used in model construction such as data preprocessing, batch effect removal and modeling algorithms can impact model performance and generalizability. To establish an generally applicable workflow, we divided the ML process into three above-mentioned steps and optimized each sequentially using 83 gut microbiome cohorts across 20 diseases. We tested a total of 156 tool-parameter-algorithm combinations and benchmarked them according to internal- and external- AUCs. At the data preprocessing step, we identified four data preprocessing methods that performed well for regression-type algorithms and one method that excelled for non-regression-type algorithms. At the batch effect removal step, we identified the \"ComBat\" function from the <i>sva</i> R package as an effective batch effect removal method and compared the performance of various algorithms. Finally, at the ML algorithm selection step, we found that Ridge and Random Forest ranked the best. Our optimized work flow performed similarly comparing with previous exhaustive methods for disease-specific optimizations, thus is generally applicable and can provide a comprehensive guideline for constructing diagnostic models for a range of diseases, potentially serving as a powerful tool for future medical diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":12909,"journal":{"name":"Gut Microbes","volume":"17 1","pages":"2489074"},"PeriodicalIF":12.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indole derivatives ameliorated the methamphetamine-induced depression and anxiety via aryl hydrocarbon receptor along \"microbiota-brain\" axis.","authors":"Xi Wang, Miaoyang Hu, Weilan Wu, Xinyu Lou, Rong Gao, Tengfei Ma, S Thameem Dheen, Jie Cheng, Jianping Xiong, Xufeng Chen, Jun Wang","doi":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2470386","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2470386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In addition to the high neurotoxicity, depression, and anxiety are the most prominent characteristics of methamphetamine (Meth) withdrawal. Studies to date on the issue of Meth-associated depression and anxiety are focused on the brain, however, whether peripheral homeostasis, especially the \"microbiota-gut\" axis participates in these adverse outcomes, remains poorly understood. In the current study, with the fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) assay, the mice received microbiota from Meth withdrawal mice displayed marked depression and anxiety behaviors. The 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that Meth withdrawal contributed to a striking reduction of <i>Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Faecalibaculum, Desulfovibrio, and Anaerostipes</i>, which are known to be associated with tryptophan (TRP) metabolism. Noteworthily, the substantial decreases of the indole derivatives from the TRP metabolic pathway, including IAA, IPA, ILA, IET, IArA, IAld, and TRM were observed in the serum of both Meth abusing humans and mice during Meth withdrawal with the UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. Combining the high and low TRP diet mouse model, the mice with high TRP diet obviously impeded Meth-associated depression and anxiety behaviors, and these results were further strengthened by the evidence that administration of IPA, IAA, and indole dramatically ameliorated the Meth induced aberrant behaviors. Importantly, these protective effects were remarkably counteracted in aryl hydrocarbon receptor knockout (AhR KO) mice, underlining the key roles of microbiota-indoles-AhR signaling in Meth-associated depression and anxiety. Collectively, the important contribution of the present work is that we provide the first evidence that peripheral gut homeostasis disturbance but not limited to the brain, plays a key role in driving the Meth-induced depression and anxiety in the periods of withdrawal, especially the microbiota and the indole metabolic disturbance. Therefore, targeting AhR may provide novel insight into the therapeutic strategies for Meth-associated psychological disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":12909,"journal":{"name":"Gut Microbes","volume":"17 1","pages":"2470386"},"PeriodicalIF":12.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11864316/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143491811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-interleukin-23 treatment linked to improved <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection survival.","authors":"Gregory R Madden, Robert Preissner, Saskia Preissner, William A Petri","doi":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2480195","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2480195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Clostridioides difficile</i> is a leading cause of healthcare-associated infection, and an unacceptably high proportion of patients with <i>C. difficile</i> infection die despite conventional antibiotic treatment. Host-directed immunotherapy has been proposed as an ideal treatment modality for <i>C. difficile</i> infection to mitigate the underlying toxin-mediated pathogenic immune response while sparing protective gut microbes. Interleukin-23 monoclonal antibody inhibitors are used extensively to control pro-inflammatory Th17 immune pathways in psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease that are similarly important during <i>C. difficile</i> infection. We used a large retrospective electronic health record database to test the hypothesis that hospitalized patients with <i>C. difficile</i> infection who are on anti-IL-23 treatment will have improved survival compared to patients without anti-IL-23. A total of 9,301 anti-IL-23 patients had significantly lower probability of all-cause death within 30 d (0.54%) compared with 1:1 propensity-matched control patients (3.1%). IL-23 inhibition is a promising adjunct to <i>C. difficile</i> treatment, and further clinical trials repositioning anti-IL-23 monoclonal antibodies from psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease to <i>C. difficile</i> infection are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":12909,"journal":{"name":"Gut Microbes","volume":"17 1","pages":"2480195"},"PeriodicalIF":12.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11934156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> competition with <i>Bifidobacterium</i> strains impairs potentially pathogenic growth of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> on 2'-fucosyllactose.","authors":"Aruto Nakajima, Aleksandr A Arzamasov, Mikiyasu Sakanaka, Ryuta Murakami, Tomoya Kozakai, Keisuke Yoshida, Toshihiko Katoh, Miriam N Ojima, Junko Hirose, Saeko Nagao, Jin-Zhong Xiao, Toshitaka Odamaki, Dmitry A Rodionov, Takane Katayama","doi":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2478306","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2478306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fortifying infant formula with human milk oligosaccharides, such as 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), is a global trend. Previous studies have shown the inability of pathogenic gut microbes to utilize 2'-FL. However, the present study demonstrates that the type strain (JCM 1290^T) of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i>, a pathobiont species often more prevalent and abundant in the feces of C-section-delivered infants, exhibits potentially pathogenic growth on 2'-FL. The expression of genes for α-toxin, an activator of NLRP3 inflammasome, and ethanolamine ammonia-lyase, a factor responsible for the progression of gas gangrene, was significantly upregulated during 2'-FL assimilation compared to growth on lactose. However, colony-forming unit of <i>C. perfringens</i> JCM 1290^T markedly decreased when co-cultivated with selected strains of <i>Bifidobacterium</i>, a taxon frequently detected in the breastfed infant gut. Moreover, during co-cultivation, the expression of virulence-related genes, including the gene for perfringolysin O - another activator of NLRP3 inflammasome - were significantly downregulated, while the lactate oxidation genes were upregulated. This can occur through two different mechanisms: direct competition for 2'-FL between the two organisms, or cross-feeding of lactose, released from 2'-FL by <i>C. perfringens</i> JCM 1290^T, to <i>Bifidobacterium</i>. Attenuation of α-toxin production by the selected <i>Bifidobacterium</i> strains was observed to varying extents in 2'-FL-utilizing <i>C. perfringens</i> strains clinically isolated from healthy infants. Our results warrant detailed <i>in vivo</i> studies using animal models with dysbiotic microbiota dominated by various types of <i>C. perfringens</i> strains to further validate the safety of 2'-FL for clinical interventions, particularly on vulnerable preterm infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":12909,"journal":{"name":"Gut Microbes","volume":"17 1","pages":"2478306"},"PeriodicalIF":12.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11956901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143657014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Faecal metaproteomics analysis reveals a high cardiovascular risk profile across healthy individuals and heart failure patients.","authors":"Chaoran Yang, Leticia Camargo Tavares, Han-Chung Lee, Joel R Steele, Rosilene V Ribeiro, Anna L Beale, Stephanie Yiallourou, Melinda J Carrington, David M Kaye, Geoffrey A Head, Ralf B Schittenhelm, Francine Z Marques","doi":"10.1080/19490976.2024.2441356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2024.2441356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gut microbiota is a crucial link between diet and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Using fecal metaproteomics, a method that concurrently captures human gut and microbiome proteins, we determined the crosstalk between gut microbiome, diet, gut health, and CVD. Traditional CVD risk factors (age, BMI, sex, blood pressure) explained < 10% of the proteome variance. However, unsupervised human protein-based clustering analysis revealed two distinct CVD risk clusters (low-risk and high-risk) with different blood pressure (by 9 mmHg) and sex-dependent dietary potassium and fiber intake. In the human proteome, the low-risk group had lower angiotensin-converting enzymes, inflammatory proteins associated with neutrophil extracellular trap formation and auto-immune diseases. In the microbial proteome, the low-risk group had higher expression of phosphate acetyltransferase that produces SCFAs, particularly in fiber-fermenting bacteria. This model identified severity across phenotypes in heart failure patients and long-term risk of cardiovascular events in a large population-based cohort. These findings underscore multifactorial gut-to-host mechanisms that may underlie risk factors for CVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":12909,"journal":{"name":"Gut Microbes","volume":"17 1","pages":"2441356"},"PeriodicalIF":12.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142871925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}