Handbook of clinical neurology最新文献_第4页

CGRP monoclonal antibodies and CGRP receptor antagonists (Gepants) in migraine prevention. 预防偏头痛的 CGRP 单克隆抗体和 CGRP 受体拮抗剂（Gepants）。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823357-3.00024-0

Edoardo Caronna, Alicia Alpuente, Marta Torres-Ferrus, Patricia Pozo-Rosich

{"title":"CGRP monoclonal antibodies and CGRP receptor antagonists (Gepants) in migraine prevention.","authors":"Edoardo Caronna, Alicia Alpuente, Marta Torres-Ferrus, Patricia Pozo-Rosich","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-823357-3.00024-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/B978-0-12-823357-3.00024-0","url":null,"abstract":"Migraine is a prevalent and disabling neurological disease. Its preventive treatment for decades has been rather limited due to the absence of disease-specific therapies with limited efficacy and tolerability. The advances made in migraine research have led to the discovery of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its role in migraine pathophysiology. CGRP is a neuropeptide that acts as potent vasodilator and is involved in pain processing. Increased levels of plasma CGRP have been observed during migraine attacks as well as interictally when comparing patients with migraine and healthy controls. In the last years, two classes of drugs antagonizing CGRP have therefore been developed as the first migraine-specific preventive treatments: anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and gepants. Four mAbs have been approved: erenumab, galcanezumab, fremanezumab, and eptinezumab. Gepants are small molecules that antagonize the CGRP receptor; currently only rimegepant and atogepant have been approved for migraine prevention. These new drugs have demonstrated efficacy and safety in clinical trials for both episodic and chronic migraine, and results from their real-world experience are being increasingly reported in literature. In this review, we provide an overview of anti-CGRP drugs and their placement in migraine prevention.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"199 ","pages":"107-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139671579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Migraine in children and adolescents: Assessment and diagnosis. 儿童和青少年偏头痛：评估与诊断。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823357-3.00029-X

Ishaq Abu-Arafeh, Maria Morozova

{"title":"Migraine in children and adolescents: Assessment and diagnosis.","authors":"Ishaq Abu-Arafeh, Maria Morozova","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-823357-3.00029-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/B978-0-12-823357-3.00029-X","url":null,"abstract":"Migraine is a complex, multifactorial brain disorder, and its presentation, complications, and response to treatment often follow the biopsychosocial model. Therefore, assessment and management include the wider aspects of the child's life within the family, at school, with peers, and in relation to his/her neurologic and emotional development. The diagnosis of headache disorders in children relies heavily on taking a careful clinical history, carrying out an appropriate physical and neurologic examination and a skilled interpretation of the findings. This chapter discusses the peculiarities of migraine in children, the differences in presentation from that in adults, and the skills that are needed in assessing the children and adolescents with headache. There is also a brief review of the epidemiology of headache and migraine in children and adolescents and an introduction of the principles of a comprehensive clinical assessment of the impact of migraine on child's quality of life. Several important elements of the clinical history and the physical and neurologic examination will be illustrated to help in the early detection of red flags that may necessitate further assessment and/or investigations. At the end of the assessment, the clinicians will be able to employ the International Classification of headache Disorders and make the correct diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"199 ","pages":"475-485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139671641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Treatment in the emergency department. 急诊科治疗。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823357-3.00005-7

Yu-Hsiang Ling, Debashish Chowdhury, Shuu-Jiun Wang

引用次数: 0

Andersen-Tawil syndrome. 安德森-塔维尔综合征

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-90820-7.00001-X

Jill A Goslinga, Louis J PtáČek, Rabi Tawil, Alexander Fay

引用次数: 0

Paroxysmal movement disorders. 阵发性运动障碍

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-90820-7.00010-0

Francesca Magrinelli, Kailash P Bhatia

{"title":"Paroxysmal movement disorders.","authors":"Francesca Magrinelli, Kailash P Bhatia","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-323-90820-7.00010-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90820-7.00010-0","url":null,"abstract":"Paroxysmal movement disorders include two groups of intermittent neurologic disorders: paroxysmal dyskinesia, in which episodes of involuntary hyperkinetic movements (mainly chorea and/or dystonia) occur with preserved consciousness, and episodic ataxias, which are characterized by discrete attacks of cerebellar dysfunction, sometimes associated with progressive ataxia. Since episodic ataxias are individually discussed in Chapter 8 of this volume, we herein provide a deep overview of phenotypic, genetic, pathophysiologic, diagnostic, and treatment aspects of paroxysmal dyskinesia, following the trigger-based nomenclature which distinguishes paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia, and paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia. Emerging paroxysmal dyskinesia not fulfilling the criteria for the above-mentioned subtypes will also be discussed. Phenotypic and genotypic overlap among paroxysmal movement disorders, epilepsy, and migraine have progressively emerged, thus shedding light on a shared pathophysiologic framework. Advances in our understanding of the pathomechanisms underlying paroxysmal movement disorders, which involve dysfunctions of ion channels, proteins associated with the vesical synaptic cycle machinery, and proteins involved in neuronal energy metabolism, point toward a discrete number of converging pathophysiologic pathways and may lay foundations for developing target-specific therapies.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"203 ","pages":"145-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neuromyotonia. 神经肌张力障碍

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-90820-7.00014-8

Michael S Zandi

{"title":"Neuromyotonia.","authors":"Michael S Zandi","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-323-90820-7.00014-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90820-7.00014-8","url":null,"abstract":"Neuromyotonia is continuous peripheral nerve hyper-excitability manifesting in muscle twitching at rest (myokymia), inducible cramps and impaired muscle relaxation, and characterized by EMG findings of spontaneous single motor unit discharges (with doublet, triplet, or multiplet morphology). The disorder may be genetic, acquired, and often in the acquired cases autoimmune. This chapter focuses on autoimmune acquired causes. Autoimmune associations include mainly contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) antibody-associated disease (previously termed as VGKC or voltage-gated potassium channel antibody-associated neuromyotonia) (van Sonderen et al., 2016, p. 2), leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibody disease, the Guillain-Barré syndrome, NMDAR encephalitis (Varley et al., 2019), and IgLON5 (Gaig et al., 2021) disease. Nonimmune associations include radiation-induced plexopathy. An association with myasthenia gravis and other autoimmune disorders, response to plasma exchange (Newsom-Davis and Mills, 1993) and physiologically induced changes in mice injected with patient-derived immunoglobulins led to the discovery of autoantibodies to juxtaparanodal proteins complexed with potassium channels (Shillito et al., 1995). The target of the antibodies is most commonly the CASPR2 protein. The disorder may be paraneoplastic, and a search for and treatment of an underlying tumor is a necessary step. In cases in which there is evidence for an immune cause, then immune suppression, with an emerging role for B cell-depleting therapies, is associated with a good clinical outcome. In parallel, sodium channel blocking drugs remain effective symptomatic therapies.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"203 ","pages":"205-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for pediatric autoimmune neurologic disorders. 自体造血干细胞移植治疗小儿自身免疫性神经系统疾病。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-90242-7.00004-3

Kirill Kirgizov, Joachim Burman, John A Snowden, Raffaella Greco

{"title":"Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for pediatric autoimmune neurologic disorders.","authors":"Kirill Kirgizov, Joachim Burman, John A Snowden, Raffaella Greco","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-323-90242-7.00004-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90242-7.00004-3","url":null,"abstract":"Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) may be effective in carefully selected pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). aHSCT for pediatric MS (same as for adults) is performed to eradicate inflammatory autoreactive cells with lympho-ablative regimens and restore immune tolerance. Its therapeutic effect in MS relies on various mechanisms: (1) the immunosuppressive conditioning regimen prior to aHSCT was able to eradicate the autoreactive cells and (2) the regeneration/renewal of the immune system to reset the aberrant immune response against self-antigens. The aHSCT procedure includes the following different steps, as described in this chapter: patient selection through careful pretransplant screening, \"wash-out\" period from previous treatments, mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), conditioning regimen, HSC infusion, and posttransplant monitoring for early and late complications. Moreover, specific aspects of pediatric population undergoing aHSCT are described. According to the available evidence, aHSCT appears to be safe in pediatric MS, obtaining disease control for a prolonged time after the procedure. A reasonable approach in this setting includes the application of less toxic treatments while reserving aHSCT procedure for patients with severe/refractory forms of the disease. The EBMT considers MS, NMO, and CIDP in pediatric patients within the category of the clinical option (CO), where candidates for aHSCT can be selected on the basis of careful consideration of individual case history in the multidisciplinary setting.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"202 ","pages":"249-258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141901517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Can immune tolerance be reestablished? 造血干细胞移植治疗神经脊髓炎视网膜谱系障碍。免疫耐受可以重新建立吗？

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-90242-7.00009-2

Richard K Burt, Joachim Burman, Raffaella Greco, John W Rose

{"title":"Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Can immune tolerance be reestablished?","authors":"Richard K Burt, Joachim Burman, Raffaella Greco, John W Rose","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-323-90242-7.00009-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90242-7.00009-2","url":null,"abstract":"Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), which is also referred to as Devic's disease, was originally considered an aggressive subtype of multiple sclerosis (MS) presenting as optic neuritis and/or extensive transverse myelitis in which 50% of patients become blind or in a wheelchair within 5 years of onset. Subsequently, NMO was categorized as one of a spectrum of inflammatory and demyelinating autoimmune disorders that are distinct from multiple sclerosis and termed neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). NMOSD differs from multiple sclerosis by its clinical course, presentation, magnetic resonance imaging findings, clinical presentation, serum biomarker prognosis, and response to treatment. More recently, NMOSD has been subdivided according to auto-antibody status as aquaporin 4 (AQP4) seropositive NMO, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), and seronegative NMOSD. The only treatment to date that has resulted in treatment-free remissions, now lasting for more than 5-10 years with posttreatment disappearance of anti-AQP4 antibodies, is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) using either an allogeneic (matched sibling or unrelated) donor with a reduced toxicity conditioning regimen or an autologous stem cell source using a nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen of plasmapheresis (PLEX), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), rabbit antithymocyte (ATG), and rituximab (Rituxan®). Post-HSCT long-term resolution of disease activity and disappearance of AQP4 antibodies is consistent with HSCT-induced immune tolerance.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"202 ","pages":"169-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141901524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Immune cell reconstitution following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis. 多发性硬化症患者自体造血干细胞移植后的免疫细胞重建。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-90242-7.00003-1

Alice Mariottini, Maria Teresa Cencioni, Paolo Antonio Muraro

{"title":"Immune cell reconstitution following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis.","authors":"Alice Mariottini, Maria Teresa Cencioni, Paolo Antonio Muraro","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-323-90242-7.00003-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90242-7.00003-1","url":null,"abstract":"Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a multistep procedure aimed at eradicating the immune system and replacing it with a new one reconstituted from hematopoietic stem cells which in autologous HSCT (AHSCT) have previously been harvested from the same individual. Over the last two decades, AHSCT has been developed as a treatment option for people affected by aggressive multiple sclerosis (MS), and it exerts a long-standing effect on new inflammation-driven disease activity. The rationale for the use of AHSCT in MS will be discussed, starting from the first observations on experimental models. The mechanisms and kinetics of repopulation (i.e., quantitative recovery) and reconstitution (i.e., qualitative changes) of the immune cell populations will be explored, focusing on immune reconstitution of the T and B cells compartments and briefly covering changes in the innate immune system. Finally, potential immunologic markers of response to treatment will be reviewed. Insights into the supposed mechanism(s) of action of AHSCT will be provided, discussing the leading hypothesis of the \"rebuilding\" of a newly tolerant immune system, and examining the apparent paradox of the long-standing control of disease activity despite a relatively short-term immunosuppressive effect of the procedure.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"202 ","pages":"55-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141901527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

HSCT for systemic autoimmune diseases with neurologic involvement. 造血干细胞移植治疗神经系统受累的全身性自身免疫性疾病。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-90242-7.00014-6

Tobias Alexander, Renate Arnold

{"title":"HSCT for systemic autoimmune diseases with neurologic involvement.","authors":"Tobias Alexander, Renate Arnold","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-323-90242-7.00014-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90242-7.00014-6","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past 25 years, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been evolving as specific treatment for patients with severe and refractory systemic autoimmune diseases, where mechanistic studies have provided evidence for a profound immune renewal facilitating the observed beneficial responses. In addition to autoimmune neurologic diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or neuromyelitis optica (NMO), rheumatic diseases with central or peripheral nervous system involvement and insufficient response to conventional immunosuppressive or biologic therapies represent a growing indication for autologous HSCT. They most commonly include connective tissue diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), vasculitides, or rarer diseases from the autoinflammatory spectrum, such as Behçet's disease, where neurologic manifestations may represent the greatest disease burden. Neurologic manifestations may resemble those of MS, including myelitis optic neuropathy, stroke, or seizures. Outcomes of such manifestations are variable after autologous HSCT but most frequently improve or even resolve with the underlying disease, especially in SLE. This article will provide the current evidence and summarize the outcomes of HSCT for rheumatic autoimmune diseases with neurologic manifestations.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"202 ","pages":"259-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141901526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0