Fungal biology最新文献

{"title":"Revealing robust antioxidant defences of a mycoparasitic Trichoderma species","authors":"Pierson Siebe ,&nbsp;Fricker Mark ,&nbsp;Lichius Alexander ,&nbsp;Sandbichler Adolf Michael ,&nbsp;Zeilinger Susanne","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fungal genus <em>Trichoderma</em> contains a vast array of species well known for their high opportunistic potential and adaptability to various ecological niches. The ability of many <em>Trichoderma</em> species to both colonize the rhizosphere and parasitize plant pathogenic fungi has led to their use in biological pathogen control for several decades. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are linked to both the antagonism imposed by the mycoparasite <em>Trichoderma</em> and the elicited defence reaction by its fungal hosts during the mycoparasitic interaction. <em>Trichoderma</em> spp. likely tolerate higher levels of ROS compared with some of their host species, thereby giving them an advantage during the mycoparasitic interaction.</div><div>In the present study, we investigated glutathione redox dynamics using the fluorescent reporter Grx1-roGFP2 stably expressed in <em>Trichoderma asperellum</em> following electrotransformation. Grx1-roGFP2 undergoes reversible changes in its excitation spectrum in response to variations in the cellular glutathione redox potential, providing a real-time indication of intracellular oxidative load. Considering the putative importance of ROS in mycoparasitic interactions, we performed live-cell imaging of the <em>T. asperellum</em> reporter strain interacting with the cereal pathogen <em>Fusarium graminearum.</em> Surprisingly, the glutathione redox potential did not change during this mycoparasitic interaction. We found no evidence that host-induced tip growth arrest within <em>T. asperellum</em> hyphae is induced by intracellular ROS accumulation. Furthermore, we show that the <em>F. graminearum</em> mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone do not induce detectable changes in glutathione redox potential, even at very high concentrations. We infer that <em>T. asperellum</em> has a robust anti-oxidant defence system, supported by the observation that high concentrations of H₂O₂ are required to fully oxidize the reporter during <em>in vivo</em> calibration. We cannot rule out a role for ROS as a signal during mycoparasitic interactions, but, if present, this does not appear to be mediated by glutathione redox potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 3","pages":"Article 101549"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation of the entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella satumaensis","authors":"Yongli Feng ,&nbsp;Jiaojiao Qu ,&nbsp;Xiao Zou ,&nbsp;Wei Cao ,&nbsp;Yeming Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Hirsutella satumaensis</em>, an endoparasitic fungus that targets Lepidoptera insects, holds significant potential for biocontrol applications. However, its molecular study has been limited due to the absence of an efficient genetic transformation system. In this study, an optimized <em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em>-mediated transformation protocol was developed for <em>H. satumaensis</em> using binary vectors pBARGPE1-GFP and pK2-bar, which carry the green fluorescent protein (<em>eGFP</em>) and phosphinothricin resistance (<em>bar</em>) genes, respectively. The optimal transformation conditions included a conidial concentration of 10⁵ conidia/mL, an <em>A. tumefaciens</em> (strain AGL-1) concentration of OD₆₆₀ = 0.6, and a 3-day co-cultivation period with 200 μM acetosyringone, resulting in an average of 121 ± 5.07 transformants. Successful integration was confirmed by green fluorescence in the transformants. Furthermore, the ribotoxin gene <em>hirsutellin A</em> (<em>HtA</em>), specific to the genus <em>Hirsutella</em>, was successfully overexpressed using this system. Insect bioassays demonstrated that the gpdA promoter effectively drives <em>HtA</em> expression in <em>H. satumaensis</em>. The transformation system exhibited stable gene integration, strong fluorescence, and bioactivity. This study establishes the first genetic transformation protocol for <em>H. satumaensis</em>, providing a valuable tool for exploring insect-pathogen interactions and the functional roles of key genes in this entomopathogenic fungus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 2","pages":"Article 101548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143436588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional analysis of two genes coding for distinct cation diffusion facilitators of the cadmium-accumulating fungus Agaricus crocodilinus","authors":"Jan Sácký ,&nbsp;Veronika Liščáková ,&nbsp;Jan Šnábl ,&nbsp;Jaroslav Zelenka ,&nbsp;Jan Borovička ,&nbsp;Tereza Leonhardt ,&nbsp;Pavel Kotrba","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gilled mushroom <em>Agaricus crocodilinus</em> (<em>Agaricaceae</em>) analyzed in this study hyperaccumulated Cd and showed common Zn and very low Mn concentrations. To gain an insight into the handling of heavy metals in this saprotrophic species, its two genes of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) protein family were isolated, Ac<em>CDF1</em> and Ac<em>CDF2</em>, encoding the membrane transporters of the Zn-CDF and Mn-CDF subfamilies, respectively. When expressed in the model, metal-sensitive yeast, Ac<em>CDF1</em> conferred marked Zn tolerance and promoted the intracellular accumulation of Zn. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagging of AcCDF1 visualized the functional protein predominantly in the tonoplast, indicating that AcCDF1 can mediate the transport of Zn into vacuoles, which are used for deposition of excess Zn in most fungi. Ac<em>CDF2</em> conferred a high degree of Mn tolerance to model yeast, in which the transport-active AcCDF2:GFP fusion was localized to the plasma membrane, suggesting a role in Mn export and thus reduced Mn accumulation. Furthermore, the Ac<em>CDF2</em> gene appeared to be Mn-inducible in <em>A. crocodilinus</em>, suggesting an Mn efflux function of AcCDF2. Neither AcCDFs nor the mutant AcCDF1 variants constructed to mimic transmembrane tetrahedral Cd transport sites manifested appreciable Cd-related phenotypes in yeast models, and further efforts are needed to elucidate the mechanism underlying Cd hyperaccumulation in <em>A. crocodilinus</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 2","pages":"Article 101550"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metarhizium acridum exhibits a different conidial hydrophobicity than other insect-pathogenic fungi","authors":"Humberto R. Medina ,&nbsp;Drauzio E.N. Rangel","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Metarhizium acridum</em> is an insect-pathogenic fungus with a narrow host range that is used to control grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets. Its conidia show impressive resilience against UV-B radiation and heat compared to other insect pathogens. Despite this high tolerance, <em>M. acridum</em> is notably susceptible to various chemical stressors. The conidial surface is a monolayer formed by hydrophobins and the first barrier against stressors. However, little is known about the conidial surface properties of this fungus. This work aimed to evaluate the hydrophobic properties of the conidial surface in <em>M. acridum</em> ARSEF 324 and to compare them with those of other entomopathogen fungi. For this, drop profiles of water and diiodomethane on fungal cultures were analyzed, and the conidial hydrophobicity was estimated from a contact angle following the sessile drop method. The analysis of droplet profiles revealed distinct hydrophobic properties among the conidia of various insect-pathogenic fungi. The conidia of <em>Beauveria bassiana</em>, <em>M. acridum</em>, and <em>Metarhizium robertsii</em> exhibited high hydrophobicity, as indicated by water contact angles greater than 140°. In contrast, the conidia of <em>Tolypocladium inflatum</em> showed slightly lower hydrophobicity with a water contact angle below 130°. The behavior of diiodomethane further highlighted the variation in surface interactions, particularly for <em>M. acridum</em>, where the drop flattened instantly, indicating its low affinity for nonpolar compounds, which correlated with the extremely low tolerance of ARSEF 324 to chemicals. Overall, the study provides a deeper understanding of fungal surface properties, which could have implications for its tolerance to chemical stressors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 2","pages":"Article 101547"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host life stage susceptibility to the chytrid fungus in a Neotropical torrent frog","authors":"Julia R. Ernetti ,&nbsp;Joelma S. Prado ,&nbsp;Luís Felipe Toledo","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pathogen-host systems become complex when they involve life histories with multiple stages. Understanding these complexities is particularly important for investigating the infection dynamics of the amphibian pathogen <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>). Here, we investigate whether <em>Bd</em> infection susceptibility differs between host life stages and determine the influence of environmental factors on <em>Bd</em> infection rates across remnant populations of a Neotropical torrent frog. We found that <em>Bd</em> infection probability varies between tadpoles and adults in <em>Hylodes phyllodes</em>, with tadpoles exhibiting a higher likelihood of infection. Tadpoles are tolerant to <em>Bd</em>, acting as zoospore reservoirs, potentially aiding in the pathogen's persistence in the environment and infecting other susceptible hosts. Topographic complexity, species richness, the human footprint, precipitation seasonality and diurnal temperature variations influenced <em>Bd</em> infection rates. Conservation strategies should encompass both host life stages, monitoring from larvae to adults, while also evaluating threats synergistically, such as the human footprint, to effectively predict and mitigate the impact of <em>Bd</em> on susceptible populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 2","pages":"Article 101546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143282913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light enhances the production of conidia and influences their hydrophobicity in Tolypocladium inflatum","authors":"Humberto R. Medina ,&nbsp;Drauzio E.N. Rangel","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Insect fungal pathogens such as <em>Beauveria bassiana</em>, <em>Metarhizium robertsii</em>, and <em>Tolypocladium inflatum</em> have been used as insect biocontrol agents. Their infection mechanism involves non-specific adhesion to the host cuticle, which is controlled by hydrophobins, small proteins that form an amphipathic monolayer with rodlet morphology on diverse fungal structures. Light is an abiotic factor that may influence a wide range of cellular processes, including conidiogenesis, stress tolerance, and metabolite biosynthesis. Although its effects have been studied in many fungi, little is known about the effects of light on the hydrophobic properties of conidia. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of visible light on the conidial hydrophobicity of three entomopathogenic fungal species. For this, conidia of <em>B. bassiana</em>, <em>M. robertsii</em>, and <em>T. inflatum</em> were grown either under light or in the dark, drop profiles of water and diiodomethane on conidial surfaces were analyzed, and conidial hydrophobicity was estimated from contact angle measurements. Moreover, conidial production was determined, and their genome was screened with sequences for hydrophobins. Conidia of <em>B. bassiana</em> and <em>M. robertsii</em> are more hydrophobic than conidia of <em>T. inflatum</em>. The light modified the surface tension of <em>T. inflatum</em>; therefore, conidia of <em>T. inflatum</em> became hydrophilic. However, light did not affect the conidial hydrophobicity of <em>B. bassiana</em> and <em>M. robertsii</em>. In addition, light modified the conidial production of <em>B. bassiana</em> and <em>T. inflatum</em> cultures, but it had no effect on the conidial production of <em>M. robertsii</em>. The <em>T. inflatum</em> genome contains two predicted proteins whose sequence is akin to that of proven class II hydrophobins from other ascomycetes. Presumably, these proteins are responsible for the conidial hydrophobicity properties in this fungus. Our study helps elucidate how light affects the conidial hydrophobicity of entomopathogenic fungi.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 1","pages":"Article 101483"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141689178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the synergistic effects of soil nutrients, rhizosphere fungi, and endophytic fungi on the shaping of root metabolites in Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels","authors":"Mingbo Jing ,&nbsp;Jincheng Wang ,&nbsp;Gaosen Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaobin Ou ,&nbsp;Ning Wu ,&nbsp;Kaili Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.101533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.101533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The root of <em>Angelica sinensis</em> (Oliv.) Diels (Ang) is a bulk Chinese herbal medicine, and the microecological regulation is a sustainable means to enhance its quality. In this study, Angs at five bases (LZ, XZ, QS, PM, MZC) in Minxian County, Gansu Province were taken as the research objects. These bases locate in the typical spatial spans of the Ang authentic area, and are important planting bases. The Angs from production bases were systematically compared with respect to soil physicochemical properties, rhizosphere fungi, endophytic fungi, and metabolic profiles. Typically, LZ showed low levels of available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and soil enzyme activities, while QS had the highest AN, AP, AK, and cellulase activity. Although XZ exhibits moderate nutrient contents, its sucrase activity was highest. Based on microbiome sequencing, rhizosphere fungal communities responded these physicochemical differences, with XZ harboring more probiotics, including <em>Tetracladium</em>, <em>Itersonilia</em>, and <em>Vishniacozyma</em>, compared to LZ, which showed the lowest abundance of these microorganisms. Differential patterns were presented among their endophytic fungal communities. Through LC-MS detection, it was revealed that Angs in QS synthesized more short peptides, organic acids and phenylpropanoid ingredients. Upregulated metabolites with plant defense efficacy are mostly found in LZ's Angs. Whereas XZ's Angs had a moderate abundance of bioactive ingredients. Structural equation fitting further highlighted the synergistic effects of soil nutrients (AN, AP, AK) with key fungal genera (<em>Tetracladium</em>, <em>Itersonilia</em>, <em>Paecilomyces</em>, <em>Aspergillus</em>) and their potential shaping effects on amino acids, short peptides, organic acids, and phenylpropanoids such as L-phenylalanine, acetyl-L-tyrosine, Ile-His-Met-Thr, caffeic aldehyde, L-pipecolic acid, and 4-methoxycinnamic acid. This study further refined the potential action modes of these key microecological factors shaping the accumulation of main types of active ingredients. These results are expected to provide an important reference for the development of quality regulation strategies in Ang ecological cultivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 1","pages":"Article 101533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143004104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An agar medium-based method for screening somatic incompatibility in Agaricus bisporus","authors":"Karin Scholtmeijer ,&nbsp;Ben Auxier ,&nbsp;Alfons J.M. Debets ,&nbsp;Duur K. Aanen ,&nbsp;Johan J.P. Baars ,&nbsp;Arend F. van Peer","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.11.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To visualize the nonself recognition reaction in the cultivated mushroom <em>Agaricus bisporus,</em> we developed a method using the azo dye Evans blue. The use of Evans blue highlights dead mycelial sections, which are produced following nonself recognition in the interaction zone between two individuals. This method can differentiate between distinct heterokaryons, as well as between closely related heterokaryons constructed from siblings. As it is known that co-cultivation of mixed individuals leads to reduced yield, we compared small-scale cultivation experiments to the results of our laboratory assay. Co-cultivation of strains whose interaction produced noticeable Evans blue staining also produced low yield when mixed. However, a combination that did not produce noticeable Evans blue staining still produced an incompatible-like phenotype (reduced yield) when mixed under cultivation conditions. Together, these results suggest that while our Evans blue assay can discriminate between self and nonself pairings, it alone does not encompass all aspects of this interaction. However, this method can facilitate future research into the genetics and physiology of the incompatibility phenotype in this economically important fungus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 1","pages":"Article 101522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143004093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of putative APSES family transcription factor Swi6 in cell wall synthesis regulation in the agaricomycete Pleurotus ostreatus","authors":"Hayase Kojima ,&nbsp;Takaya Izumi ,&nbsp;Moriyuki Kawauchi ,&nbsp;Yuitsu Otsuka ,&nbsp;Kenya Tsuji ,&nbsp;Akira Yoshimi ,&nbsp;Chihiro Tanaka ,&nbsp;Shigekazu Yano ,&nbsp;Takehito Nakazawa ,&nbsp;Yoichi Honda","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.101526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.101526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clade A APSES family transcription factor Swi6 functions alongside Mbp1 to form the MBF (MluI cell cycle box-binding factor) complex in ascomycetes. In the agaricomycete <em>Pleurotus ostreatus</em>, Mbp1 plays a crucial role in regulating β-glucan and chitin synthesis; however, the role of Swi6 has not been explored in this fungus. In this study, its involvement in cell wall synthesis regulation was analysed using <em>swi6</em> disruption strains in <em>P. ostreatus</em>. The Δ<em>swi6</em> strains exhibited reduced growth rates and shorter aerial hyphae formation in both agar and liquid media, suggesting an essential role of Swi6 in normal vegetative growth. Furthermore, <em>swi6</em> disruption affected cell wall thickness distribution, the expression of specific chitin synthase genes, the relative percentage of chitin, and sensitivity to calcofluor white, suggesting that Swi6 is required for normal chitin synthesis regulation in <em>P. ostreatus</em>. In contrast, no significant differences were observed between the wild-type and Δ<em>swi6</em> strains in the relative percentage of α- and β-glucan and the expression of α- and β-glucan synthase genes, suggesting its unimportant role in α- and β-glucan synthesis regulation. In conclusion, Swi6 is necessary for normal mycelial growth and chitin synthesis regulation in <em>P. ostreatus</em>. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report on the functional differences and overlaps between Mbp1 and Swi6 in the regulation of cell wall synthesis in agaricomycetes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 1","pages":"Article 101526"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143004237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redefining the clade Spirale of the genus Trichoderma by re-analyses of marker sequences and the description of new species","authors":"Lucas Souza Sales ,&nbsp;Jackeline Pereira Andrade ,&nbsp;Lenon Lima Santana ,&nbsp;Tainá Delmondes Santos Conceição ,&nbsp;Djalma Santana Neto ,&nbsp;Jorge Teodoro De Souza ,&nbsp;Phellippe Arthur Santos Marbach","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.101529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.101529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During a survey of the genus <em>Trichoderma</em> in the Brazilian ecosystem Restinga, 22 strains related to <em>Trichoderma spirale</em> were found on the basis of identities of <em>tef1</em>, the molecular marker used to discriminate species of this genus. <em>Trichoderma spirale</em> was described in 1991 and since then four species related to it were described and later on added to the clade <em>Spirale</em>. Searches for <em>tef1</em> sequences assigned to <em>T. spirale</em> or related species in public databases recovered sequences with identities ranging from 93.5 to 100 % in comparison with the <em>tef1</em> sequences of the type of the species. It clearly shows that the species diversity in this clade is higher than anticipated. These sequences originated from strains obtained in different continents suggesting that <em>T. spirale</em> is a highly diverse worldwide-distributed species. We present results indicating that most of these <em>tef1</em> sequences represent 11 novel putative species in the <em>Spirale</em> clade delimited with a <em>tef1</em> alignment using the programme ASAP, which is able to distinguish closely related species. In this study, two species from the Restinga ecosystem are described as <em>Trichoderma gilbertogili</em> sp. nov. and <em>Trichoderma rubropilosum</em> sp. nov. based on a polyphasic approach. The potential of these newly described species as biological control agents of two plant pathogens was assessed based on <em>in vitro</em> antagonism assays. Besides the description of two novel species, the other taxonomic novelties we proposed are the invalidation (<em>nomina invalida</em>) of the names <em>T. inaequilaterale</em> and <em>T. supraverticillatum</em>, and the transfer of <em>T</em>. <em>hunanense</em> and <em>Trichoderma longisporum</em> to a new clade for which we propose the name <em>Hunanense</em>. This study significantly improved our comprehension of the diversity in the clade <em>Spirale</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":"129 1","pages":"Article 101529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143004233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}