Fungal biology最新文献

{"title":"Haplotype diversity and phylogeny within Alternaria alternata and A. arborescens species complexes from tomatoes","authors":"Lilija Dučkena ,&nbsp;Nabahat Bessadat ,&nbsp;Nelly Bataillé-Simoneau ,&nbsp;Bruno Hamon ,&nbsp;Mati Koppel ,&nbsp;Kaire Loit ,&nbsp;Neringa Rasiukevičiūtė ,&nbsp;Gunita Bimšteine ,&nbsp;Philippe Simoneau","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tomato (<em>Solanum lycopersicum</em> L.) is an economically important vegetable susceptible to various fungal diseases, including leaf spot caused by <em>Alternaria</em> spp. from the section <em>Alternaria</em>. In our study, a total of 72 tomato-associated <em>Alternaria</em> spp. strains from Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Algeria were analysed by integrating morphological data, pathogenicity assay, multi-locus phylogeny, and haplotype assignment. Recovered <em>Alternaria</em> spp. strains were characterized by considerable variation in phenotypic diversity, non-pathogenicity to their host of origin and absence of the AAL-toxin biosynthesis gene (<em>ALT1</em>). Multi-locus phylogeny of the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (<em>rpb2</em>), putative F-box-domain-containing protein (<em>ASA-10</em>), and putative histone-like transcription factor (<em>ASA-19</em>) confirmed the occurrence of both <em>A. alternata</em> and <em>A. arborescens</em> species complexes along with <em>A. longipes</em> and <em>A. postmessia</em> on symptomatic tomatoes. The discordant tree topology among single-gene phylogenies suggested the occurrence of potential recombination between phylogenetic lineages in the section <em>Alternaria</em>, resulting in putative alternata-arborescens and alternata-longipes hybrids. DNA polymorphism analysis of the <em>rpb2</em>, <em>ASA-10,</em> and <em>ASA-19</em> loci revealed a high level of genetic diversity in the section <em>Alternaria,</em> and the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes varied among loci and lineages studied. A total of 16 and 6 multi-locus haplotypes were assigned in alternata and arborescens lineages, respectively. Global genetic diversity analysis of <em>A. alternata</em> and <em>A. arborescens</em> strains at the <em>rpb2</em> locus confirmed that major haplotypes described from tomatoes were shared among other hosts of origin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyphasic approach to the selection of Esteya isolates for the control of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus","authors":"David Pires ,&nbsp;Cláudia S.L. Vicente ,&nbsp;Manuel Mota ,&nbsp;Maria L. Inácio","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pine wilt disease, caused by the pinewood nematode, <em>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</em>, is a major phytosanitary concern to pine forests worldwide. Managing pine wilt disease involves a complex logistical undertaking, with limited effectiveness and significant ecological repercussions. An increasing demand for biosolutions has sparked an interest in microbial antagonists capable of controlling the nematode. <em>Esteya</em> spp. are promising fungal biocontrol agents of the pinewood nematode. Here, we carry out an integrative characterization of <em>Esteya vermicola</em> and <em>Esteya floridanum</em> isolates, through biological, biochemical, and molecular methods, and provide insights into the selection of these isolates for the biological control of the pinewood nematode. Dual culture assays revealed that <em>Esteya</em> spp. can compete with ophiostomatoid fungi (<em>Leptographium terebrantis</em> and <em>Ophiostoma ips</em>) occurring in the pathosystem of pine wilt disease, an often-neglected ecological perspective that could hinder their success as biocontrol agents. Moreover, <em>E. vermicola</em> can metabolize more carbon sources than <em>E. floridanum</em>, which can have implications on their successful establishment in pine trees. Our experimental approach further shows that both <em>Esteya</em> spp. are equally competent in suppressing the pinewood nematode <em>in vitro</em>. Overall, our results suggest that a prophylactic application of <em>Esteya</em> in pine trees may be preferable for optimal bioprotective effects against the pinewood nematode and fungal pathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in population structure and zygosity between heteroecious and autoecious forms of Cronartium pini suggest selfing in the autoecious form","authors":"Ke Zhang,&nbsp;Berit Samils","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.09.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cronartium pini</em> causes Scots pine blister rust. This rust fungus has two different forms without differentiation in morphology and internal transcribed spacer: the heteroecious form has a macrocyclic life cycle and infects pine and an alternate host; the autoecious form only infects pine. Epidemics caused by these two forms impose severe risk on the pine forest in Sweden, therefore knowledge of their distribution and diversity is needed for strategic disease management. We designed microsatellite markers with improved resolution based on the <em>C. pini</em> genome, developed a multiplex amplification system, and analyzed the <em>C. pini</em> population diversity and structure in Sweden using 396 isolates. The heteroecious and autoecious populations showed clear differences in diversity, linkage disequilibrium, and structure. The heteroecious isolates had unique multilocus genotypes. Autoecious isolates shared the same genotypes more frequently, especially three autoecious multilocus genotypes that were commonly found over a in northern Sweden. The genetic distances among autoecious isolates are closer than those among the heteroecious isolates. The results confirmed that heteroecious <em>C. pini</em> populations were sexual and autoecious <em>C. pini</em> populations were clonal. We further discussed the hypothesis that autoecious <em>C. pini</em> originated from self-fertilization, and frequent self-fertilization and infrequent mutation generate homozygous but diverse genotypes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Four new Geosmithia species from bark beetles infesting indigenous South African trees","authors":"Janneke Aylward ,&nbsp;Seonju Marincowtiz ,&nbsp;Renier J. Basson ,&nbsp;William Rippon ,&nbsp;Michael J. Wingfield ,&nbsp;Francois Roets","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past two decades, numerous <em>Geosmithia</em> fungi have been isolated from the bodies and galleries of wood–boring beetles. However, this genus of asexual <em>Sordariomycetes</em> remains taxonomically and ecologically understudied, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. In South Africa, two prior surveys reported <em>Geosmithia</em> species from bark beetles, but neither thoroughly investigated species identities. In this study, we collected bark beetles from native trees in the Western Cape Province of South Africa and isolated, identified and described their associated <em>Geosmithia</em> species. <em>Geosmithia</em> spp. previously collected in South Africa were also re-examined. The ITS sequences of <em>Geosmithia</em> isolates from 13 beetle taxa infesting 10 host species were considered. Additional gene regions, <em>BT</em>, <em>EF1a</em> and <em>RPB2</em>, were sequenced for a subset of isolates. Four previously described species, <em>G</em>. <em>flava</em>, <em>G</em>. <em>langdonii</em>, <em>G</em>. <em>omnicola</em> and <em>G</em>. <em>pumila</em> were identified by phylogenetic analyses. Additionally, four novel taxa were identified and are here described as <em>G</em>. <em>capensis</em>, <em>G</em>. <em>multisociorum, G</em>. <em>oroboidis</em> and <em>G</em>. <em>stellenboschiana</em>. <em>Geosmithia multisociorum</em> appears to be a generalist associated with multiple beetle–host combinations in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, whereas <em>G</em>. <em>oroboidis</em> is currently known only from a single beetle and tree host in South Africa. South African isolates of <em>G</em>. <em>capensis</em> and <em>G</em>. <em>stellenboschiana</em> appeared to be restricted to <em>Lanurgus</em> spp. and <em>Hypothenemus</em> sp. beetles, respectively, but both species are also known from beetles and hosts in other countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of flavonoids on yeast ABC transporters activity","authors":"V.M. Grechko ,&nbsp;V.T. Cheshchevik ,&nbsp;A. Dzeikala ,&nbsp;A. Sykuła ,&nbsp;E. Łodyga-Chruścińska","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flavonoids are known to be effective biomodulators of various processes in eukaryotic cells. As these compounds are present in wine and beer raw materials, they can influence the qualitative characteristics of the ethanol content in wine-making and brewing products, including directly through the mechanisms of regulation of gene expression and the activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins. The main function of ABC transporters in yeast cells is to transport various substrates, including ethanol. This process ensures the survival of yeast cells under conditions of ethanol stress. It has been found that flavonoids, as well as their Schiff base derivatives, are effective stimulators and inhibitors of mRNA expression and activity of ABC proteins both in logarithmic and stationary phases of growth, which has a direct impact on bioethanol production by yeast.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green mould contamination of Pleurotus pulmonarius cultivation in Malaysia: Unravelling causal agents and water source as critical factors","authors":"Ana Hazirah Ajis ,&nbsp;Yee Shin Tan ,&nbsp;Lay Ching Chai","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green mould contamination causes a significant challenge to mushroom growers in Malaysia leading to reduced yields and economic losses in the widely cultivated and marketed edible grey oyster mushroom, <em>Pleurotus pulmanorius</em>. This study aimed to identify the causal agents of green mould contaminants and determine the critical points in the cultivation process in the farm that contribute to green mould contamination. Samples of mushroom substrate (sawdust), spawn substrate (corn), environmental sources and tools were collected at different stages of mushroom cultivation. As results, the causal agents of green mould contamination were identified as <em>Trichoderma pleuroti</em>, <em>T. harzianum</em> and <em>T. ghanese</em>. Prior to steam pasteurisation and after steam pasteurisation, the spawn substrate and mushroom substrate were found to be free of <em>Trichoderma</em>. However, <em>Trichoderma</em> was detected in water, air within the production house and on cleaning tools. This findings suggests that water could serve as the source of green mould introduction in mushroom farms, while cultivation practices such as watering and scratching during the harvesting cycle may contribute to adverse green mould. Understanding these critical points and causal agents provides information to mitigate the green mould contamination throughout the grey oyster mushroom cultivation process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142389807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virulence variation and pathotypes of Zymoseptoria tritici isolates causing wheat leaf blotch in Oromia, Ethiopia","authors":"Girma Ababa ,&nbsp;Tilahun Mekonnen","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Leaf blotch, caused by <em>Zymoseptoria tritici</em>, is a fungal disease that poses a severe threat to wheat production worldwide. Knowledge of virulence variability is crucial in choosing effective control measures. However, there have only been a few studies of the pathogenic variability and pathotypes within Ethiopian isolates. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the virulence spectrum and variability of <em>Z. tritici</em> isolates. Forty-three isolates were tested for their virulence and pathotype against 7 wheat differential lines that have different resistance genes. A pathogenicity assay detected 41 differential line-specific virulent isolates among 301 interactions between a host and pathogen based on the percentage coverage of the leaf area by pycnidia. Some isolates were virulent against 50 %–60 % of the resistant genes, but most of them were virulent against some differential lines. Isolates such as EtA-11, EtSh-1, EtSh-2, EtSh-4, and EtA-19 expressed broad-spectrum virulence, highlighting that such isolates are useful for germplasm screening. The isolates were classified into 25 pathotypes, defined by their differential virulence responses. They were also assigned to two clusters according to their mean pycnidia percent. Pathotypes and principal component analysis detected 58.1 % and 62.2 % pathogenic diversity in Ethiopian isolates, respectively. The current findings provide information that breeders can use to identify and select more resistant varieties for farmers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142239195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The yeast Dothiora sorbi IOJ-3 naturally produced various filamentous sectors with distinct abilities by undergoing DNA demethylation","authors":"Yong Sun ,&nbsp;Yijia Zhang ,&nbsp;Suwan Pan,&nbsp;Hao Cong,&nbsp;Jihong Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Some fungi have demonstrated the ability to adapt rapidly to changing environments by exhibiting morphological plasticity, a trait influenced by species and environmental factors. Here, an anamorphic yeast strain IOJ-3 exhibited unique sectorization characteristics, naturally producing diverse filamentous sectors when cultivated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium or natural culture medium for durations exceeding 13 days. The strain IOJ-3 and its filamentous sectors were identified as <em>Dothiora sorbi</em>. The morphology of the sectors was consistent and heritable. The life cycle of strain IOJ-3 was investigated through microscopic observation, emphasizing the development of conidiogenous cells as a crucial stage, from which filamentous sectors originate. Some physiological characteristics of IOJ-3 and filamentous sectors are compared, and strain IOJ-3 has a higher antibiotic tolerance than two filamentous sectors, IOJ-3a expands faster on the culture medium, and IOJ-3b can penetrate cellophane. A transcriptomic analysis was conducted to investigate the differentially expressed genes between the yeast form IOJ-3 and its two filamentous sectors, revealing a total of 594 genes that exhibited consistent differential expression relative to IOJ-3, including 44 silencing genes in IOJ-3 that were activated. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that these differentially expressed genes were primarily associated with the cellular component category. Furthermore, adding 5-Azacytidine accelerated filamentous sectorization and increased the proportion of filamentous cells of strain IOJ-3 in PD liquid media, suggesting that the filamentous sectorization observed in strain IOJ-3 is linked to processes of DNA demethylation. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the biological characteristics of <em>D. sorbi</em> regarding morphological transitions and provides substantial direction for exploring genes related to fungal filamentous development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142239198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pisolithus microcarpus isolates with contrasting abilities to colonise Eucalyptus grandis exhibit significant differences in metabolic signalling","authors":"Kanchan Vishwakarma ,&nbsp;Scott Buckley ,&nbsp;Jonathan M. Plett ,&nbsp;Judith Lundberg-Felten ,&nbsp;Sandra Jämtgård ,&nbsp;Krista L. Plett","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biotic factors in fungal exudates impact plant-fungal symbioses establishment. Mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungi play various ecological roles in forest soils by interacting with trees. Despite progress in understanding secreted fungal signals, dynamics of signal production <em>in situ</em> before or during direct host root contact remain unclear. We need to better understand how variability in intra-species fungal signaling at these stages impacts symbiosis with host tissues. Using the ECM model <em>Pisolithus microcarpus</em>, we selected two isolates (Si9 and Si14) with different abilities to colonize <em>Eucalyptus grandis</em> roots. Hypothesizing that distinct early signalling and metabolite profiles between these isolates would influence colonization and symbiosis, we used microdialysis to non-destructively collect secreted metabolites from either the fungus, host, or both, capturing the dynamic interplay of pre-symbiotic signalling over 48 hours. Our findings revealed significant differences in metabolite profiles between Si9 and Si14, grown alone or with a host root. Si9, with lower colonization efficiency than Si14, secreted a more diverse range of compounds, including lipids, oligopeptides, and carboxylic acids. In contrast, Si14's secretions, similar to the host's, included more aminoglycosides. This study emphasizes the importance of intra-specific metabolomic diversity in ectomycorrhizal fungi, suggesting that early metabolite secretion is crucial for establishing successful mutualistic relationships.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878614624001247/pdfft?md5=c9918ef0c68e8b367c258e3501a6ee22&pid=1-s2.0-S1878614624001247-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142228963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyphal swelling induced in the phagosome of macrophages","authors":"María Fernanda Alonso ,&nbsp;Judith M. Bain ,&nbsp;Lars P. Erwig ,&nbsp;Alistair J.P. Brown ,&nbsp;Neil A.R. Gow","doi":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.08.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.funbio.2024.08.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Macrophages play critical protective roles as sentinels of the innate immune system against fungal infection. It is therefore important to understand the dynamics of the interaction between these phagocytes and their fungal prey. We show here that many of the hyphal apices formed by <em>Candida albicans</em> within the macrophage ceased elongating, and apical and sub-apical hyphal compartments became swollen. Swollen hyphal cell compartments assimilated less Lysotracker-Red than non-swollen compartments, suggesting they had enhanced viability. Staining with florescent dyes suggested that there were higher levels of β-glucan and chitin in internalized fungal filaments compared to non-internalized hyphae, suggesting active cell wall remodelling within macrophages. These observations suggest that the stresses imposed by macrophages upon the fungus lead to changes in cell wall composition, inhibition of polarised growth and the induction of swelling in hyphal compartments, and that this can prevent or delay loss of viability of hyphal cells within the phagocyte.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12683,"journal":{"name":"Fungal biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142151650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}