Frontiers in Plant Science最新文献

{"title":"Sorghum as a monocot model for drought research.","authors":"Juan B Fontanet-Manzaneque, Daniela M Hernández, Andrea Giordano, Ana I Caño-Delgado","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1665967","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1665967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change is intensifying drought events, posing a major threat to global food security. <i>Sorghum bicolor</i> (L.) Moench (Sorghum), a C4 monocot grass, is emerging as a valuable model for drought research due to its natural tolerance to water limitation and adaptability to semi-arid and arid environments. Sorghum cultivation requires significantly less water than major cereals such as rice, maize, and wheat, making it an attractive crop for sustaining agricultural productivity under water-limiting conditions. In fact, Sorghum uses up to 34% less water than rice in rainfed systems and up to 50% less under irrigation, with rice-to-Sorghum substitution potentially reducing water demand by 33%. Its lower water requirements, along with the compact growth of commonly used accessions such as TX430 and BTx623, make Sorghum a practical system for experimentation, particularly in genome editing studies. Maize, which shares close genetic similarity and also belongs to the Panicoideae subfamily, could particularly benefit from Sorghum-based insights. Sorghum also overcomes key limitations of model species such as <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, offering greater relevance to monocot crops. Additionally, advances in metabolomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, phenomics, population genomics and pangenomics are expanding our understanding of the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying Sorghum's drought resilience. Despite these advantages, challenges remain in transformation efficiency and the availability of genomic tools. This review highlights Sorghum's drought tolerance mechanisms, available omics and genetic tools, described drought-related genes and regulatory networks, and the limitations and progress in gene manipulation for climate-resilient crop development. Sorghum uniquely combines the advantages of a staple crop and a model organism, making it a powerful next-generation system for climate-resilient agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1665967"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12509693/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145279984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical properties of radish petioles and calibration of cohesion parameters in discrete element models.","authors":"Zhendong Zhang, Guocheng Bao, Yanwei Yuan, Zhouyi Lv, Xinxin Chen, Xuedong Chen, Wei Yang","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1634962","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1634962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An understanding of the biomechanical properties of radish petioles is critical for the rational design of harvesting machinery and the optimization of the harvesting process. At present, research on the biomechanical properties of radish petioles is relatively scarce, and there is a lack of bonding parameters for the discrete element simulation model of radish petioles. To address these challenges, this study explores the impact of varying petiole parts, moisture content, and tissue structure on their mechanical properties through histological analysis and torsional testing. Subsequently, a discrete element simulation model for radish petioles, suitable for mechanized harvesting processes, was developed based on the BondingV2 model. The model's bonding parameters were optimized through Plackett-Burman and central composite experiments. The experimental results indicate that the torsional modulus of the radish petiole is significantly influenced by moisture content and tissue structure, with the highest torsional modulus observed at the petiole's distal end, exhibiting optimal mechanical performance at intermediate moisture levels. The petiole's distal end exhibited the following properties: unit area normal stiffness coefficient is 2×10⁹ N/m², unit area shear stiffness coefficient (3.12×10⁹ N/m²), normal strength (1.5×10¹¹ Pa), shear strength (7.5×10¹⁰ Pa), and Bonded Disk Scale (1.17). The simulation results of axial tension, torsional bending, three-point bending, and field tests exhibited errors of 4.46%, 8.8%, 0.41%, and 2.1%, respectively, when compared to the corresponding physical test results, thereby validating the reliability of the bonding parameters calibrated for the distal petiole of radish at the optimal moisture content. The findings of this study provide a theoretical foundation and technical support for the optimization of mechanized harvesting equipment for radishes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1634962"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12504325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145258017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of recombinant IgA1 with defined mucin-type O-glycans in <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> BY-2 cells.","authors":"Nicolas Bailly, Clemens Grünwald-Gruber, Marie Peeters, François Chaumont, Catherine Navarre","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1675517","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1675517","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> BY-2 cell suspension cultures are a powerful platform for producing recombinant glycoproteins such as immunoglobulins. Extensive efforts have been devoted to engineering the N-glycosylation pathway of BY-2 cells to overcome differences between mammalian and plant N-glycans. However, the mucin-type O-glycosylation pathway is absent in plant cells. This modification, which consists of glycan attachment to serine or threonine residues, is important in many human proteins, but is also highly complex. In this regard, plants offer a unique opportunity to engineer this pathway <i>de novo</i> without the interplay of many competing enzymes. In this study, transgenic BY-2 cell lines expressing the enzymes responsible for the formation of Core 1 and Tn antigen glycans were generated. First, GalNAc-O-glycosylation was initiated by the expression of human GalNAcT2. This O-glycan was then elongated by co-expression of Drosophila C1GalT1 to form the core 1 structure. Human IgA1 was produced in these engineered BY-2 cell lines and the presence of mucin-type O-glycans was confirmed by lectin blotting. The precise O-glycosylation profile of the hinge region was determined by mass spectrometry and showed the almost complete disappearance of pentoses and the presence of core 1 O-glycans.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1675517"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12504281/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145257988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infestation by potato tuber moth restructures microbial communities in flue-cured tobacco rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils.","authors":"Ganlin Sun, Zhi Li, Guang Wang, Haosheng Cai, Junkun Yu, Zhengbin Li, Bin Chen, Guanli Xiao","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1670207","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1670207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The rhizosphere microbiota is associated with the plant response to phytophagous pest infestation through the plant-rhizosphere microbe axis. However, the responses of microbial community characteristics of flue-cured tobacco rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil to potato tuber moth (PTM) Phthorimaea operculella larval feeding is unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, the microbial structural composition was analysed in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of healthy and PTM infested flue-cured tobacco plants at the vigorous growth stage collected from the field (with four replicates per group) using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The featured microbes, co-occurrence networks, and potential functions of tobacco rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil microbial communities were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Amplicon data analyses showed that PTM infestation altered the microbial community composition in tobacco rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere and this alteration was similar between these two soil types. PTM infested plants showed enrichment of distinct microbial genera. For instance, the rhizosphere soil showed increased abundances of <i>Gemmatimonas</i> (bacteria) and <i>Humicola</i> (fungi), while the non-rhizosphere soil was enriched with <i>Streptomyces</i> (bacteria) and <i>Penicillium</i> (fungi). In contrast, the rhizosphere of healthy plants were characterized by enrichment of <i>Gaiella</i> (bacteria) and <i>Trichoderma</i>, <i>Talaromyces</i> (fungi), along with the non-rhizosphere soil dominated by <i>Sphingomonas</i> (bacteria) and <i>Cordana</i> (fungi). Furthermore, PTM infestation altered the potential functions of flue-cured tobacco rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, and reduced the complexity of rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities, as well as the non-rhizosphere fungal community. Notable changes were observed in bacterial metabolic pathways and significantly up-regulated the function of symbiotroph of fungi (Lichenized) (<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Together, these results enhance our understanding of how the underground microbiome of flue-cured tobacco responds to aboveground phytophagous insect (PTM) infestation, providing valuable insights that could facilitate translation into more effective PTM management practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1670207"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12504494/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145257993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exogenous α-lipoic acid mitigates lead (Pb) toxicity in tomato seedlings by regulating metabolites, nutrient uptake, antioxidant defense and redox balance maintenance.","authors":"Khaled M A Ramadan, Sallah A Al Hashedi, Adil AlShoaibi, Muhammad Naeem Sattar, Doaa Bahaa Eldin Darwish, Khulud S Albalawi, Fahad Mohammed Alzuaibr, Eslam S A Bendary, Hala B Khalil, Hesham S Ghazzawy, Mahmoud Adel Ahmed Ali, Mohamed F M Ibrahim","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1611383","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1611383","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Water contamination with heavy metals drastically affects plant growth and development. It is more dangerous than other contamination sources due to its cumulative impact over time through plant irrigation. Lead (Pb) is one of the most prevalent and hazardous heavy metals that significantly impede plant growth and development in terrestrial ecosystems. α- lipoic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring dithiol antioxidant, strong ROS scavenger and metal chelator. Herein, this study was conducted to explore the role of exogenous ALA (0.1 mM) in reducing the Pb-phytotoxicity in tomato seedlings irrigated with Pb contaminated water (250 ppm for 45 days after transplanting). Exposing plants to Pb stress significantly inhibited plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, mineral homeostasis and cell membrane integrity compared to the control plants. In contrast, ALA application markedly revealed a significant improvement in these traits by reinforcing the antioxidant defense systems including superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase and the major reduced components of ascorbate glutathione cycle. Moreover, ALA significantly enhanced N, P, K, Ca and Fe, reduced Pb uptake and restricted the Pb-induced oxidative damage by reducing the hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and inhibiting the activity of Lipoxygenase. The regression analysis exhibited that ALA demonstrated various significant relationships between the uptake of Pb and the major components of ascorbate glutathione cycle in both leaf and root. In conclusion, our findings deciphered the potential functions of ALA in alleviating Pb-phytotoxicity and enhancing the redox balance of tomato seedlings by enhancing the ratio between the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione and reduced ascorbate/dehydroascorbate.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1611383"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12504201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145258012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced-RICAP: a novel data augmentation strategy for improved deep learning-based plant disease identification and mobile diagnosis.","authors":"Mamadou Bailo Diallo, Yue Li, Okafor Sylevester Chukwuka, Solomon Boamah, Yuhong Gao, Mohamed Meyer Kana Kone, Gelebo Rocho, Linjing Wei","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1646611","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1646611","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Plant diseases pose a significant threat to global food security and agricultural productivity, making accurate and timely disease identification essential for effective crop management and minimizing economic losses. Although data augmentation techniques such as RICAP improve model robustness, their reliance on randomly extracted image regions can introduce label noise, potentially misleading the training of deep learning models.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study introduces Enhanced-RICAP, an advanced data augmentation technique designed to improve the accuracy of deep learning models for plant disease detection. Enhanced-RICAP replaces random patch selection with an attention module guided by class activation maps, focusing on discriminative regions, Enhanced-RICAP reduces label noise and improves model accuracy for plant disease detection, addressing a key limitation of traditional augmentation methods. The method was evaluated using several deep learning architectures, such as ResNet18, ResNet34, ResNet50, EfficientNet-b, and Xception, on the cassava leaf disease and PlantVillage tomato leaf disease datasets.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The experimental results demonstrate that Enhanced-RICAP consistently outperforms existing augmentation methods, including CutMix, MixUp, CutOut, Hide-and-Seek, and RICAP, across key evaluation metrics: accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The ResNet18+Enhanced-RICAP configuration achieved 99.86% accuracy on the tomato leaf disease dataset, whereas the Xception+Enhanced-RICAP model attained 96.64% accuracy in classifying four cassava leaf disease categories.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusion: </strong>To bridge the gap between research and practical application, the ResNet18+Enhanced-RICAP model was deployed in PlantDisease, a mobile application that enables real-time disease identification and management recommendations. This approach supports sustainable agriculture and strengthens food security by providing farmers with accessible and reliable diagnostic tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1646611"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12504387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145258048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular phylogenetic relationships based on chloroplast genomes of Zingiberaceae species: Insights into evolution and adaptation to extreme environments.","authors":"Tian Lu, Yebing Yin, Jinglin Luo, Jiao Chen, Yu Wu, Wu Zhang, Yiling Wei, Tao Yuan","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1670568","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1670568","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;The Zingiberaceae family, which includes numerous economically and medicinally important species, exhibits considerable phylogenetic and genetic diversity. Chloroplast genomes are valuable resources for studying evolutionary relationships, genetic diversity, and adaptive evolution in plants. While many Zingiberaceae chloroplast genomes have been sequenced, the evolutionary mechanisms-including structural variation, codon usage bias, selection pressures, and divergence history-remain to be comprehensively investigated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;we performed a comparative analysis of 11 newly identified species (Aframomum alboviolaceum, Amomum longipetiolatum, Amomum petaloideum, Amomum velutinum, Cautleya spicata, Cornukaempferia larsenii, Globba atrosanguinea, Globba variabilis, Hedychium aureum, Riedelia arfakensis, and Zingiber citriodorum) and 110 published data from the Zingiberaceae family, including their structure, codon usage, nucleotide polymorphisms, divergence time, and selection pressures.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The chloroplast genomes of Zingiberaceae species exhibited a highly conserved structure with no significant expansion or contraction during diversification. Analysis revealed four hypervariable protein-coding genes (atpH, rpl32, ndhA, and ycf1) and one intergenic region (psac-ndhE), which are proposed as potential molecular markers for future phylogeographic and population genetic studies. Codon usage bias was found to be predominantly shaped by natural selection. Phylogenetic analysis strongly supported the division of Zingiberaceae into two primary subfamilies (Alpinioideae and Zingiberoideae) and clarified key relationships, revealing that Globba is more closely related to Curcuma than to Hedychium, and Hedychium is more closely related to the Pommereschea-Rhynchanthus clade than to Cautleya. Divergence time estimation indicated two rapid diversification events within Zingiberoideae, coinciding with the rapid uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and a Late Miocene cooling event linked to declining CO₂ levels. Ancestral range reconstruction suggested an African origin during the Cretaceous period, followed by dispersal to Southeast Asia and India. Selection pressure analysis showed that most protein-coding genes are under negative selection. In contrast, the ycf2 gene was found to be under relaxed selection. Furthermore, two genes (matK and ndhB) were identified to be under positive selection in high-altitude species of Roscoea, suggesting a role in adaptation to alpine environments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;This study provides a comprehensive genomic analysis of the Zingiberaceae family, highlighting the conserved nature of chloroplast genome structure despite extensive diversification. The identified mutation hotspots present valuable tools for developing high-resolution markers for species identification and biogeographic studies. The phylogenetic results resolve longsta","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1670568"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12504198/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145257985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin, evolution, dispersal and global population genetic structure of <i>Carlavirus sigmasolani</i>.","authors":"Jianlin Lei, Beibei Liang, Hongwei Yang, Bo Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1667771","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1667771","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Carlavirus sigmasolani</i> (Potato virus S, PVS) is a globally distributed plant virus infecting cultivated potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>), causing yield losses and reduced tuber quality in the host crop, yet its evolutionary history, global dissemination and population genetic structure remain incompletely understood. In this study, we conducted comprehensive phylogenetic and Bayesian phylogeographic analyses of PVS using all available complete genome and coat protein (CP) gene sequences from 35 countries. Genome-based phylogenetic reconstruction identified four major phylogroups (I-IV), with Phylogroup I comprising only Colombian isolates and Phylogroup IV showing the broadest geographic distribution. In contrast, CP gene-based analyses revealed seven phylogroups (I-VII), including regionally restricted Phylogroups V (Colombia) and VI (Ecuador), and the globally dominant Phylogroup VII. A time-scaled Bayesian phylogenetic framework estimated a mean substitution rate of 3.11 × 10^-4 substitutions/site/year (95% HPD: 2.19 × 10^-4-4.07 × 10^-4), and dated the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of PVS to approximately 1296 (95% HPD: 964-1578). Phylogeographic analysis based on CP gene sequences suggests that Ecuador is a likely center of origin for PVS, with intercontinental dissemination beginning in the 16th century and markedly accelerating during the 19th and 20th centuries. Iran and China were identified as major secondary hubs during this period, while Europe and the United States also contributed to global dissemination as important intercontinental transmission centers during the 20th and 21st centuries. Population genetic analyses indicated that South America retains the highest diversity, reinforcing its status as the center of origin, while the markedly lower diversity in Africa and Oceania suggests more recent introductions coupled with restricted gene flow. These data improve our understanding of PVS evolution, spread and population structure, supporting the development of effective monitoring and control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1667771"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12504366/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145258055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting interactions between photon spectra and temperature in cold-sensitive basil and cold-tolerant lettuce.","authors":"Jiyong Shin, Bruce Bugbee, Erik S Runkle","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1675087","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1675087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blue (B; 400-499 nm) light, far-red (FR; 700-750 nm) light, and temperature are key regulators of plant growth and development, with responses varying by species. While the independent effects of these environmental signals are well established, their interactive effects are not clear. We postulated that the effects of FR light and temperature would depend on the photon flux density (PFD) of B light. To test this, we grew cold-tolerant lettuce and cold-sensitive basil at 19 and 24°C under lighting treatments with three FR fractions [FR-PFD divided by the sum of red (600-699 nm) and FR PFD; 0.01, 0.19, or 0.32] and two B-PFDs (40 or 100 µmol m^-2 s^-1). The total PFD (400-750 nm; 270 µmol m^-2 s^-1) and photoperiod (24 h d^-1) were the same in all treatments. There were significant differences between species. As expected, increasing the FR fraction dramatically increased shoot expansion in lettuce and internode elongation in basil. The shoot expansion in lettuce was amplified by higher temperature but attenuated by higher B-PFD. Unlike lettuce, the FR effect on basil internodes did not interact with either temperature or B-PFD. The increased shoot expansion in lettuce decreased foliage coloration, but coloration was minimally altered in basil. These results reveal fundamentally different species responses to light and temperature that may have implications for shade-avoidant and shade-tolerant species. Overall, these findings demonstrate the complex integration of environmental signals in the regulation of growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1675087"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12504075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145258071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exogenous choline chloride enhances salt tolerance in wheat and its underlying physiological mechanisms.","authors":"Feng Zhou, Guoquan Wang, Panpan Lu, Yan Liu, Zengbing Guo, Xinhui Wang, Zifan Zhou, Li Xu, Ying Zhang, Weiguo Li, Runqiang Liu","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1671734","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1671734","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress that seriously impairs crop growth and development, limiting global food production. As a primary staple food, wheat reduced grain yield and quality under salt stress, posing significant challenges to food security. Recent studies indicate that choline chloride, a safe and efficient plant growth regulator, can alleviate drought symptoms in wheat seedling and enhance crop salt tolerance.In this study, the growth and physiological indexes of wheat seedlings were determined by hydroponics.The current study demonstrates that application of 400 mg.L^-1 choline chloride effectively mitigates salt stress symptoms in wheat seedlings. Specifically, it increases leaf chlorophyll content while reducing osmic and oxidative stress biomarkers. Furthermore, choline chloride treatment significantly boosts the activity of key reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzymes. These findings hold considerable promise for famers cultivating saline soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1671734"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12504361/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145258029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}