Frontiers in Plant Science最新文献

{"title":"A study on the identification of wheat powdery mildew using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging.","authors":"Yijia Chen, Chengyuan Hao, Zhiyu Li, Xupeng An, Jingxiang Huang, Xinchang Chen, Shidong Wang, Zhichao Chen","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1837843","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1837843","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Wheat powdery mildew poses a serious threat to global wheat production, and its accurate identification is key to smart agriculture.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study combines chlorophyll fluorescence imaging with deep learning algorithms to investigate the temporal dynamics of key fluorescence parameters (such as maximum photochemical efficiency, QYmax) during the progression of powderymildew. A QYmax-based chlorophyll fluorescence image dataset for wheat powdery mildew was constructed. Building on this, the LCRNet model was proposed, which effectively processes fluorescence image data through a collaborative mechanism integrating the Large Selective Adaptive Fusion (LSAF) and Coordinated Attention (CA) modules.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On an independent test set, the model achieved an accuracy of 94% and an F1 score of 94.1%, outperforming comparison models.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study proposes a method for classifying the severity of powdery mildew in wheat that reduces the computational cost of fluorescence data processing, providing important methodological support and technical insights for advancing the intelligent, precise, and green transformation of crop disease prevention and control systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1837843"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13696422/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidimensional molecular strategies for crop photoperiod adaptation and latitudinal expansion.","authors":"Hang Zhao, Shuxin Zhang, Xiaoyu Yin, Nianwei Qiu, Ying Bao","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1967465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1967465","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The traditional regional distribution of agriculture was historically constrained by crops' inherent dependence on local environmental cues, particularly photoperiod and temperature. Natural domestication and artificial selection have progressively reduced this dependence on native ecosystems, resulting in a profound restructuring of global agricultural patterns. From the perspective of this global restructuring, this study systematically examines the multidimensional molecular mechanisms underlying photoperiodic adaptive evolution, including population-level point mutations, epigenetic modifications, structural variations, and copy number variations. In parallel, we propose that the latitudinal adaptive expansion of crops represents not merely an ecological niche shift, but a complex evolutionary process driven by coordinated genetic reprogramming across the genome, epigenome, and transcriptome. Consequently, reshaping future agricultural landscapes requires moving beyond the constraints imposed by individual climatic factors and establishing a multidimensional framework that integrates environment, genetic traits, and ecological adaptation. Moreover, rather than focusing solely on the speed of regional expansion, future molecular design should promote the coordinated improvement of broad-spectrum latitudinal adaptability and elite yield-quality traits, thereby securing global food safety and agricultural sustainability.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1967465"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13717849/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149296811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Plant and human pathogen interactions: gaining insights into the impact of environmental and crop management factors, volume II.","authors":"Cristian Jacob, Massimiliano Marvasi, Shirley A Micallef","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.2008165","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2026.2008165","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"2008165"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13690758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149243972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant endophytic fungi against plant-parasitic nematodes: from direct antagonism to plant-mediated biocontrol.","authors":"María Lorena Giachero, Nathalie Marquez, Stephane Declerck","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.2002520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.2002520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants have evolved sophisticated and tightly regulated immune systems to defend themselves against pathogen, whereas pathogens have developed diverse strategies to evade or manipulate host defenses. Plant-parasitic nematodes pose a particular challenge because of their intimate and prolonged interactions with host tissues, during which they actively manipulate plant physiology and immune responses. The limitations of conventional nematode control strategies have increased interest in plant-associated microorganisms as sustainable alternatives. Among these, endophytic fungi are emerging as promising allies because they can act through complementary mechanisms, combining direct antagonism of nematodes with the ability to modulate and prime plant immunity. This review integrates current knowledge on plant-nematode interactions with emerging insights into the role of endophytic fungi as modulators of plant defense. We examine how fungal endophytes influence hormone signaling, defense-related pathways, systemic resistance, and other components of plant immunity, while also considering their direct effects on nematode survival, development, and reproduction. We demonstrate that the protective potential of endophytic fungi extends beyond direct biocontrol and involves a broader reprogramming of plant responses that can enhance resistance to nematode attack. Finally, we discuss the factors that determine the consistency of these interactions, including fungal and plant genotype, environmental conditions, and the physiological and ecological context of the plant-fungus-nematode interaction. Understanding these mechanisms will be critical for translating endophyte-mediated plant protection into reliable and sustainable strategies for nematode management.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"2002520"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13693577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing cultivation density for <i>Pseudostellaria heterophylla</i>: a novel evaluation strategy integrating electrophysiological and traditional traits for early growth indication.","authors":"Xiaolong Li, Shiyi Pan, Zelan Wang, Chenglin Tang, Bing Tian, Qiuping Wang, Cheng Zhang, Jun Li","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1943951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1943951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Pseudostellaria heterophylla</i> is an herb with medicinal, edible and ornamental uses, and unreasonable planting density severely restricts its growth. Traditional methods for evaluating optimal planting density primarily rely on agronomic traits, yield, and quality indicators, which suffer from significant lag and provide only superficial insights.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, the electrophysiological information was regarded as key indicator, and the influence of plant density on the growth of <i>P. heterophylla</i> was evaluated through multi-dimensional data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicate that there were significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in electrophysiological indices, electrical signals, intracellular water metabolism, nutrient transport and agronomic traits of <i>P. heterophylla</i> under different planting densities. Electrophysiological responses were faster and more sensitive than traditional methods, showing a non-linear pattern of \"low in the middle and high at both ends\". The sensitivity of this response is reflected in the changes of growth state under density stress. When plant density was 80,000 to 100,000 plants per 667 m², the above-ground part and underground part grew best, and total biomass and economic benefits were also optimal. When it was 100,000 plants per 667 m², the saponin content reached 3.95%. Correlation analysis showed that the electrophysiological signal was positively correlated with the traditional evaluation index, and grey relational analysis indicated that each index at this density performed evenly and excellently. The change of electrophysiological signals had a high correlation with the results of grey relational analysis, which verified that electrophysiological information is an index for early, rapid, non-destructive indication of <i>P. heterophylla</i> growth status.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that electrophysiological information can serve as an early, rapid, non-destructive indicator of <i>P. heterophylla</i> growth status, and identifies 80,000-100,000 plants per 667 m² as the optimal planting density. These findings provide a scientific basis for standardized cultivation of <i>P. heterophylla</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1943951"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13691438/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex post-translational regulation of the plant shikimate pathway.","authors":"María Belén Pascual, Eloy Rivas, Vanessa Castro-Rodriguez, Ana Ginés, Jorge El-Azaz, Fernando de la Torre","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1848534","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1848534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial regulators of protein function, influencing most cellular processes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The fundamental effect of PTMs on metabolic control has been reported for most metabolic pathways in organisms ranging from animals and plants to bacteria and fungi. However, the impact of PTMs on the regulation of the plant shikimate pathway, which connects central carbon metabolism with the synthesis of aromatic amino acids and represents one of the largest metabolic fluxes on Earth, remains largely unexplored. In this study, we address the identification of PTMs affecting the enzymes of the shikimate pathway in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. Following a strategy based on transient expression in protoplasts, immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometric analysis, we have identified a large and varied collection of PTMs affecting the 20 alternative isoenzymes involved in the shikimate and phenylalanine (Phe) biosynthesis pathways. Our analysis revealed glycosylation, phosphorylation, methylation, nitration, and acetylation as the predominant modifications. Notably, we have identified multiple phosphorylation events that expand those previously reported. Additionally, we characterized two phosphorylation events affecting chorismate mutase 1 (AtCM1), the committed enzyme in the phenylalanine/tyrosine biosynthetic pathway. Enzymatic assays using phosphomimic recombinant pure AtCM1 support that these PTMs significantly modulate the enzyme´s allosteric behaviour, highlighting its PTMs role in fine-tuning metabolic regulation. Furthermore, functional characterization of prephenate aminotransferase (PAT) showed that phosphomimetic substitutions at Ser240 and Ser247 abolished enzymatic activity, supporting a regulatory role for phosphorylation in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. Overall, the identification of these PTMs provides new insights into the regulation of metabolic flux through the shikimate and Phe biosynthetic pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1848534"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13690941/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149244041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vision normalizing flows for the probability-informed detection of banana diseases from in-field images.","authors":"Alisa Prusokiene, Augustinas Prusokas, Renata Retkute","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1937900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1937900","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Banana diseases impose severe production losses in tropical smallholder farming systems, yet accurate in-field visual diagnosis remains difficult because symptom expression varies across cultivars and growth stages and several diseases produce morphologically overlapping foliar signs. We therefore developed a probabilistic image-recognition framework for detecting five economically important banana diseases from in-field photographs without disease-specific fine-tuning of the vision backbone.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Frozen 1,152-dimensional embeddings were extracted from the DINOv3 vision foundation model and coupled with a conditional normalizing flow. The model was trained on four publicly available datasets comprising approximately 95,000 images across eight classes spanning diseased banana plants, healthy tissue, non-banana vegetation, and general natural imagery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On an independent test set, the model achieved F1 scores exceeding 0.98, average precision values of 0.9678-0.9998, and AUROC values of 0.9967-0.9998 across all five diseases evaluated as binary detection problems. Multi-class accuracy was nearperfect, with limited confusion between Yellow Sigatoka and Black Sigatoka. Because the normalizing flow estimates explicit conditional probability densities rather than decision boundaries, two complementary log-likelihood ratios were derived: a disease ratio comparing each disease class against healthy banana, and a plant ratio comparing banana against non-banana imagery.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Together, these likelihood ratios define an interpretable two-dimensional diagnostic space that simultaneously quantifies evidence for disease presence and image relevance, cleanly separating diseased plants, healthy plants, and out-ofdistribution images while flagging uncertain predictions for confirmatory testing. Batched inference costs 6.4 ms per image on a single TPU core, supporting deployment at surveillance-programme scale and providing a scalable, uncertainty-aware diagnostic tool for smallholder farming systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1937900"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13690962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-species transcriptomic plasticity and root architectural adaptations in Brachypodium (<i>Brachypodium distachyon</i>) and barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) genotypes under different ammonium and nitrate availability.","authors":"Hamid Rouina, Dilkaran Singh, Christopher Arlt, Amy Marshall-Colon, Benjamin Stich","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1916213","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1916213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrogen (N) form and availability shape the root phenotype by altering the root transcriptome and modulating root system architecture. However, it remains unclear whether these N-responsive architectural traits and their underlying regulatory networks are conserved or divergent between closely related grass species. Here, we compared root architectural and transcriptomic responses to nitrate and ammonium supply in <i>Brachypodium distachyon</i> and eight barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) genotypes under N starvation, optimal N supply, and high-N conditions. High-resolution root phenotyping revealed contrasting species-specific responses to N form. Barley generally showed enhanced lateral root elongation under nitrate but reduced total root length and limited lateral root proliferation under ammonium, indicating ammonium sensitivity. In contrast, <i>B. distachyon</i> maintained greater root architectural plasticity under ammonium, producing a highly branched and thinner root system. Cross-species module preservation and gene regulatory network analyses identified conserved hub genes, including FERONIA, peroxidase-like genes, CuAO-like genes, aspartyl proteases, and PEPC1-associated modules, as potential integrators of N signaling and root architectural remodeling in barley and <i>B. distachyon</i>. Taken together, our findings indicate that the two <i>Pooideae</i> species share conserved regulatory components but deploy them within distinct network contexts, leading to divergent root strategies in response to nitrate and ammonium. Ultimately, these results provide candidate genes and regulatory modules for improving root plasticity and N use efficiency in cereals.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1916213"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13690746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149244008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastic contamination in agricultural systems: impacts on plant productivity, economic losses, and supply chain resilience.","authors":"Tong Xu","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1956066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1956066","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Microplastics (MPs) have transitioned from a predominantly marine concern to a defining threat facing terrestrial agroecosystems, where croplands now function as one of the largest global reservoirs of plastic particles. This review synthesizes evidence to construct an integrated narrative that links the entry of MPs into farmland with declining plant productivity, quantifiable economic losses, and the erosion of agricultural supply chain resilience. The synthesis is based on a documented search of Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar covering January 2018 to March 2026, with explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria reported in Section 1.1. Sources, fate and soil-phase processes are treated in condensed form, because they are already covered comprehensively elsewhere; we retain only the evidence that propagates into crop, economic and supply-chain outcomes. Building on these soil-level disturbances, we evaluate the phytotoxic consequences for crops, spanning inhibited germination, impaired root architecture, reduced photosynthetic efficiency, disrupted nutrient acquisition, and the uptake and translocation of nano-sized particles into edible tissues. A central contribution of this review is the explicit coupling of these biophysical impacts to their economic and systemic dimensions, because recent global meta-analyses estimate that MP-induced photosynthetic suppression alone may reduce staple crop production by tens to hundreds of millions of tons annually, translating into substantial revenue losses, quality downgrading, remediation expenditure, and heightened exposure of food supply chains to shocks. Rather than reporting these modelled outputs at face value, we dissect the inferential chain that produces them, from effect size to biomass to harvestable yield to price, and we identify the assumptions at each step that determine whether the resulting figures are decision-grade. We complement the global estimates with farm-level cost-benefit evidence showing that the private returns to plasticulture remain positive while the contamination externality contributes under one percent of the accounted benefits of current management, which explains the persistence of practices that degrade the productive base. Throughout, illustrative case studies from China, Chile, Australia, and Europe are embedded within each thematic section rather than treated in isolation, demonstrating how local contamination patterns propagate into landscape- and market-scale consequences. We further appraise mitigation and remediation options, ranging from source reduction and material substitution to biochar amendment, and we assess emerging governance instruments such as the FAO Voluntary Code of Conduct and circular-economy regulation. Finally, we identify persistent knowledge gaps concerning the calibration of field-realistic dose-response relationships, the construction of decision-grade economic estimates, and the severe geographical imbalance ","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1956066"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13691542/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated AMMI, GGE Biplot, and MTSI analyses reveal yield stability and adaptation patterns in cowpea in Ghana.","authors":"Theophilus Kwabla Tengey, Patrick Attamah, Peter Quandahor, Ophelia Asirifi Amoako, Mariam Seidu, Memunatu Issahaku, Rashid Seidu, Mathew Bapaak Laar, David Nayindow Kpasah, Josiah Darko Osei-Wusu","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1897494","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1897494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Genotype × environment interaction (G×E) complicates the identification of high-yielding and stable cowpea genotypes across variable production environments. This study evaluated 20 advanced cowpea breeding lines for grain yield, stability, and multi-trait performance across five location-year environments in Ghana during the 2024 and 2025 cropping seasons.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Trials were conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Both seasons were drought-prone, although moisture stress varied among location-year environments because of erratic rainfall distribution. Grain yield was analysed using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype plus genotype × environment (GGE) biplot analyses, while grain yield, biomass yield, harvest index, hundred-seed weight, and days to 95% pod maturity were integrated using the Multi-Trait Stability Index (MTSI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analysis of variance revealed significant (p < 0.001) effects of environment, genotype, and G×E. The first two interaction principal components explained 92.15% of G×E variation, with Wa_2025 showing the largest IPCA1 score. Tuzievallenga had the highest mean grain yield (1149 kg ha^-1), whereas IT17K-2030-2 had the lowest AMMI Stability Value (ASV = 114.54). Five genotypes combined high yield with relative stability: Tuzievallenga, IT17K-2030-2, IT17K-1095-2-2, IT17K-849-2-1, and IT17K-1802-1. MTSI values ranged from 2.035 to 5.518, with IT17K-1095-2-2, IT17K-849-2-1, IT17K-1403-1-1, IT17K-2024-4, and Tuzievallenga having the lowest values. IT17K-1095-2-2, IT17K-849-2-1, and Tuzievallenga were common to the top five selections from both approaches. GGE identified one common sector comprising Damongo_2024, Manga_2025, and Nyankpala_2024, with Tuzievallenga as the winning genotype, while Wa_2025 and Nyankpala_2025 formed distinct sectors associated with SARI-tuya and IT17K-1266-2-1, respectively.</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusion: </strong>The findings demonstrate substantial G×E differentiation and identify promising genotypes for farmer-managed on-farm evaluation and complementary use in cowpea breeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1897494"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13690774/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149244067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}