Frontiers in Plant Science最新文献

{"title":"Stamens enclosed by petals in <i>Berchemia</i> (Rhamnaceae): a unique mechanism for pollen presentation.","authors":"Fang Ma, Qian Zhao, Xing Tian, Yao-Lei Fu, Wen-Zhe Liu","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1525022","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1525022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pollen is usually presented by the anthers after maturity. However, in some plants, pollen is presented to pollinators on other floral structures (other than the anthers), or via particular expulsion mechanisms, resulting in secondary pollen presentation. The unusual petal morphology in <i>Berchemia</i> mediates pollen presentation, characterised by a combination of secondary pollen presentation and primary pollen presentation. However, the function, the role in reproduction, and the evolutionary significance of the unusual petals remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we took <i>Berchemia flavescens</i> and <i>Berchemia polyphylla</i> var. <i>leioclada</i> as examples, and used field observations, semi-thin sections technology, scanning electron microscopy, and pollination ecology detection methods to explore the unique pollen presentation strategies, petal functions, and reproductive strategies in <i>Berchemia</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This is a unique pollen presentation process mediated by petals. In the advanced bud stage, petals curl inward, enclosing the stamens. Following anther dehiscence, pollen is released into the petal tube, where the filament and cone-shaped anthers act as pistons, extruding pollen or pollen clumps through gaps at the petal tube apex (secondary pollen presentation). Subsequently, as the anthers emerge from the petal tube, residual pollen is directly presented to pollinators (primary pollen presentation).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In <i>Berchemia</i>, the petals enclosing the stamens, effectively shield the pollen from extreme environmental conditions. The petal-stamen complex slow movement (first centrifugal, later centripetal) and pollen presentation in <i>Berchemia</i> suggest a unique reproductive strategy. This mechanism promotes outcrossing, minimizing interference between the pistil and stamens, and offers reproductive assurance by delayed self-pollination.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1525022"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11813936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143407045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic and physiological analyses reveal that cytokinin is involved in the compound leaf development of alfalfa.","authors":"Hongyao Mei, Jiajun Yan, Xuexin Jia, Weilin Wang, Shuangshuang Li, Ruiqi Sun, Hongjiao Jiang, Lijun Xie, Chuanen Zhou, Shiqie Bai, Lu Han","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1460205","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1460205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alfalfa is one of the primary forages, and its yield is largely dependent on the development of its leaf. In this study, to elucidate the mechanism of compound leaf development, we isolated and examined the alfalfa phenotype Chuancao No.7, exhibiting five leaflets. The agronomic traits of the Chuancao No.7 including the leaf blade area, leaf/stem ratio, total fresh weight, and dry weight showed significant increases compared to those of the wild-type. Analyses of forage quality traits indicated significant differences in crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude fat (CF), water-soluble sugars (WSS), carbon content, ash composition content, and phosphorus content between Chuancao No.7 alfalfa and wild-type. Transcriptomic profile analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were identified in the cytokinin (CK) signaling pathway. Both exogenous treatment and endogenous CK content detection indicated that cytokinin played a key role in the development of the alfalfa compound leaf. These results serve as a valuable resource for optimizing the forage quality and exploring the excellent germplasm of alfalfa.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1460205"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11814202/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143407049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of deep learning for real-time detection, localization, and counting of the malignant invasive weed Solanum rostratum Dunal.","authors":"Shifeng Du, Yashuai Yang, Hongbo Yuan, Man Cheng","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2024.1486929","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2024.1486929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Solanum rostratum</i> Dunal (SrD) is a globally harmful invasive weed that has spread widely across many countries, posing a serious threat to agriculture and ecosystem security. A deep learning network model, TrackSolanum, was designed for real-time detection, location, and counting of SrD in the field. The TrackSolanmu network model comprises four modules: detection, tracking, localization, and counting. The detection module uses YOLO_EAND for SrD identification, the tracking module applies DeepSort for multi-target tracking of SrD in consecutive video frames, the localization module determines the position of the SrD through center-of-mass localization, and the counting module counts the plants using a target ID over-the-line invalidation method. The field test results show that for UAV video at a height of 2m, TrackSolanum achieved precision and recall of 0.950 and 0.970, with MOTA and IDF1 scores of 0.826 and 0.960, a counting error rate of 2.438%, and FPS of 17. For UAV video at a height of 3m, the model reached precision and recall of 0.846 and 0.934, MOTA and IDF1 scores of 0.708 and 0.888, a counting error rate of 4.634%, and FPS of 79. Thus, the TrackSolanum supports real-time SrD detection, offering crucial technical support for hazard assessment and precise management of SrD.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"15 ","pages":"1486929"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11814178/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143406668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In silico</i> characterisation of the avocado <i>WAK/WAKL</i> gene family with a focus on genes involved in defence against <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i>.","authors":"Aaron Harvey, Noëlani van den Berg, Velushka Swart","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2024.1474781","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2024.1474781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The avocado industry faces a significant threat from the hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i>. A variably expressed defence gene during an avocado infection trial was a <i>Wall-associated kinase</i> (<i>WAK</i>). WAK and WAK-Like (WAKL) proteins are known to bind to fragmented pectin (oligogalacturonides) produced during pathogen penetration, thereby activating downstream defence-related pathways. To better understand the <i>P. cinnamomi</i>-avocado defence interaction, this gene family was assessed using <i>in silico</i> methods. In this study, previously generated RNA-sequencing data were used to associate genes with the defence response, followed by promoter- and phylogenetic analysis of these genes/proteins. The predicted proteins from these genes were modelled with AlphaFold2, and structural similarity across different rootstocks, as well as their binding affinity for oligogalacturonides, were assessed. The analysis identified 14 <i>Persea americana</i> (<i>Pa)WAK</i>s and 62 <i>PaWAKL</i>s across the West-Indian (pure accession reference), Dusa^®, Leola™ and R0.12 avocado rootstock genomes. These genes showed distribution across the West-Indian genome's chromosomes, with MCScanX analyses predicting tandem duplications. <i>PaWAK/WAKL</i> expression profiles were compared, implicating five <i>PaWAK/WAKL</i>s in defence. Phylogenetic and promoter analyses were conducted to predict associated defence-related pathways, focusing on stress and phytohormone-responsive pathways. Structural differences and varying oligogalacturonide binding affinities of PaWAK/WAKLs were predicted across rootstocks. These defence-related genes could be incorporated into a molecular screening tool to improve the development of resistant avocado rootstocks.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"15 ","pages":"1474781"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11814450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143405590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotype by environment interactions and phenotypic traits stability of the EUCLEG faba bean collection.","authors":"Dejan Sokolović, Snežana Babić, Mirjana Petrović, Ignacio Solís, Mathias Cougnon, Natalia Gutierrez, Pertti Pärssinen, Dirk Reheul, Jasmina Radović, Ana M Torres","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2024.1480110","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2024.1480110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Faba bean (<i>Vicia faba</i> L.) is an important pulse crop traditionally used for human nutrition and animal feeding. With a high protein content ranging from 24% to 35% of seed dry matter, considerable amounts of globulins, essential amino acids and minerals, faba bean is today an important source meeting the growing global demand for nutritious food. The objective of study was to investigate the variability of nine phenological, phenotypical and yield related traits in 220 faba bean accessions in multi-location trials across four representative European regions. Nine field trials were carried out from 2018 till 2020 in four representative European locations (Spain, Finland, Belgium and Serbia) using an augmented p-rep design containing 20 replicated checks. Significant differences among genotypes and environments were detected, being the genotype x environment interaction (GEI) the major source of variation in five of the nine evaluated traits. The \"which-won-where\" analyses identified two mega-environment namely South European mega environment (SE-ME) and North European mega environment (NE-ME), while the best performing and most stable genotypes according to the nine traits were identified using \"means vs stability\" analyses. According to the highest trait value in each mega environment several winning genotypes were identified showing better performances than some commercial varieties (controls) or checks. Our results suggest that the geographical locations falling into each mega-environment can be used as faba bean test locations. The genotype ranking for the multi-trait stability index (MTSI) revealed that the most stable and best ranking genotypes in SE-ME are G018, G086, G081, G170 and G015 while in the north mega-environment are G091, G171, G177 (Merkur), G029 and G027. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analyses showed a clear correlation between the traits analysed and the botanical type. These findings indicate that botanical type is one of the most significant factors affecting development in any environment, and it must be taken into account in faba bean breeding activities. The information derived from this study provides a chance for breeding new resilient faba bean cultivars adapted to different agroecological European regions, a critical point for addressing Europe's reliance on protein imports and enhancing sustainable agriculture practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"15 ","pages":"1480110"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11813923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143406841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of nutrient deficiency on the structure of soil microbial communities within a double-cropping system.","authors":"Rulan Yang, Zheng Sun, Yu Gong, Peng Zhou, Xinping Zhang, Jie Wang, Qiang Dong, Fei Gao","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1487687","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1487687","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the North China Plain, it is common for farmers to regularly clear crop residues from their fields. The prevalent practice of fertilization in this region continues to depend heavily on the use of compound fertilizers. Howere , long-term single fertilizer application has become the norm in the present agricultural production, which not only destroys the crop rotation system but also negatively affects the soil environment and crop yields. The current knowledge of how nutrient deficits affect the microbial community structure in double-cropping systems is still limited. To clarify the specific response of soil microorganisms to the absence of key nutrients in the ecosystems of the annual double cropping system, this study investigated how the lack of essential nutrients affected the diversity, abundance, and functional dynamics of microorganisms in the soil, and designed five treatment methods: (1) CK, nofertilizer treatment; (2) NPK, adequate nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer treatment; (3) PK, nitrogen deficiency treatment; (4) NK, phosphorus deficiency treatment; and (5) NP, potassium deficiency treatment. The results showed that in two growing seasons, NPK treatment increased the yields of wheat and corn by 16.9% and 27.0%, respectively, while NK and NP treatments increased by 13.4%, 5.4%, 25.0%, and 17.9%, respectively, and the total annual yield increased by 21.1%. In addition, NPK treatment promoted the microbial diversity and abundance of wheat and maize, and balanced fertilization provided more comprehensive nutritional support for crops. Compared to other nutrient-deficient treatments, NPK treatment substantially increased the abundance and functional diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities (p<0.05). The structure and abundance of soil microbial communities are significantly correlated with soil physicochemical factors that involve organic matter, pH, potassium content, phosphorus, and nitrogen levels. pH is the primary environmental factor influencing the diversity of soil microbial communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1487687"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11814463/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143407047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling genetic basis of seedling emergence from deep soil depth under dry direct- seeded conditions in rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.).","authors":"Vagish Mishra, Shilpi Dixit, Swati Tyagi, Challa Venkateswarlu, Pronob J Paul, Anoop Kishor Singh Gurjar, Shalabh Dixit, Nitika Sandhu, Smita Kurup, Arvind Kumar, Pallavi Sinha, Vikas Kumar Singh, Uma Maheshwar Singh","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2024.1512234","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2024.1512234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Water scarcity and labor shortage pose significant challenges in rice farming. Direct-seeded rice (DSR) is an efficient method that conserves water, reduces labor costs, and allows for full mechanization of cultivation. However, variable planting depth in undulated field leading to deep/shallow sowing of rice seeds during mechanical sowing presents a major hurdle, as existing varieties lack tolerance to deep sowing. To address this, a mapping population comprising 150 F₄ lines, derived from MTU 1010 and AUS295, was developed and phenotyped for emergence from deep soil depth-related traits, including days of emergence (DE), percent germination (PG), mesocotyl length (ML), and coleoptile length (CL). The correlation revealed that DE has a significant negative correlation with PG, ML, and CL, whereas PG, ML, and CL are all positively correlated with each other. The mapping population was genotyped with mid-density SNP assay (1k-RiCA), and a linkage map was established with 414 polymorphic SNP markers. A total of 16 QTLs were identified for four traits, with phenotypic variance explained (PVE) ranging from 6.63% to 19.6% in the WS22. These included 5 QTLs for DE, 3 QTLs for PG, 4 QTLs for ML, and 4 QTLs for CL. Out of 16 QTLs identified, 12 were major effect QTLs (<i>qDE_1.2</i> , <i>qDE_1.3</i> , <i>qDE_1.4</i> , <i>qDE_2.1</i> , <i>qDE₁₂</i> , <i>qPG_2.1, qPG_2.2, qML_2.1, qML_2.2</i> , <i>qCL₁</i> , <i>qCL_2.2, qCL_2.3</i> ) and 4 were minor effect QTLs (<i>qPG₁, qML_1.2, qCL_2.1</i> ). During DS23 season, QTL analysis for DE and PG traits identified seven and three QTLs, respectively. Out of the ten QTLs identified in DS23 season, eight were stable across the season. This study reported 11 novel QTLs, while 7 had been previously reported. The study pinpointed three QTL hotspot regions: one on chromosome 1 (<i>qPG₁</i> , <i>qCL₁</i> ) and two on chromosome 2 (<i>qPG_2.1, qML_2.2, qCL_2.1</i> ) and (<i>qPG_2.2, qCL_2.2</i> ). Candidate gene analysis in the identified QTL regions found two genes associated with hormonal pathways: <i>OsSLR1</i> for gibberellin signaling and <i>OsSAUR11</i> for abscisic acid signaling. Additionally, one gene (<i>OsMT3a</i>) associated with early seedling vigor and another (<i>OsABA8ox1</i>) regulates germination through coleoptile growth. The identified QTLs, genes, and breeding lines from this study provide valuable resources for developing rice varieties with enhanced tolerance to deep soil emergence, making them well-suited for mechanized DSR systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"15 ","pages":"1512234"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11814172/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143406972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fruit size prediction of tomato cultivars using machine learning algorithms.","authors":"Masaaki Takahashi, Yasushi Kawasaki, Hiroki Naito, Unseok Lee, Koichi Yoshi","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1516255","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1516255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early fruit size prediction in greenhouse tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L.) is crucial for growers managing cultivars to reduce the yield ratio of small-sized fruit and for stakeholders in the horticultural supply chain. We aimed to develop a method for early prediction of tomato fruit size at harvest with machine learning algorithm, and three machine learning models (Ridge Regression, Extra Tree Regrreion, CatBoost Regression) were compared using the PyCaret package for Python. For constructing the models, the fruit weight estimated from the fruit diameter obtained over time for each cumulative temperature after anthesis was used as explanatory variable and the fruit weight at harvest was used as objective variable. Datasets for two different prediction periods after anthesis of three tomato cultivars (\"CF Momotaro York,\" \"Zayda,\" and \"Adventure.\") were used to develop tomato size prediction models, and their performance was evaluated. We also aimed to improve the model adding the average temperature during the prediction period as an explanatory variable. When the estimated fruit size data at cumulative temperatures of 200°C d, 300°C d, and 500°C d after anthesis were used as explanatory variables, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was lowest for \"Zayda,\" a cultivar with stable fruit diameter, at 9.8% for Ridge Regression. When the estimated fruit size at cumulative temperatures of 300°C d, 500°C d, and 800°C d after anthesis were used as explanatory variables for Ridge Regression, the MAPE decreased for all cultivars: 10.1% for \"CF Momotaro York,\" 8.8% for \"Zayda,\" and 10.0% for \"Adventure.\" In addition, incorporating the average temperature during the fruit size prediction period as an explanatory variable slightly increased model performance. These results indicate that this method could effectively predict tomato size at harvest in three cultivars. If fruit diameter data acquisition could be automated or simplified, it would assist in cultivation management, such as tomato thinning.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1516255"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11813907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143406973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Renewal of wheat cultivars enhances ozone resistance in yield but detrimentally impacts quality: a survey of Chinese wheat.","authors":"Yinsen Qian, Zheng Zhao, Yifan Cao, Quan Ma, Nanyan Zhu, Lingqi Song, Min Zhu, Chunyan Li, Jinfeng Ding, Wenshan Guo, Xinkai Zhu","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2024.1526846","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2024.1526846","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aggravation of ozone (O₃) pollution poses a significant threat to agricultural production. With China being the leading wheat producer of the world, contributing 17.8% to global output, the vulnerability of wheat to O₃ is of particular concern. Despite extensive research on the impacts of O₃ on wheat production and the ongoing development of new wheat cultivars over the years, a connection between yield loss and the released ages of wheat cultivars under O₃ stress remains unestablished. Addressing this, the experiment was carried out at the Yangzhou Rice and Wheat Free-air Gas Concentration Enrichment (FACE) Testing Base in China, using 17 wheat cultivars developed since the 1970s as experimental materials. The elevated O₃ concentration in the test was 1.5 times higher than that in a normal atmosphere. The results indicated that O₃ led to a significant reduction in wheat yield of 18.19%. The yield of cultivars released in the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and after 2000, decreased by 24.9%, 23.3%, 19.8%, and 14.7%, respectively. Overall, the direct effect of 1,000-grain weight on yield was the most significant, followed by the number of grains per spike, whereas the number of spikes contributed least to the yield components. To enhance resistance to O₃ stress in future breeding efforts, increasing the 1,000-grain weight should be a primary objective. Our findings also revealed that elevated O₃ concentration led to higher sedimentation values and protein content while lowering bulk density, hardness, and starch content. As the release age approaches, the rate of decrease in bulk density diminishes gradually. In terms of hardness, sedimentation value, and starch content, varieties released in the 1990s exhibited less sensitivity, whereas those released after the 2000s experienced the most significant changes in protein content. It is worth noting that the impact on the nutritional quality of modern cultivars is particularly significant, particularly regarding starch and protein content. Stress indices indicate that the cultivars released after 2000 exhibit stronger resistance to yield loss. The Yangmai series cultivars appear to be promising parental lines for future breeding programs aimed at developing O₃-resistant wheat.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"15 ","pages":"1526846"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11815558/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143406862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sprayable solutions containing sticky rice oil droplets reduce western flower thrips damage and induce changes in <i>Chrysanthemum</i> leaf chemistry.","authors":"Thijs V Bierman, Hocelayne P Fernandes, Young H Choi, Sumin Seo, Klaas Vrieling, Mirka Macel, Bram Knegt, Thomas E Kodger, Ralph van Zwieten, Peter G L Klinkhamer, T Martijn Bezemer","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1509126","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1509126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thrips are one of the most challenging pests in agricultural crops, including <i>Chrysanthemum</i>. In this study we tested via two plant assays whether solutions containing sticky rice germ oil (RGO) droplets could effectively trap thrips and lower thrips damage on <i>Chrysanthemum</i>. In the first assay, we additionally assessed the metabolomic effects of these RGO droplet sprays and thrips presence on plant chemistry via ¹H NMR and headspace GC-MS on multiple timepoints to investigate which plant metabolites were affected by spraying and their potential relation to plant resistance against thrips. In the second assay, we tested the individual RGO solution constituents against thrips. Our results suggested that the adhesive RGO droplets were not effective as a physical trap as only three out of 600 adult thrips were caught at the achieved coverage. However, average thrips damage was still reduced up to 50% and no negative effects on plant growth were observed up to 25 days. Results from the second plant assay indicated that the individual constituents of the solution containing RGO droplets may have direct effects against thrips. Metabolomics analysis of sprayed leaves via headspace GC-MS and ¹H NMR indicated that fatty acids and several volatile compounds such as 4(10)-thujene (sabinene), eucalyptol, <i>cis</i>-4-thujanol, and isocaryophyllene were highest on day 10, while sucrose, malic acid, <i>o</i>-Cymene, and 3-Methyl-2-butenoic acid were highest on day 25. Plants with thrips showed higher flavonoid, carbohydrate and glutamine acetic acid levels, and lower fatty acids and malic acid levels. RGO application increased the levels of fatty acids and alcohols present on top of and inside the <i>Chrysanthemum</i> leaves, while decreasing the concentrations of volatile compounds such as eucalyptol, chrysanthenone and eugenol in the <i>Chrysanthemum</i> leaves. Most interestingly, the thrips effect on the plant metabolome was no longer visible in RGO treated plants at the later harvesttime, suggesting that RGO application may overrule or prevent the metabolomic effects of thrips infestation. In conclusion, our study provides new information on how the application of a new plant-based plant protection product affects insect herbivores and alters crop phytochemistry for improved herbivore resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1509126"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11811490/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143398264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}