Frontiers in Plant Science最新文献

{"title":"Integrated physiological and transcriptomic analyses reveal cell wall remodeling underlying firmness retention in a firm-fruited blueberry genotype.","authors":"Bowei Wang, Chenxin Yu, Yibo Ma, Xiaoxuan Tang, Yadong Li, Haiyue Sun","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1962192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1962192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Fruit softening is a major factor limiting the postharvest quality, transportability, and shelf life of blueberry, but the physiological and molecular basis of firmness variation remains incompletely understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The soft-fruited cultivar 'Duke' and the firm-fruited genotype '2017D' were compared using phenotypic, physiological, histological, biochemical, transcriptomic, and transient functional analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>'2017D' maintained substantially higher firmness during fruit development, together with greater retention of several texture attributes, including chewiness, gumminess, resilience, and cohesiveness. Histological observations showed that '2017D' retained a comparatively more continuous mesocarp organization at the blue stage. Cell wall analysis further revealed greater retention of structural polysaccharides and insoluble pectin in '2017D', whereas 'Duke' accumulated more soluble pectin during the later developmental stages. Lower PG and β-galactosidase activities in '2017D' were consistent with reduced cell wall polysaccharide degradation during ripening. RNA-seq analysis identified 6,168 differentially expressed genes between the two genotypes, with significant enrichment of pathways and biological processes associated with hormone signaling, carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall organization, and related ripening processes. Among the cell wall-related candidate genes, VcβGAL369 showed a pronounced expression difference between the two genotypes and a distinct developmental expression pattern and was therefore selected for further characterization. Transient silencing of VcβGAL369 increased fruit firmness and promoted cell wall component retention, whereas transient overexpression reduced fruit firmness and promoted cell wall disassembly.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These results indicate that the contrasting firmness of '2017D' and 'Duke' is associated with differences in cell wall remodeling and ripening-related transcriptional processes and support a role for VcβGAL369 in promoting blueberry fruit softening.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1962192"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13686834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Molecular characterization reveals three <i>Neopestalotiopsis</i> species causing strawberry disease outbreaks in Spain.","authors":"Patricia López, Ana M Pastrana, Marcus V Marin, Celia Borrero, Natalia A Peres, Manuel Avilés","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1997554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1997554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2026.1830265.].</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1997554"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13689835/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Transcriptomic insights into the molecular regulatory mechanism of staminody in Chinese narcissus (<i>Narcissus tazetta</i> subsp. <i>chinensis</i>).","authors":"Pengda Zhao, Yuting Yang, Na Zhang, Keke Fan, Yanting Chang, Baokun Yan, Hanchen Tian, Zehui Jiang, Yanjun Ma, Tao Hu","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.2016040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.2016040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2026.1931382.].</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"2016040"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13689837/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of conelet mortality rates in interior lodgepole pine using phenomic, nutritional, and environmental data.","authors":"Julian Garcia-Abadillo, Julio Isidro Y Sánchez, Diego Jarquin, Esteban Galeano, Barb R Thomas","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1845181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1845181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interior lodgepole pine [<i>Pinus contorta</i> Dougl. var. <i>latifolia</i> Engelm.], is a keystone species in western Canada and the northwest United States, contributing significantly to natural forest ecosystems and commercial forestry. However, unstable seed yields driven by high conelet (first-year ovulate strobilus) mortality rates (CMR) hinder effective management and breeding efforts in Alberta, Canada. This study explores the potential of different sources of information, such as multispectral imagery, foliar nutrient analysis and microclimatic data, to predict reproductive success across three seed orchards in Alberta. The orchards are designed for deployment at different elevations, were established using different methods (seedling versus grafting), and are different ages. Phenotypic assessments focusing on conelet counts and CMR were conducted in each orchard over a three-year period. Environmental conditions were monitored using HOBO data loggers, and multispectral unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery (2x/year) was used to provide high-resolution vegetative indices. Foliar nutrient profiles were also analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The datasets were integrated into a Bayesian mixed model framework to identify key predictors that provide genetic and environmental context. Results revealed that genetic factors (clone- or family-based effects) accounted for up to 13% of the phenotypic variance, while environmental contributions ranged from 15% to 27%. Multi-source models improved prediction accuracy in specific scenarios, mainly through genotype-by-predictor interactions. Among all datasets, the fall multispectral imagery showed the greatest potential, with increases of 2% to 6%, in predictive accuracy from the baseline. Predicting the performance of new genotypes remained challenging, highlighting the need for genomic data integration.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1845181"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13687373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thioredoxins as hormone-responsive redox regulators in wheat: transcriptomic and structural insights.","authors":"Mohammed Hashim Bouzenita, Rana Adnan Tahir, Mengjie Fan, Aisha Shabib Estanbooli, Kamel Chibani","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1911123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1911123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thioredoxins (TRXs) are small central redox proteins involved in stress responses and plant development, but their hormone-dependent regulation remains poorly characterized. In this study, a genome-wide identification of the TRX family in <i>Triticum aestivum</i> (Ta) was performed using <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> TRXs as orthologs. Phylogenetic analysis allowed the identification of a total of 48 TRXs, including 22 typical TRXs, 22 atypical TRXs, and four thioredoxin reductases (TRs). The identified classes in wheat were conserved compared with the <i>Arabidopsis</i> genome; however, no extra classes were identified. To assess the regulation of the wheat <i>TRX</i> genes under hormonal treatments, including abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), an <i>in silico</i> analysis was performed using the GEO dataset. The transcriptomic analysis and the quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) validation revealed that the atypical <i>TRXs</i> were more responsive to hormones than the typical <i>TRXs</i> and <i>TRs</i>. Among these atypical TRX members, atypical cysteine/histidine rich thioredoxin (ACHT), chloroplast drought stress protein of 32 kDa (CDSP32), nucleoredoxin (NRX), and TRX-L3 groups were the most hormone-responsive. ABA strongly upregulated the <i>TaACHT4.2</i> gene, whereas <i>TaNRX1.1</i> responded to IAA and ET. On the other hand, ABA, IAA, ET, and MeJA downregulated <i>TaCDSP32.1</i>, <i>TaNRX1.2</i>, <i>TaNRX1.3</i>, and <i>ACHT</i> members. The molecular docking analysis suggested a potential interaction between the selected atypical TRXs and ABA, IAA, and MeJA. The multidomain TRXs, such as TaCDSP32.1 and TaNRX1.1, showed a high affinity for ABA and IAA, whereas TaTRX-L3.1.3 showed a high affinity for MeJA. This study highlights the importance and potential functions of poorly characterized atypical TRXs as hormone-responsive redox regulatory nodes in wheat and provides a basis for future functional validation under hormonal and stress conditions, as well as during plant development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1911123"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13687799/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Pratylenchus brachyurus</i> is the prevalent root-lesion nematode in brazilian soybean fields, occurring singly and in mixed populations with <i>P</i>. <i>zeae, P. penetrans</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>brasiliensis</i>.","authors":"Francisco de Assis Dos Santos Diniz, Eduardo S G Mizubuti, Pedro Henrique Lima Gomes, João Igor Araujo Valadares, Thaís Ribeiro Santiago","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1951549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1951549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Root-lesion nematodes of the genus <i>Pratylenchus</i> are among the most economically important plant parasitic nematodes of soybean worldwide, yet their species diversity, distribution, and the genetic structure of the populations remain poorly resolved in Brazil. To address this knowledge gap, this study aimed to characterize the diversity, distribution, and genetic variation of <i>Pratylenchus</i> spp. associated with soybean in Brazil and evaluate soybean cultivar responses to the prevalent species. The study combined extensive field sampling with phylogenetic analyses based on independent molecular markers, morphological and morphometric characterization, and host-response assays. Soybean roots and rhizosphere soil were collected from 309 commercial fields across 16 major soybean-producing states. <i>Pratylenchus</i> spp. were detected in 95.8% (296/309) of the fields, from which 367 pure populations were established. This higher number reflects the separation of distinct morphotypes/species recovered from the same field samples. Sequencing of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA, Internal Transcribed Spacer rDNA, and partial mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I revealed four species associated with soybean: <i>P. brachyurus</i> (detected in 292 fields), <i>P. zeae</i> (73 fields), <i>P. brasiliensis</i> (six fields), and <i>P. penetrans</i> (one field). This is the first report of <i>P. penetrans</i> associated with soybean in Brazil. Mixed-species infestations were detected in 72 fields, predominantly involving <i>P. brachyurus</i> and <i>P. zeae</i>. Three-species co-occurrence (<i>P. brachyurus</i>, <i>P. zeae</i>, and <i>P. penetrans</i>) was detected in one field. There was substantial intraspecific phylogenetic variation in <i>P. brachyurus</i> and <i>P. zeae</i>. Morphological and morphometric analyses largely corroborated molecular identification but highlighted persistent diagnostic overlap between <i>P. penetrans</i> and <i>P. brasiliensis</i>. Reproduction factors were highest for <i>P. brasiliensis</i> (Rf = 4.66-10.84) and <i>P. brachyurus</i> (Rf = 3.33-11.44), whereas <i>P. zeae</i> showed low Rf values (0.06-0.27). All soybean cultivars were susceptible to <i>P. brachyurus</i> and <i>P. brasiliensis</i> (Rf > 1.0) with the highest values estimated for 'TMG 2833' and 'BMX Domínio'. <i>Pratylenchus</i> populations associated with soybean in Brazil are more taxonomically and genetically diverse than previously documented and the absence of effective resistance among current cultivars underscores the need for integrative diagnostics and region-specific management strategies that consider mixed infestations and genetically structured populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1951549"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13687066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-destructive estimation of individual buckwheat plant biomass using high-throughput phenotyping-derived canopy traits.","authors":"Stephen Njehia Njane, Takashi Hara, Kumpei Ota, Hiroshi Nakagawa","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1953140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1953140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this research, we aim to develop a technique for estimating biomass of individual buckwheat from high-throughput phenotyping derived crop traits (HTP-derived crop traits). A tractor-mounted multi-camera phenotyping system was utilised to take images which were processed to generate crop height, volume index and coverage. The accuracy of the imaging system was first validated by comparing image-derived plant height with manual measurements, showing strong agreement with high linear coefficients of determination (R²) of 0.95 and 0.93 for \"18sd-1\" and \"Kitamitsuki\", respectively. A biomass estimation model was then developed by relating biomass accumulation to estimated HTP-derived crop traits and compared to that of Monteith-based RUE framework. Biomass estimation was evaluated using one-stage, two-stage, and three-stage models, where the two-stage model separated pre- and post-flowering periods and the three-stage model further divided the pre-flowering period into early and mid-growth stages. The three-stage model improved performance, indicating that developmental stage should be considered when modelling biomass accumulation in buckwheat. Among the evaluated HTP-derived traits, volume index showed the strongest association with measured biomass and showed a similar accuracy as that of the conventional coverage-based RUE framework. These results demonstrate that HTP-derived structural traits, particularly volume index, provide a practical and biologically interpretable approach for repeated, non-destructive estimation of individual-plant biomass in buckwheat.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1953140"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13687041/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The <i>NF-Y</i> gene family in <i>Rosa</i>: evolutionary divergence across three species and potential roles in heat tolerance and secondary metabolism.","authors":"Sainan Jiang, Jun Zhang, Jie Yang, Junlan Zhang, Wen Xing, Zeqing Li","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1944775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1944775","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Plant pigmentation and secondary metabolism are intrinsically linked to pollinator attraction, environmental adaptation, and ornamental quality, yet the transcriptional regulators that coordinate multiple metabolic branches remain poorly understood. Nuclear Factor Y (NF-Y) transcription factors are well-established mediators of developmental and stress signaling, but their involvement in orchestrating plant metabolic networks has not been explored in the genus <i>Rosa</i> .</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Here, we performed genome-wide identification and multi-omics characterization of 30, 30, and 29 <i>NF-Y</i> genes from <i>R. chinensis</i>, <i>R. rugosa</i>, and <i>R. wichuraiana</i>, respectively. We then conducted evolutionary analyses, orthology-based protein interaction modeling, promoter cis-element analysis, transcriptome profiling under heat stress, and integrated Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) with untargeted metabolomics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evolutionary analyses revealed that segmental duplications drove family expansion under strong purifying selection, with the <i>NF-YB</i> and <i>NF-YC</i> subfamilies exhibiting distinct structural diversification. Orthology-based protein interaction modeling predicted the NF-YC subgroup I as a likely scaffold for heterotrimer assembly, while promoter cis-element analysis showed enrichment in hormone-responsive motifs (ABRE and MeJA), linking these genes to both environmental cues and metabolic signaling. Transcriptome profiling under heat stress demonstrated species-specific <i>NF-Y</i> expression dynamics, with the <i>NF-YA</i> subfamily contributing the most responsive members. Crucially, by integrating WGCNA with untargeted metabolomics, we associated multiple <i>RcNF-Y</i> genes with cultivar-dependent accumulation of flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids-spanning the major classes of pigmentation-related and defense-related secondary metabolites. Among these, <i>RcNF-YA4, RcNF-YA5</i>, and <i>RcNF-YB12</i> were associated with flavonoid accumulation, whereas <i>RcNF-YC2</i> was associated with terpenoid and alkaloid accumulation. This suggests that <i>RcNF-YC2</i> may function as a potential hub bridging stress signaling with broad-spectrum metabolic regulation. Notably, the <i>NF-Y</i> members responding to heat stress and those linked to metabolic output showed limited overlap, implying functional specialization within the family.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Collectively, our findings suggest a potential role of the rose <i>NF-Y</i> family in integrating thermal stress signals with diverse secondary metabolic pathways. This study prioritizes <i>RcNF-YC2</i> as a candidate target for genetic or biotechnological improvement of fragrance and stress resilience in ornamental crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1944775"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13687345/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149265883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canopy and leaf vein segmentation and topology-guided localization of stem points in tobacco plants using YOLO-ODS.","authors":"Jiaxing Qing, Donghao Li, Xiwen Luo, Zhihao Zeng, Jinhong Chen, Yawen Liu, Jingqi Xu, Shan Zeng, Yukun Yang, Yu Wang","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1930225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1930225","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate stem point localization is critical for intelligent tobacco production but remains challenging in low-altitude nadir-view UAV imagery. This is because the visible upper stem after topping is small, weakly textured, and visually similar to surrounding canopy tissues. This study formulates stem point localization as a topology-guided geometric inference problem based on canopy and leaf vein structures. A lightweight instance segmentation model, YOLO-ODS, was developed on YOLOv11n-Seg to jointly segment tobacco canopies and leaf veins from UAV imagery. The model integrates an Orientation-Aware Convolution Module (OACM), a Dual Interactive Attention Module (DIAM), and Slide Loss to enhance directional feature representation and improve discrimination of fine-grained structures. Based on segmentation results, leaf vein skeletons are extracted and local trend lines are fitted to estimate stem points via geometric convergence under canopy constraints. Experimental results showed that YOLO-ODS achieved a Recall of 86.79%, a mask mAP@0.5 of 90.19%, and a mask mAP@0.5:0.95 of 67.20%, outperforming the YOLOv11n-Seg baseline by 2.20, 1.14, and 2.10 percentage points, respectively. For the leaf vein category, the mask mAP@0.5:0.95 reached 51.49%. With 2.86 M parameters and 10.19 GFLOPs, YOLO-ODS remained lightweight for field deployment. The proposed localization method achieved an <i>MAE</i> of 12.05 px and an <i>RMSE</i> of 12.99 px, reducing <i>MAE</i> and <i>RMSE</i> by 51.2% and 52.6%, respectively, compared with YOLOv11n-pose. These results suggest that integrating lightweight instance segmentation with leaf vein topology may provide a promising approach for improving stem point localization under complex field conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1930225"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13685701/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149244000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of protoplast cell division and microcallus formation toward somatic embryogenesis in oil palm.","authors":"Mohamed A A Ahmed, Hanlu Su, Elboghdady A E A, Seerat Fatima, Zhiying Li, Yong Wang","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2026.1952622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1952622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Efficient protoplast regeneration remains a major obstacle to the application of somatic hybridization, genome editing and precision breeding in oil palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i>); while early developmental stages, from cell wall regeneration and cell division to microcolony and microcallus formation, could be more important, which could be connected easily with the traditional tissue culture system for succeeding plant regeneration. This study aimed to optimize the protopalst culture conditions for cell division and microcallus formation by identifying the most effective combinations of culture systems, basal media and plant growth regulators.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Protoplasts isolated from different oil palm tissues (embryogenic callus, suspension cultures, and somatic embryos) were investigated by protoplast yield and viability; protoplasts from the embryogenic callus showed the most satisfactory response and was therefore used for subsequent optimization of culture conditions. The protoplasts were cultured using six culture systems (liquid, droplet, agarose pool, well-plate culture, feeder layer, and nurse culture) in combination with eight basal media (BH3, MS, WPM, Y3, KM, B5, N6, and KPR), and the culture effects were evaluated based on protoplast viability, plating efficiency, cell division, microcolony and microcallus formation. Microcallus emerged from the KPR solid medium were transferred to previously established traditional tissue culture system for further somatic embryogenesis and regeneration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BH3 liquid medium was particularly effective for early protoplast recovery and rapid cell wall regeneration, whereas KPR solid medium combined with the nurse culture system, provided the most favorable conditions for sustained cell division, plating efficiency, microcolony and microcallus formation. Cell division occurred within 3-7 days, followed by microcolony formation after approximately 7 days and visible microcallus formation after 60 days. Microcallus were transferred for further development, somatic embryos and bud regeneration was observed after 90 days and 120 days, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present study focused on the early developmental stages of oil palm protoplast culture, and optimized a stage-specific culture strategy for quick microcallus formation; combined with previous oil palm tissue culture system, further somatic embryogenesis and bud regeneration were established successfully. This work not only promoted the protoplast regeneration of oil palm, but also provides a promising strategy for other tropical palm trees such as coconut and betel nut.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"1952622"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13684913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149244116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}