Frontiers in Plant Science最新文献

{"title":"Integrated metabolomics, transcriptomic, and phytohormonal analyses to study the effects of water stress and foliar abscisic acid application in <i>Thymus</i> species using LC-MS/MS.","authors":"Maryam Alipour, Maryam Haghighi, Mehdi Rahimmalek, Michael Reichelt, Laure Martinelli, Karin Groten, Axel Mithöfer","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1557446","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1557446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thyme species, including <i>Thymus vulgaris, T. kotschyanus</i> (drought-tolerant) and <i>T. serpyllum</i> (drought-sensitive), are valuable medicinal herbs. They are often grown in arid regions and are increasingly suffering from water stress due to climate change. Here, we analyzed the metabolome and expression of selected genes in leaves of these species under drought stress with and without treatment with the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). Among the terpenes, dominant metabolites in thyme, thymol was the most important terpenoid component, followed by thymoquinone, carvacrol and p-cymene in all three species. Drought stress reduced terpene concentrations, while moderate ABA levels increased them. <i>T. kotschyanus</i> showed the highest concentrations of thymol and carvacrol after combined treatment with drought and ABA. Metabolite accumulation was partially correlated with genes related to terpenoid biosynthesis. The combined treatment of drought stress and ABA resulted in a significant reduction of the stress hormone jasmonic acid and an increase of its biosynthetic precursor, OPDA (cis-12-oxophytodienoic acid), in all species. The present research results indicate that ABA treatment at moderate concentrations could be used as a measure to increase the production of some pharmaceutically active phenolic monoterpenes in <i>T. vulgaris, T. serpyllum</i> and <i>T. kotschyanus</i> and increase the stress resistance of the plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1557446"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11933024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal variations in biomass, height, photosynthetic efficiency, and carbon and nitrogen contents of <i>Suaeda japonica</i> in Incheon salt marshes (Korea).","authors":"Jeong Hwa Hwang, Ji-Sook Park, Young-Seok Han, Charles Yarish, Jang K Kim","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1513624","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1513624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Salt marshes are known as major blue carbon ecosystems for their higher carbon sequestration capacity and productivity compared to terrestrial ecosystems. However, in Korea, salt marshes have been continuously decreasing since the 1980s. This study aims to identify seasonal changes in salt marsh plants and evaluate the carbon and nitrogen sequestration in these ecosystems. This study observed seasonal changes in the biomass, cover, height, photosynthetic efficiency, carbon and nitrogen content of <i>Suaeda japonica</i> in two salt marsh ecosystems in Incheon, Korea, Yeongjong (YJ) and Sorae (SR). In spring, plant density at SR. was significantly higher than at YJ. This higher density at SR inhibited growth and survival during summer and autumn. In addition, photosynthetic efficiency at SR decreased significantly in summer compared to spring. The different habitat densities between the two sites resulted in morphological variations. The plants at YJ, with lower density, grew wider with more branches and showed higher dry weight in comparison to those at SR. Carbon sequestration by <i>S. japonica</i> per unit area was 113.70 g/m² at YJ, which was twice as high as at SR. The plant density and biomass of <i>S. japonica</i> were affected by differences in seawater inflow at each site. The tissue carbon content was highest in the roots, suggesting that carbon absorbed by the leaves is effectively stored in sediment. This study provides insights into the regional and seasonal changes of <i>S. japonica</i>, highlighting its significance as a blue carbon resource. The results can contribute to the evaluation and restoration of salt marshes to enhance their carbon sequestration potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1513624"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11933049/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smallholder farmers can achieve more sustainable wheat production through Consolidating Land for Uniform Practice.","authors":"Taoyu Ren, Xue Yang, Wushuai Zhang, Wenhui Tang, Yajuan Li, Yinghao Tian, Jiawen Ren, Jun Yan, Xiaoxia Guo, Zhichao An, Hongyan Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1517683","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1517683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Land fragmentation of smallholder agriculture significantly constrains the adoption rate of optimal management practices and sustainable crop production.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We developed and implemented an innovative management model known as Consolidating Land for Uniform Practice (CLUP), which aimed to foster multi-actor collaboration and facilitate the large-scale application of optimal practices without altering land ownership. CLUP was implemented in wheat fields in the North China Plain for three consecutive years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to conventional farmers' practices (FP), the CLUP approach improved wheat yield by 14%, nitrogen recovery efficiency by 35%, net ecosystem economic benefit by 86%, and agricultural labor productivity by 53%. Additionally, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per hectare and per ton of grain were reduced by 18% and 32%, respectively. Although the wheat yield and environmental performance of CLUP were not as good as that of scientist-led optimal practices (SP), its agricultural labor productivity was 60% higher, and its economic cost was 10% lower than SP.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The CLUP model facilitates a transformative partnership by integrating the cutting-edge knowledge from universities, policy support from governments, and machinery services from enterprises, while emphasizing the participation of smallholder farmers. Overall, this study provides empirical evidence for optimizing agricultural practices and land management strategies, offering practical solutions for smallholder-dominated areas in the Global South.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1517683"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11933068/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological basis of nano-silica deposition-related improvement in aluminum tolerance in pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i>).","authors":"Yingming Feng, Yuxin Zheng, Wei Nong, Xingyun Chen, Zeyan Wang, Peng Zeng, Xuewen Li, Shabala Sergey, Lei Shi, Min Yu","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1516663","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1516663","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aluminum(Al) toxicity is a major constraint affecting crop growth in acidic soils across the globe. Excessive Al levels in such soils not only negatively affect crop growth but also have significant implications for human health. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of increasing tolerance to Al stress by creating biomineralization structures in plant roots by nano-silica, and to explore the physiological basis silicon-mediated alleviation of Al toxicity in plants. The polyethylenimine was used to induce nano-silica to form biomineralization structures on the surface of root tip and root border cells in pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i>) plants. The results showed that under Al stress conditions, the deposition of nano-silica on the cell wall of pea root border cells induced by polyethyleneimine effectively increased cell viability and reduced reactive oxygen species(ROS) production by 44%, thus slowing down the programmed cell death. Such deposition also resulted in more Al ions(Al³⁺) absorbed by the surface of the root tip, thus preventing Al³⁺ from entering the root tip and alleviating the toxic effects of Al on cell metabolism. It is concluded that polyethylenimine- induced nano-silica deposition on the cell wall endows pea root cells with Al tolerance, thus enhancing crop growth and reducing toxic Al load, contributing to food safety and human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1516663"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11933081/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suppression potential of selected vermicomposts against root-knot nematode (<i>Meloidogyne incognita</i>) under <i>in vitro</i>, pot, and field conditions.","authors":"Zerihun Getachew Gebrehana, Mesfin T Gebremikael, Sheleme Beyene, Wim M L Wesemael, Stefaan De Neve","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1532800","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1532800","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The root-knot nematode <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> presents a serious threat to high-value crops in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Ethiopia, causing substantial yield and quality losses. Vermicompost, whether applied in solid form or as an extract, has shown promise in managing root-knot nematodes (RKNs). However, its effectiveness is influenced by factors such as the quality and type of vermicompost, the application rate, and the composition of parasitic nematode communities in the soil. This study utilized selected vermicomposts at varying rates in in vitro, pot, and field experiments to evaluate their potential for suppressing <i>M. incognita</i> and their effects on the growth and yield of tomato and hot pepper. The <i>in vitro</i> experiments demonstrated that all vermicompost extracts exhibited toxicity to J2. In particular, VC10 and VC11 showed higher efficacy, resulting in 55% and 78% mortality of J2 after 24 and 72 h of exposure, respectively, compared to the control and VC12. The interaction between vermicompost type, application rate, and nematode density significantly influenced tomato growth and nematode parameters in the pot experiment. The application of VC10 and VC11 at high doses (10 and 20 t ha^-1) and low nematode density (50 J2) increased root fresh weight while reducing galls and nematode populations in tomato roots. Conversely, VC12 at a high application rate (20 t ha^-1) and high nematode density (500 J2) led to an increase in root galls and nematode populations, suggesting a preference for RKNs rather than the expected nematicidal effect. The study indicates that the suppressive effect of vermicompost on nematodes varies with nematode density, depending on the type and amount of vermicompost used. Field experiments revealed that vermicompost amendments not only suppressed posttreatment nematode populations but also significantly improved hot pepper yield. Particularly, VC10 applied at high rates (10 and 20 t ha-1) resulted in lower nematode densities and higher marketable fruit yield compared to other vermicompost treatments and the conventional treatments (control, farmer practice, and recommended fertilizer). This highlights the long-term benefits of vermicompost application for nematode management and soil health. In addition, vermicompost amendments improved soil chemical properties. Overall, vermicompost offers greater benefits than farmers' practices and high-cost chemical fertilizers for soil improvement, while also enhancing tomato and hot pepper yields in nematode-infested smallholder farms.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1532800"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932992/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of <i>Lotus corniculatus</i> (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae).","authors":"Xiaofei Chen, Zinian Wu, Yanting Yang, Qibo Tao, Na Na, Wenya Wan, Chunyu Tian, Wenlong Gong, Zhiyong Li","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1555595","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1555595","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Lotus corniculatus</i> is a perennial leguminous herb and serves as a high-quality forage, playing a key role in both grassland ecological restoration and the development of grazing livestock farming.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we successfully assembled the <i>L. corniculatus</i> mitochondrial genome and investigated various related aspects, including genomic features, RNA editing sites, codon preference, gene transfer events, and phylogeny.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>We found that the length of the <i>L. corniculatus</i> mitochondrial genome is 401,301 bp, and its GC content is 45.15%. It consists of 53 genes, comprising 32 protein-coding genes, 3 ribosomal RNA genes, and 18 transfer RNA genes. A total of 146 scattered repeats, 8 tandem repeats, and 124 simple sequence repeats are present in the mitochondrial genome. A thorough examination of all protein-coding genes revealed 485 instances of RNA editing and 9579 codons. Additionally, 57 homologous fragments were identified in <i>L. corniculatus</i> mitochondrial genome and chloroplast genomes, accounting for approximately 4.04% of the <i>L. corniculatus</i> mitochondrial genome. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial genome data from 33 species belonging to four Fabaceae subfamilies and two species from other families validated the evolutionary relationship of Lotus. These findings have significant implications for understanding the organization and evolution of the <i>L. corniculatus</i> mitochondrial genome as well as for the identification of genetic markers. They also offer valuable perspectives relevant to devising strategies for molecular breeding and evolutionary categorization of legumes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1555595"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11933009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in agriculture by integrating agronomic practices and genetic advances.","authors":"Aamir Ali, Nida Jabeen, Rasulov Farruhbek, Zaid Chachar, Azhar Ali Laghari, Sadaruddin Chachar, Nazir Ahmed, Shoaib Ahmed, Zhenping Yang","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1543714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1543714","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrogen is a critical nutrient for plant growth and productivity, but inefficiencies in its use in agriculture present both economic and environmental challenges. Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is essential for promoting sustainable crop production and mitigating the negative impacts of nitrogen loss, such as water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. This review discusses various strategies aimed at improving NUE, with a focus on agronomic practices, genetic advancements, and integrated management approaches. Traditional agronomic methods, including split nitrogen application and the use of controlled-release fertilizers, are explored alongside precision agriculture techniques, which enable real-time adjustments to nitrogen application based on crop and soil conditions. Advances in genetics and biotechnology, such as conventional breeding, genetic modification, and genome editing, have contributed to the development of crop varieties with improved nitrogen uptake and assimilation. Additionally, the role of beneficial microbes, including nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, is highlighted as a natural means of enhancing nitrogen availability and reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers. The review further emphasizes sustainable practices such as legume-based crop rotations, continuous cover cropping, and organic fertilization, which contribute to soil nitrogen enrichment and overall soil health. By combining these agronomic, genetic, and microbial strategies, a holistic nitrogen management approach can be achieved, maximizing crop yields while minimizing environmental impacts. This integrated strategy supports the development of resilient and sustainable agricultural systems, promoting long-term soil fertility and productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1543714"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11951869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: XVII SOLANACEAE2022 meets the 2020 decade challenges.","authors":"Ifigeneia Mellidou, Antonio Granell, Hiroshi Ezura, Panagiotis Kalaitzis, Nathalie Gonzalez, Alain Goossens, Mondher Bouzayen, Angelos K Kanellis","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1570346","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1570346","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1570346"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931147/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143700285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing crop management strategies for improved yield, water productivity, and sustainability of quinoa in shallow basaltic semi-arid regions.","authors":"Aliza Pradhan, Jagadish Rane, P S Basavaraj, Neeraj Kumar, Dhanashri Shid, Nobin C Paul, K K Pal, K Sammi Reddy","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1522995","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1522995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Recently, quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> Willd.) has gained global recognition as a nutritious, adaptable crop suitable to adverse soil and climatic conditions. However, knowledge about optimal management practices for its cultivation in marginal areas of India is limited.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this context, a field experiment was conducted in a split-split plot design with four sowing dates (D₁: 1st November; D₂: 15th November; D₃: 1st December, D₄: 15th December) in main plots, two irrigation levels (I₁: 40% ET_c; I₂: 80% ET_c) in sub-plots, and three nitrogen doses (N₁: 100 kg N ha^-1; N₂: 150 kg N ha^-1; N₃: 200 kg N ha^-1) in sub-sub plots having three replications during 2021-22 and 2022-23 in shallow basaltic <i>murram</i> soils.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Results indicated that sowing on 1st November yielded the highest seed production of 1446 kg ha^-1, as temperatures aligned closely with optimal growth conditions. Quinoa's drought tolerance meant that deficit irrigation was able to maintain the crop growth and yield. While the crop responded positively to higher N doses, the study found that applying 100 kg N ha^-1 was optimal, considering shallow basaltic soil conditions and potential lodging issues. Additionally, water productivity, protein, and saponin content reflected similar trends to seed yield. The results suggested that early sowing, irrigation at 40% ET_c, and 100 kg N ha^-1 produced a seed yield of 1446 kg ha^-1, demonstrating higher carbon efficiency and sustainability while minimizing N₂O emissions. However, these strategies should be tailored to specific agro-ecological conditions. Overall, the findings confirm quinoa's potential for cultivation in India's 26 million hectares of shallow basaltic <i>murram</i> soils, where other crops may not thrive economically.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1522995"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931028/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic dissection of QTL for important agronomic traits and fine-mapping of qGL4 and qGW6 based on a short-width grain rice CSSL-Z691.","authors":"Zhaopeng Yu, Guangyi Xu, Keying Xie, Zhuang Xie, Dachuan Wang, Linlu Tan, Yinghua Ling, Guanghua He, Fangming Zhao","doi":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1539625","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1539625","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rice chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) are ideal for creating natural variation and dissecting complex quantitative traits. In addition, it builds a bridge for molecular breeding and accurate identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In this study, to construct an <i>indica</i> rice library of single-segment substitution lines (SSSLs) spanning the whole genome, a rice CSSL-Z691 carrying four substitution segments (4.07 Mb of average length) was identified by marker-assisted selection (MAS) from <i>indica</i> restorer line \"Jinhui35\" in the \"Xihui18\" genetic background. Compared with large panicle type Xihui18, seed setting ratio, grain width, and 1000-grain weight increased in Z691. In contrast, the number of primary branches, spikelet number per panicle, grain number per panicle, grain length, rate of length to width, and yield per plant decreased in Z691. Then, 11 QTLs were identified in the secondary F₂ population from Xihui18/Z691. Again, four QTLs (<i>qGW6</i>, <i>qGL4</i>, <i>qRLW4</i>, and <i>qGWT4</i>) were validated by three SSSLs (S1-S3) developed in F₃. In addition, 11 new QTLs were detected by the three SSSLs that were not identified in the F₂ population. Moreover, the different QTLs in D1-D3 showed various genetic models. Some QTLs, e.g., <i>qGWT6</i> (<i>a</i> = 0.96 g) and <i>qGWT7</i> (<i>a</i> = -0.29 g), displayed independent inheritance, while others exhibited various epistatic interactions. Thus, it is vital to identify different QTLs and their genetic models. Resolving the epistasis effects among different QTLs is crucial for screening QTLs for breeding by design. Finally, <i>qGL4</i> and <i>qGW6</i> were fine-mapped to 160- and 240-kb intervals on chromosomes 4 and 6, and two candidate genes were determined by DNA sequencing. These results provide valuable genetic and breeding materials for cloning <i>qGL4</i> and <i>qGW6</i> and for future molecular breeding by design.</p>","PeriodicalId":12632,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"1539625"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143700289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}