Fuel Cells最新文献

{"title":"Abnormal Performance Recovery During Long-Term −30°C Cold Start Cycles: Mechanism and Engineering Strategies for a Metallic Bipolar Plate Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack","authors":"Yu Wang,&nbsp;Hongyou Bian,&nbsp;Jia He","doi":"10.1002/fuce.70162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.70162","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Driven by global carbon neutrality initiatives, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have emerged as a core zero-emission power technology for transportation. However, their large-scale application in cold regions is severely constrained by low-temperature cold start capability, particularly the mandatory requirement of unassisted cold start at −30°C in road vehicle fuel cell regulations. A critical and previously unreported phenomenon—abnormal performance recovery during long-term freeze–thaw cycles—has been identified in high-power metallic bipolar plate (BPP) PEMFC stacks, which constitutes the core innovation of this work. Existing studies mostly focus on single cells or small-scale stacks, with limited insights into the long-term cold start cycle characteristics of high-power metallic BPP stacks at −30°C, and the mechanism behind such abnormal performance recovery during freeze–thaw cycles remains poorly understood. In this work, a homemade 60 kW PEMFC stack with 154 cells and metallic BPPs was subjected to 40 repeated −30°C unassisted cold start cycles, combined with steady-state polarization curve tests, multi-condition electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and ex situ microstructural characterizations. The results show that the metallic BPP stack achieved −30°C unassisted cold start within 153 s, exhibiting overwhelming advantages in low-temperature adaptability. Most notably, the stack performance presented a distinct two-stage non-monotonic evolution that is unprecedented in existing research: continuous attenuation in the first 30 cycles (1.6% voltage degradation at 2.0 A cm⁻²), followed by full recovery to the initial level in Cycles 30–40, which was predominantly driven by a 30.6% reduction in concentration impedance. This abnormal performance recovery, the core innovation of this study, was verified to be a reversible effect derived from the dynamic balance between irreversible structural damage and reversible performance gains, including deep activation of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), pore structure reconstruction of the catalyst layer (CL), and water management optimization within the stack. This reversible gain completely disappeared after accelerated calendar aging, accompanied by significant performance degradation with a 5.28% voltage decay at 2.0 A cm⁻². Severe irreversible damage occurred in the end cells due to the thermal edge effect, which became the core limitation of the stack's full-life cycle lifetime. This work, for the first time, systematically reveals the abnormal non-monotonic performance recovery phenomenon and its intrinsic mechanism in high-power metallic BPP stacks during long-term −30°C cold start cycles and proposes systematic engineering optimization strategies, providing critical theoretical and experimental support for the commercial application of automotive PEMFCs in cold regions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12566,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Cells","volume":"26 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149147001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiphysics Modeling of an Electrolyzer for Ethylene Glycol Electrooxidation to Glycolic Acid: Performance and Transport Analysis","authors":"Xinkai Song,&nbsp;Bowen Wang,&nbsp;Yanchen Lai,&nbsp;Lei Xing,&nbsp;Hui Luo,&nbsp;Kui Jiao","doi":"10.1002/fuce.70161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.70161","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The ethylene glycol oxidation reaction (EGOR) converts polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-derived ethylene glycol (EG) into value-added products such as glycolic acid (GA) and can be paired with the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), offering a route to waste-polyester valorization and lower-energy hydrogen production. However, membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzers for EGOR couple fluid flow, species and charge transport, and electrochemical reactions, whereas their polarization curves do not resolve local limitations within the porous anode. Here, we develop a three-dimensional (3D), steady-state, single-channel anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer model coupling free and porous-medium flow, concentrated-species transport, and secondary current distribution. The model resolves EG transport and reaction distributions in a porous nickel foam (NF) anode. At high full-cell voltages, the model predicts a pronounced through-plane mass-transfer limitation. At 1.25 V, the EG concentration near the membrane is approximately 25% of that near the channel and the membrane-side volumetric current density is approximately 60% lower than its channel-side value. Increasing anode permeability improves EG penetration into the electrode interior. Concentrated EG solutions can reduce high-cell-voltage performance because their greater viscosity restricts reactant transport, whereas greater porosity alleviates mass-transfer limitations. Within the simulated range, a porosity of 0.90 gives the highest current density, although the gains diminish beyond 0.80. These results identify through-plane EG transport as a key limitation in the modeled MEA electrolyzer and provide guidance for optimizing porous-anode structure.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12566,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Cells","volume":"26 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel In Situ Diagnostic Approach for Fuel Cell Health Diagnostics Using Onboard Sensor Data","authors":"Jindi Li,&nbsp;Zunyan Hu,&nbsp;Yifu Zhang,&nbsp;Jianqiu Li,&nbsp;Liangfei Xu","doi":"10.1002/fuce.70163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.70163","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fuel cell health diagnostics can help prevent potential failures and reduce maintenance costs. Traditional diagnostic methods usually require specialized equipment and are difficult to implement continuously in commercial fuel cell systems. This study proposes an in situ health diagnostic method based on routinely available onboard sensor signals. A one-dimensional steady-state proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) model is first established to analyze the sensitivity of physical and operating parameters, based on which the effective reaction-area parameter (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>A</mi>\u0000 <mi>eff</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${A_{{mathrm{eff}}}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) and high-frequency resistance (HFR) are selected as the primary diagnostic parameters. Cathode pressure and cathode stoichiometry are further selected as controllable perturbation variables, and a simplified parameter-identification model is developed by coupling cathodic reaction kinetics with oxygen transport. The target parameters are rapidly estimated using a genetic algorithm and quasi-steady-state onboard data. The method is validated through controlled short-stack experiments and further evaluated using operational datasets from commercial fuel cell vehicles and an open-air-cooled fuel cell stack system. For systems with available manufacturer specifications, the identified <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>A</mi>\u0000 <mi>eff</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${A_{{mathrm{eff}}}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> shows relative deviations of approximately −5.5% to −6.2% from the nominal geometrical active area, whereas the HFR estimation error ranges from −20% to −17%. The results demonstrate the feasibility and adaptability of the proposed method for non-invasive onboard fuel cell condition monitoring and maintenance decision support.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12566,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Cells","volume":"26 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Modeling and Nonlinear Control of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell","authors":"Kaushal Kishor Singh,&nbsp;Shweta Jaiswal,&nbsp;N. Sivakumaran,&nbsp;T. K. Radhakrishnan,&nbsp;K. Sankar","doi":"10.1002/fuce.70160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.70160","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, the model dynamics of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is studied and verified with available literature data. The dynamic model is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. To facilitate the system operation by regulating its inputs and outputs, a nonlinear observer based sliding mode controller (SMC) is synthesized and implemented. The sliding mode technique is preferred since the model-based control structures are expected to provide better closed-loop performance than conventional control technique. The two outputs of the system namely temperature and voltage are proposed for control at the desired operating conditions. For better system performance, these two outputs are necessary to be maintained at nominal operating conditions since they deviate due to known and unknown disturbances. To test the designed controller, the performance is checked when the desired operating condition varies in a pulse pattern. Servo-type closed-loop analysis shows that the model-based SMC tracks setpoint changes better than the proportional and integral (PI) controller. The SMC is also tested against uncertainties and structural mismatches, demonstrating superior stability in maintaining operating temperature and voltage of SOFC. Overall, the observer-based SMC performance is found superior to the PI controller, as confirmed by satisfactory quantitative error analysis. Furthermore, a comparative analysis with model predictive control (MPC) is also conducted which demonstrates that the proposed SMO-SMC achieves lower temperature tracking error and comparable voltage regulation performance, while maintaining a simpler implementation structure.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12566,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Cells","volume":"26 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Permeability Measurement and Water Transport Visualization in PEMFC Gas Diffusion Layers: A Review","authors":"Tong Tian,&nbsp;Gaojian Liu,&nbsp;Chenglin Ren,&nbsp;Xuelin Li,&nbsp;Degang Xie","doi":"10.1002/fuce.70152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.70152","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is significantly influenced by the mass transport behavior of the gas diffusion layer (GDL), which plays a key role in reactant delivery and water removal. This review systematically explores current methods for characterizing GDL gas and liquid permeability and for visualizing water transport using in situ and ex situ techniques. A comparative analysis of different water transport visualization methods, including direct optical imaging, fluorescence microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy, neutron radiography, and X-ray computed tomography, is presented, focusing on their spatial resolution, real-time imaging capabilities, and potential for quantitative two-phase flow analysis. Rather than treating these methods as interchangeable diagnostics, this review distinguishes the transport quantities that each method can constrain, including permeability anisotropy, saturation-dependent transport, breakthrough pathways, water-cluster connectivity, and the scale gap between pore-level observation and cell-level operation. Recent progress <i>in operando</i> neutron imaging, time-resolved X-ray tomography, micro-CT-informed simulations, machine-learning-assisted image analysis, and device-compatible electrothermal or embedded-sensor diagnostics indicate that GDL characterization is moving from qualitative visualization toward quantitative, model-constrained water management design. This review is intended to support the rational design of GDL materials and improved water management strategies in PEMFC systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12566,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Cells","volume":"26 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exergy-Based Performance Analysis and Optimization of Autonomous Fuel Cell-Based Energy Systems With Solid Oxide and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Fed by Biogas of Variable Composition","authors":"Evangelos Tsiaras,&nbsp;Dennis Mytakis,&nbsp;Frank A. Coutelieris","doi":"10.1002/fuce.70157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.70157","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents a unified thermodynamic and exergy-based assessment of autonomous fuel cell energy systems operating on biogas with varying compositions. Two alternative configurations—a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-based system and a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)-based system—were evaluated using a common balance-of-plant framework to enable a consistent and meaningful comparison. Biogas mixtures with CH₄/CO₂ ratios of 50/50 and 90/10 were considered. The developed model incorporates detailed mass, energy, and exergy balances for all major system components, including the fuel-processing unit, heat exchangers, afterburner, and fuel cell stack. A deterministic parametric analysis was performed to investigate the effects of reformer temperature, afterburner temperature, and biogas methane content on overall system performance. The results indicate net electrical efficiencies ranging from approximately 48%–55% and overall exergy efficiencies between 73% and 81%, depending on the fuel cell technology and fuel composition considered. The largest exergy destruction rates were observed in the fuel-processing subsystem and the electrochemical conversion unit. Furthermore, methane-rich biogas was found to enhance thermodynamic performance by improving both energy conversion efficiency and exergy utilization. The proposed unified modeling framework enables the direct identification and comparison of configuration-dependent performance characteristics and irreversibility patterns. Overall, the findings demonstrate that autonomous fuel cell-based systems can provide highly efficient off-grid electricity generation when fuel composition and operating conditions are appropriately selected.</p>","PeriodicalId":12566,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Cells","volume":"26 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fuce.70157","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Effects of Membrane Rupture Aperture and Position on Hydrogen–Oxygen Crossover in Alkaline Water Electrolysis","authors":"Jiyuan Wang,&nbsp;Yi Li,&nbsp;Zilin Wang,&nbsp;Renjie Lu,&nbsp;Zhenfeng Xie,&nbsp;Zhilei Wang,&nbsp;Min Hua,&nbsp;Xuhai Pan","doi":"10.1002/fuce.70155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.70155","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>With the global transition toward low-carbon energy, hydrogen is becoming a pivotal element of the clean-energy landscape. Among hydrogen-production routes, alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) remains the most mature and cost-effective technology for large-scale green hydrogen generation. However, membrane rupture during long-term operation can trigger hydrogen–oxygen crossover, undermining both system efficiency and operational safety. In this work, we experimentally quantify how rupture aperture and location influence H₂–O₂ crossover in an AWE cell and use multiphysics simulations as an auxiliary analysis of the electric field and two-phase flow distribution. For the present electrolyzer (290 cm² membrane area), the hydrogen concentration in the oxygen stream increased to 1.212% at a 5 mm aperture, exceeding the adopted early-warning level of 25% of the lower explosive limit (LEL) but remaining below the LEL of 4%. An above-LEL concentration was observed only at 7 mm, where the hydrogen concentration reached 5.412%. Rupture location was also important: defects near the membrane edge or in the upper region produced higher measured crossover concentrations. The COMSOL model directly calculates electric-field and two-phase-flow quantities; it does not calculate gas transport through the rupture or the outlet crossover concentration. The simulated distributions are therefore used only for qualitative comparison with the experimental spatial trends. The reported dimensional thresholds are specific to the tested cell and operating conditions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12566,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Cells","volume":"26 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assembly-Deviation-Induced Sealing Leakage in PEMFC Stacks: Failure Mechanisms, Prediction Models, and Process Regulation","authors":"Shouqi Zhu,&nbsp;Yanfeng Xing,&nbsp;Juyong Cao,&nbsp;Xiaobing Zhang,&nbsp;Ying Wang","doi":"10.1002/fuce.70156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.70156","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sealing reliability is critical to the efficiency, durability, and safety of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks for hydrogen-energy applications. In multilayer stacks, manufacturing errors, interlayer misalignment, gasket and gas-diffusion-layer thickness variations, and non-uniform clamping loads are transmitted through compliant components and modify local sealing-interface states. This review examines the chain from assembly-deviation sources and propagation mechanisms to contact-pressure redistribution, micro-gap connectivity, interfacial leakage, bulk permeation, and process regulation. Compared with previous reviews that mainly focus on PEMFC sealing materials, sealing structures, stack assembly techniques, or clamping-load design, this review highlights the variable-transfer pathway by which assembly deviations are converted into contact-state degradation and leakage-rate inputs. Recent finite-element contact analyses, rough-interface leakage models, and multiscale prediction methods are summarized, with emphasis on variables linking assembly quality to leakage risk, including minimum local contact pressure, real contact area, equivalent leakage-channel height, and leakage-path connectivity. This review establishes a reliability-oriented framework linking assembly deviation, contact pressure degradation, micro-gap formation, leakage-path evolution, and leakage-rate prediction in PEMFC stacks. It critically compares analytical, numerical, experimental, and data-driven approaches for leakage analysis and summarizes regulation strategies for improving stack assembly quality and sealing reliability. Future directions involving intelligent assembly, online monitoring, and digital-twin-assisted leakage control are also discussed. Future research should integrate manufacturing-deviation databases, assembly-process monitoring, leakage testing, online diagnostics, and service-degradation data to support predictive sealing-reliability design and closed-loop assembly regulation for PEMFC stacks.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12566,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Cells","volume":"26 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148904110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Freezing Behaviors of Supercooled Water Affected by the Microscopic Contact Angle in the GDL of PEMFC","authors":"Kaixin Wang,&nbsp;Yu Zhu,&nbsp;Shixue Wang","doi":"10.1002/fuce.70154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.70154","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The microstructure of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) significantly influences the freezing behavior of supercooled water. Microscopic contact angles of water droplets within various GDLs were measured using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). These measurements reveal a notable discrepancy between microscopic and macroscopic contact angles: the macroscopic contact angle increases more substantially following hydrophobic treatment than its microscopic counterpart. The incorporation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) slightly increases the microscopic contact angle. Freezing experiments were conducted on isolated GDL samples to examine the supercooling degrees and freezing times for both commercial and laboratory-treated GDLs. Subsequently, the freezing process of supercooled water was modeled based on reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) GDL structures and heterogeneous nucleation theory to predict freezing times and supercooling degrees. The results indicate that the microscopic contact angle is one of the primary factors governing the ice nucleation of supercooled water inside the GDL. Notably, even after hydrophobic treatment, residual weakly hydrophobic regions within the pores remain dominant, thereby critically influencing freezing behavior.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12566,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Cells","volume":"26 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148904113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Analysis and Optimization of Hybrid SOFC-GT System: Advancements in Efficiency, Thermal Utilization, and Environmental Sustainability Across Two Configurations","authors":"Atefe Behzadimoghadam,&nbsp;Jafar Pashapour,&nbsp;Farschad Torabi,&nbsp;Majid Amidpour","doi":"10.1002/fuce.70151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.70151","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study explores a 10-kW hybrid energy system combining a medium-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with a turbocharger, using ammonia as a hydrogen carrier. The principal innovation lies in the comparative analysis of unified integrated system with two configurations through diverse operating conditions, power range, application, and simulation tools against previous literatures, aimed at optimizing overall performance while maintaining exhaust temperatures below <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>1000</mn>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mo>∘</mo>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <mi>C</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$1000,^circ mathrm{C}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. Effective thermal management via heat exchangers and regulated air supply for optimizing SOFC cooling and power output, while precise combustion control supports nitrogen oxide (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>NO</mi>\u0000 <mi>x</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${rm NO}_{x}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) emission reduction. TRNSYS simulations validate the system's effectiveness, showing notable gains in fuel utilization, electrical efficiency, and reliability. Furthermore, the study applied optimization under two scenarios to compare equipment configurations. One scenario prioritized cost-effective efficiency with fixed power outputs, while the other assessed performance based on tailored components. The initial configuration (1) consistently proves superior in power efficiency and SOFC utilization. These insights aid in developing efficient, sustainable SOFC-GT hybrid energy systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12566,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Cells","volume":"26 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148904112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}