Frontiers in Human Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Galvanic vestibular stimulation for the postural rehabilitation of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy.","authors":"Tatiana Rocha Silva, Ludimila Labanca, Júlia Fonseca de Morais Caporali, Mauricio Campelo Tavares, Nathália de Castro Botini Rausse, Maria Júlia Amaral Abranches de Almeida, Maxmilliam de Souza Martins, Laura Fernandes Amorim, Léo Dantas Sitibaldi, Denise Utsch Gonçalves","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1507559","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1507559","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is a simple, safe, and noninvasive method of neurostimulation that can be used to improve body balance. Several central nervous system diseases cause alterations in body balance, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To test GVS as a balance rehabilitation strategy for HAM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study is a quasi-experimental clinical trial in which postural balance was compared before and after a GVS rehabilitation protocol applied to 20 patients with HAM, 12 women and 8 men, average age of 78 and 79 years, respectively. They were followed for nine months after the end of the GVS protocol, which consisted of one GVS session per week for 12 consecutive weeks. The GVS current intensity was progressively increased from 1.0 milliamperes (mA) to 3.5 mA until the third session and maintained at 3.5 mA until the 12th session. The electrical stimulation time progressively increased from 9 min in the first session to 18 min in the second session and maintained at 30 min from the third session onwards. Postural balance was assessed by Time up and go test (TUG), Berg balance scale (BBS) and posturography that were performed before the beginning of the intervention, during the intervention (6th week), at the end of the intervention (12th week) and after 9 months of follow-up without electrical stimulation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In a blind comparison, in the 12th week of stimulation, improvement was observed in all the tests. In TUG, time in seconds changed from 28 before to 18 after GVS (<i>p</i> < 0,001). In BBS, the score changed from 29.00 before to 41.00 points after GVS. In posturography, the stability limit improved after the intervention (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, after nine months without stimulation, the gain was lost for TUG, for BBS and for stability limit.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GVS was an effective method to improve postural instability of patients with HAM in the short term, but the gain in postural stability was not maintained in the long term. A device for home use may be an option for long-term use.</p>","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1507559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11693613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142921436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A retrospective, observational study of real-world clinical data from the Cognitive Function Development Therapy program.","authors":"Eric D Kirby, Brian Beyst, Jen Beyst, Sonia M Brodie, Ryan C N D'Arcy","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1508815","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1508815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cognitive deficits are common in psychiatric and mental health disorders, making the assessment of cognitive function in mental health treatment an important area of research. Cognitive Function Development Therapy (CFDT) is a novel therapeutic modality designed to enhance cognitive function and regulate the autonomic nervous system through targeted exercises and activities focused on attention networks and memory systems. The therapy is tracked and based on Primary Cognitive Function (PCF) scores.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective, observational study analyzed real world data from 183 children and adults undergoing CFDT to evaluate changes in cognition over time, incorporating both cognitive performance measures and an exploratory analysis of neurophysiological function. Objective neurophysiological measures in the form of the brain vital signs framework, based in event-related potentials (ERPs), were measured in a small subset of clients to explore the frameworks use in CFDT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings indicate that CFDT holds promise for improving cognitive performance, as evidenced by increased PCF scores at the group level compared to pre-treatment levels [<i>F</i> (5, 173) = 7.087, <i>p</i> < 0.001, η_p ² = 0.170]. Additionally, a weak effect of age [Spearman's Rho range: -0.301 to -0.340, <i>p</i> < 0.001] was found to influence the degree of cognitive improvement, suggesting the importance of early intervention for maximizing cognitive gains. The exploratory analysis suggested that CFDT may affect neurophysiological measures of information processing, particularly in basic attention, as reflected in increased amplitude in P300 measures.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>While these initial findings are encouraging, caution is warranted due to the retrospective nature of the study, though overall, the results suggest a positive impact of CFDT on cognitive function.</p>","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1508815"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11688245/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142914281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remotely induced electrical modulation of deep brain circuits in non-human primates.","authors":"Carter Lybbert, Taylor Webb, Matthew G Wilson, Keisuke Tsunoda, Jan Kubanek","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1432368","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1432368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The combination of magnetic and focused ultrasonic fields generates focused electric fields at depth entirely noninvasively. This noninvasive method may find particularly important applications in targeted treatments of the deep brain circuits involved in mental and neurological disorders. Due to the novelty of this method, it is nonetheless unknown which parameters modulate neural activity effectively.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We have investigated this issue by applying the combination of magnetic and focused ultrasonic fields to deep brain visual circuits in two non-human primates, quantifying the electroencephalographic gamma activity evoked in the visual cortex. We hypothesized that the pulse repetition frequency of the ultrasonic stimulation should be a key factor in modulating the responses, predicting that lower frequencies should elicit inhibitory effects and higher frequencies excitatory effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We replicated the results of a previous study, finding an inhibition of the evoked gamma responses by a strong magnetic field. This inhibition was only observed for the lowest frequency tested (5 Hz), and not for the higher frequencies (10 kHz and 50 kHz). These neuromodulatory effects were transient and no safety issues were noted.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>We conclude that this new method can be used to transiently inhibit evoked neural activity in deep brain regions of primates, and that delivering the ultrasonic pulses at low pulse repetition frequencies maximizes the effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1432368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11688339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142914241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Normative data for instrumented posturography: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Angela Julienne, Evi Verbecque, Stéphane Besnard","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1498107","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1498107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postural control is a multisensory adaptive system performing predictive (anticipatory) and/or reactive (compensatory) actions, with varying degrees of accuracy, to maintain balance in a changing environmental context. Common instrumentation to evaluate balance includes static and dynamic force platforms; added sway-referenced perturbations on the dynamic platform constitute its main advantage. Clinical applications notwithstanding, normative data are needed for interpretation in clinical settings. Posturography norms are used to compare a reference group (healthy individuals) and a specific patient population. This work, to the best of our knowledge, represents the first attempt to synthesize the literature on normative data for computerized posturography using a combined mixed method. The search strategy resulted in the retrieval of 1,244 articles from PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct. After deduplication, 689 articles were screened based on title and abstract. One hundred and seven articles met the criteria after the first screening. In-depth, full-text screening resulted in the inclusion of 44 studies for the systematic review and 17 studies for the meta-analyses. The main findings of the systematic review are (1) extensive heterogeneity was found in methodological characteristics, (2) there was insufficient risk of bias mitigation, (3) the majority of tasks evaluated less than four components of the systems framework for postural control (SFPC), and (4) studies mostly used distance domain sway parameters and did not report the influence of other variables on postural sway. Based on the multilevel meta-analyses, females appeared to outperform males in eyes closed (EC) conditions significantly. Based on the network meta-analyses, we found that younger children swayed more than those aged between 8 and 14 years both in eyes open (EO) conditions and EC conditions significantly. The results also revealed a significant difference in sway between individuals of age range between 50 and 79 years old and younger individuals, with more instability observed in older participants both in EO conditions and in EC conditions. Thus, future studies need to ensure that enough information about participants is provided. Standardization of experimental conditions and sway parameters harmonization are still needed to ensure high-quality assessment (QA). Finally, evidence-based postural impairment management requires both age- and sex-related normative data. <b>Systematic review registration:</b>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023378144, identifier PROSPERO 2023 CRD42023378144.</p>","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1498107"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11688309/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142914231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Advancements in ultrasound for understanding the nervous system.","authors":"Vincent P Clark","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1538535","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1538535","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1538535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11688389/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142914225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EEG channel and feature investigation in binary and multiple motor imagery task predictions.","authors":"Murside Degirmenci, Yilmaz Kemal Yuce, Matjaž Perc, Yalcin Isler","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1525139","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1525139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Motor Imagery (MI) Electroencephalography (EEG) signals are non-stationary and dynamic physiological signals which have low signal-to-noise ratio. Hence, it is difficult to achieve high classification accuracy. Although various machine learning methods have already proven useful to that effect, the use of many features and ineffective EEG channels often leads to a complex structure of classifier algorithms. State-of-the-art studies were interested in improving classification performance with complex feature extraction and classification methods by neglecting detailed EEG channel and feature investigation in predicting MI tasks from EEGs. Here, we investigate the effects of the statistically significant feature selection method on four different feature domains (time-domain, frequency-domain, time-frequency domain, and non-linear domain) and their two different combinations to reduce the number of features and classify MI-EEG features by comparing low-dimensional matrices with well-known machine learning algorithms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our main goal is not to find the best classifier performance but to perform feature and channel investigation in MI task classification. Therefore, the detailed investigation of the effect of EEG channels and features is implemented using a statistically significant feature distribution on 22 EEG channels for each feature set separately. We used the BCI Competition IV Dataset IIa and 288 samples per person. A total of 1,364 MI-EEG features were analyzed in this study. We tested nine distinct classifiers: Decision tree, Discriminant analysis, Logistic regression, Naive Bayes, Support vector machine, k-Nearest neighbor, Ensemble learning, Neural networks, and Kernel approximation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among all feature sets considered, classifications performed with non-linear and combined feature sets resulted in a maximum accuracy of 63.04% and 47.36% for binary and multiple MI task predictions, respectively. The ensemble learning classifier achieved the maximum accuracy in almost all feature sets for binary and multiple MI task classifications.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our research thus shows that the statistically significant feature-based feature selection method significantly improves the classification performance with fewer features in almost all feature sets, enabling detailed and effective EEG channel and feature investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1525139"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11685146/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142914226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Domain adaptation spatial feature perception neural network for cross-subject EEG emotion recognition.","authors":"Wei Lu, Xiaobo Zhang, Lingnan Xia, Hua Ma, Tien-Ping Tan","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1471634","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1471634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emotion recognition is a critical research topic within affective computing, with potential applications across various domains. Currently, EEG-based emotion recognition, utilizing deep learning frameworks, has been effectively applied and achieved commendable performance. However, existing deep learning-based models face challenges in capturing both the spatial activity features and spatial topology features of EEG signals simultaneously. To address this challenge, a <b>d</b>omain-adaptation <b>s</b>patial-feature <b>p</b>erception-network has been proposed for cross-subject EEG emotion recognition tasks, named DSP-EmotionNet. Firstly, a <b>s</b>patial <b>a</b>ctivity <b>t</b>opological <b>f</b>eature <b>e</b>xtractor <b>m</b>odule has been designed to capture spatial activity features and spatial topology features of EEG signals, named SATFEM. Then, using SATFEM as the feature extractor, DSP-EmotionNet has been designed, significantly improving the accuracy of the model in cross-subject EEG emotion recognition tasks. The proposed model surpasses state-of-the-art methods in cross-subject EEG emotion recognition tasks, achieving an average recognition accuracy of 82.5% on the SEED dataset and 65.9% on the SEED-IV dataset.</p>","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1471634"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11685119/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142914206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneous appetite patterns in depression: computational modeling of nutritional interoception, reward processing, and decision-making.","authors":"Yuuki Uchida, Takatoshi Hikida, Manabu Honda, Yuichi Yamashita","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1502508","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1502508","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate interoceptive processing in decision-making is essential to maintain homeostasis and overall health. Disruptions in this process have been associated with various psychiatric conditions, including depression. Recent studies have focused on nutrient homeostatic dysregulation in depression for effective subtype classification and treatment. Neurophysiological studies have associated changes in appetite in depression with altered activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system and interoceptive regions, such as the insular cortex, suggesting that disruptions in reward processing and interoception drive changes in nutrient homeostasis and appetite. This study aimed to explore the potential of computational psychiatry in addressing these issues. Using a homeostatic reinforcement learning model formalizing the link between internal states and behavioral control, we investigated the mechanisms by which altered interoception affects homeostatic behavior and reward system activity via simulation experiments. Simulations of altered interoception demonstrated behaviors similar to those of depression subtypes, such as appetite dysregulation. Specifically, reduced interoception led to decreased reward system activity and increased punishment, mirroring the neuroimaging study findings of decreased appetite in depression. Conversely, increased interoception was associated with heightened reward activity and impaired goal-directed behavior, reflecting an increased appetite. Furthermore, effects of interoception manipulation were compared with traditional reinforcement learning parameters (e.g., inverse temperature <i>β</i> and delay discount <i>γ</i>), which represent cognitive-behavioral features of depression. The results suggest that disruptions in these parameters contribute to depressive symptoms by affecting the underlying homeostatic regulation. Overall, this study findings emphasize the importance of integrating interoception and homeostasis into decision-making frameworks to enhance subtype classification and facilitate the development of effective therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1502508"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11683075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on modulating executive functions in healthy populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Guopeng You, Xinliang Pan, Jun Li, Shaocong Zhao","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1485037","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1485037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Conventional research has asserted that cognitive function, particularly, response inhibition, is closely related to the inferior frontal cortex (IFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), or orbital frontal cortex (OFC), which belong to the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Different targets of anodal or cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS or c-tDCS) would affect the experimental results, but the stimulation of the same brain target would produce inconsistent findings.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the effects of a-tDCS and c-tDCS applied over the PFC for healthy populations on reactive and proactive control process compared with sham or no tDCS conditions, as assessed using the Stop-signal task (SST) and Go/NoGo (GNG) task performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Search was conducted on Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, and Science Direct until March 2024. Studies that assessed the inhibitory control in SST or/and GNG tasks were included to achieve a homogenous sample.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fourteen studies were included for meta-analyses, which were performed for two outcome measures, namely, stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) and commission error (CE) rate. A-tDCS and c-tDCS over the PFC had significant ergogenic effects on SST performance (mean difference = -17.03, 95% CI [-24.62, -9.43], <i>p</i> < 0.0001; mean difference = -15.19, 95% CI [-19.82, -10.55], <i>p</i> < 0.00001), and that of a-tDCS had a positive effect on GNG task performance (mean difference = -1.42, 95% CI [-2.71, -0.14], <i>p</i> = 0.03).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review confirmed the engagement of PFC tDCS in reactive and proactive inhibitory processes. Future research should increase sample size and implement personalized stimulus protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1485037"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11671507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142902913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurostimulation on lumbosacral nerves as a new treatment for spinal cord injury impairments and its impact on cortical activity: a narrative review.","authors":"Rodrigo Lantyer Marques Dantas, Diego N Vilela, Mariana Cardoso Melo, Gustavo Fernandes, Nucelio Lemos, Jean Faber","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1478423","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1478423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause significant motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction by disrupting neural connections. As a result, it is a global health challenge that requires innovative interventions to improve outcomes. This review assesses the wide-ranging impacts of SCI and focuses on the laparoscopic implantation of neuroprosthesis (LION) as an emerging and promising rehabilitation technique. The LION technique involves the surgical implantation of electrodes on lumbosacral nerves to stimulate paralyzed muscles. Recent findings have demonstrated significant improvements in mobility, sexual function, and bladder/bowel control in chronic SCI patients following LION therapy. This manuscript revisits the potential physiological mechanisms underlying these results, including neuroplasticity and modulation of autonomic activity. Additionally, we discuss potential future applications and amendments of LION therapy. This study emphasizes the potential of neuromodulation as a complementary approach to traditional rehabilitation, that can provide a beacon of hope for improving functionality and quality of life for individuals with SCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"1478423"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11671511/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142902352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}