Frontiers in Human Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Post-stroke spasticity: advances in network mechanisms and therapeutics.","authors":"Wei Yao, Yuanbin Yang, Zhiyi Wang, Longyue Yi, Deya Daneva, Zhuangwei Fang, Keyun Gan, Zhiqi Lin","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2026.1868901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2026.1868901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spasticity is one of the common complications of stroke, causing serious adverse effects for patients. However, comprehensive descriptions of the PSS network mechanism are currently lacking. This paper expounds on the mechanisms underlying post-stroke spasticity from multiple perspectives, including central nervous system networks, neurotransmitter networks, pain networks, and myofascial networks, as well as the brain-gut axis and brain-muscle axis networks. It summarizes emerging treatment approaches in recent years, providing a reference for clinical treatment and rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1868901"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13650562/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149165579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in restoring lower limb motor function after stroke.","authors":"Tokzhan Kispayeva, Inna Bolshakova, Akmaral Izbasarova, Zilola Mavlyanova, Tomiris Zhunussova","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2026.1864828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2026.1864828","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in improving lower limb motor function in patients after stroke based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, supplemented by manual screening of reference lists. Randomized controlled trials involving adult patients after stroke comparing non-pharmacological interventions with conventional rehabilitation were included. The primary outcome was lower limb motor function assessed by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Lower Extremity (FMA-LE). The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool. A random-effects model was applied to calculate pooled mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifteen randomized controlled trials were included in the systematic review, of which 14 studies involving 623 participants were included in the quantitative synthesis. Non-pharmacological interventions demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in lower limb motor function compared with conventional rehabilitation (MD = 3.06, 95% CI 1.97-4.16; <i>Z</i> = 5.48, <i>p</i> < 0.00001), with substantial heterogeneity (<i>I</i> ² = 60%). In the subgroup analysis, robotic/mechanized rehabilitation interventions showed a significant positive effect (MD = 3.00, 95% CI 1.66-4.33; <i>I</i> ² = 57%), as did other non-pharmacological interventions (MD = 3.15, 95% CI 0.94-5.35; <i>I</i> ² = 68%). There was no statistically significant difference between the subgroups (<i>p</i> = 0.91; <i>I</i> ² = 0%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Non-pharmacological rehabilitation interventions were associated with a statistically significant improvement in lower limb motor function after stroke compared with conventional rehabilitation. Substantial heterogeneity was observed across the included studies, highlighting the need for further high-quality randomized controlled trials with standardized intervention protocols and longer follow-up.</p><p><strong>Systematic review registration: </strong>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251154919.</p>","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1864828"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13649723/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149166186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Advances in neuroimaging, genetic, and stimulation methods for cognitive and behavioral function investigation.","authors":"Haoran Yang, Xiaoluan Xia, Zhen Yuan","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2026.2000021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2026.2000021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"2000021"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13649962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149165149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond mortality: years of life lost as an underestimated outcome in traumatic brain injury.","authors":"Walter Gomes da Silva Filho, Rodrigo Miranda Groberio, Miller Lucas de Faria, Vitória Caroline Reinoso de Almeida, Layza Julhia do Nascimento Moura, Bárbara Vargens Broedel, Kamila Aguiar Kröhling, Jéssica Aparecida Ludwig, Jader Vinicius da Silva Rocha, Rayane de Souza Moura, Rodrigo Freire de Almeida, Fernando Zanela da Silva Arêas","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2026.1898591","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnhum.2026.1898591","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1898591"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13646138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149135935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional recovery of patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury after extended and standard early rehabilitation.","authors":"N Keleman, N Pilipović, Z Sučević, R Krasnik, D Dragičević-Cvjetković, S Palija, D Bojinović-Rodić","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2026.1932368","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnhum.2026.1932368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity, disability and mortality in all age groups. Treatment and early rehabilitation are crucial to the overall level of recovery. The objective is to compare the effects of standard and extended early rehabilitation on the functional recovery of patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury.</p><p><strong>Material: </strong>A prospective experimental study comprised 114 patients with moderate and severe TBI, randomly divided into two groups. The patients of the experimental group had kinesitherapy 7 days a week, twice a day for 45 min, and the patients of the control group had kinesitherapy 7 days a week, twice a day for 30 min. The follow-up parameters were: age sex, clinical characteristics, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Barthel Index (BI) on admission and discharge and Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at discharge.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>114 patients were randomly divided into two groups of 57 patients each. Males dominate (75.4%), the average age of the sample was Me = 59.0. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in gender, age and clinical characteristics, GCS on admission; 59(51.8%) patient had severe, 55 (48.2%) moderate TBI, at discharge: 12 (10.5%) had severe, 11(9.6%) moderate and 91(79.8%) mild TBI. FIM of the experimental group was 18 vs. 70 and of the control group was 18 vs. 50, BI of the experimental group was 0 vs. 61 and of the control group was 0 vs. 32. GOS at discharge: complete recovery in the experimental group 9, in the control group 7, mild deficit 22 vs. 15, severe deficit 22 vs. 28, vegetative state 4 vs. 7. Normalized improvement (ratio of achieved progress to maximum possible progress) was higher in the prolonged early rehabilitation group: for FIM (48% vs. 30%), BI (61% vs. 32%) and slightly less for GCS (100% vs. 92%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although no statistically significant difference on functional recovery between the groups was found, however, a difference in percentage progress was found in favor of extended early rehabilitation, but for a final conclusion it is necessary to make a follow-up after inpatient rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1932368"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13646122/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149136013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infrared photons generated by voltage-gated sodium channel dynamics: a hypothesis for cooperative electrodynamic interactions at the axon initial segment.","authors":"Daya Shankar Gupta","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2026.1772352","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnhum.2026.1772352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels are essential for neuronal excitability and action-potential generation, yet the electrodynamic consequences of voltage-sensor motion remain largely unexplored. Here, we propose a biophysically grounded hypothesis in which transient electromechanical dynamics of NaV-channel voltage sensors give rise to weak cooperative electrodynamic interactions at the axon initial segment (AIS). Specifically, we consider the behavior of conserved arginine gating charges within the S4 voltage-sensor segment as they traverse the hydrophobic constriction site (HCS) and charge-transfer center (CTC) during membrane depolarization. Under subthreshold conditions, local electrostatic and <i>π</i>-cation interactions may transiently stabilize intermediate states of S4 motion, permitting brief reversible excursions (\"micro-reversals\") of gating charges within the confined high-field environment of the HCS. Based on known structural properties of the voltage-sensing domain and experimentally characterized vibrational modes of the arginine guanidinium group, we propose that these micro-reversal dynamics may generate transient oscillating dipoles capable of weak electromagnetic emission in the mid-infrared range. Because NaV channels are densely organized within the AIS and occupy a subwavelength volume relative to the predicted emission wavelength, subsets of emitters may experience similar local electric fields, orientations, and transition frequencies. Under these conditions, transient phase alignment and weak field-mediated coupling among neighboring emitters could, in principle, produce extremely weak time-locked mid-infrared emission and, under conditions supporting transient cooperative emission, potentially exhibit nonclassical photon statistics. These proposed signatures are hypothetical predictions of the present framework and require experimental verification. The proposed mechanism does not require long-lived quantum coherence, sustained entanglement, or quantum computation. Rather, it provides a testable framework that links established NaV-channel biophysics with experimentally accessible electromagnetic observables. We present order-of-magnitude estimates of charge acceleration, radiated energy, and potential cooperative enhancement and outline experimentally testable predictions, including time-locked mid-infrared emission, nonclassical photon statistics, dependence on AIS organization, and sensitivity to pharmacological or genetic perturbation of NaV-channel function. Collectively, these predictions provide a basis for evaluating whether transient cooperative electrodynamic interactions occur during neuronal activity and, if so, whether they have any functional relevance for neural information processing, including feature integration, perceptual awareness, or voluntary motor control.</p>","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1772352"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13646134/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149136023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term robot-assisted gait training in patients with cerebral palsy: meaningful changes in gait parameters require time.","authors":"Paweł Chmara, Sabina Brazevič, Marek Jóźwiak, Faustyna Manikowska","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2026.1924639","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnhum.2026.1924639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) is increasingly used in children with cerebral palsy (CP), but evidence regarding the timing and persistence of meaningful changes in gait remains limited. This study aimed to describe long-term changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters, gait kinematics, and walking endurance in ambulatory patients with CP undergoing systematic, repetitive RAGT, and to determine whether the timing of clinically meaningful change differs between ambulatory levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A study group consisting of 211 patients with hypertonic CP (93 females, 118 males; mean age 10.33 ± 3.80 years) classified at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I-III underwent a structured 2-year RAGT program comprising four therapy sets and 40 sessions in total. Gait was assessed five times: at baseline (pre-intervention) and at 6-month intervals over 24 months. Outcomes included the Gait Deviation Index (GDI), spatiotemporal gait parameters obtained from three-dimensional gait analysis, and six-minute walk test (6MWT) distance. The follow-u<i>p</i> values were compared with the baseline. Clinical meaningfulness was evaluated using the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) thresholds.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the entire group, step length and stride length increased significantly from T2 onward, walking speed from T3 onward, and 6MWT distance at each follow-up assessment. At T5, individual improvement exceeding the relevant MCID thresholds was observed in 61.61% of participants for step length, 62.09% for stride length, 52.13% for walking speed, and 51.66% for 6MWT distance. Cadence increased significantly only at T5, whereas GDI increased throughout follow-up; however, the corresponding MCID thresholds were exceeded by 32.23 and 46.92% of participants, respectively. GMFCS III showed the earliest and largest gains, while changes in GMFCS II generally emerged later. Effect sizes increased over time and reached their highest values at T5. Repeated-measures ANOVA confirmed significant time effects for most outcomes. Significant time-by-GMFCS interactions for cadence, step length, and 6MWT distance indicated that selected longitudinal trajectories differed across functional levels, although the interaction effect sizes were small.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Systematic, repetitive gait training based on RAGT in patients with CP was associated with long-term positive changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters and walking endurance. In contrast, clinically meaningful changes in gait kinematics, as quantified by the GDI, were limited across all GMFCS levels. The effects of systematic and repeated RAGT developed progressively over time, with selected outcomes following different trajectories according to the participants' functional level.</p>","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1924639"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13646091/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149136034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal sensor set for MEG-based spontaneous and intended speech decoding toward practical communication.","authors":"Pedro Andres Alba Diaz, Jinuk Kwon, Karinne Berstis, Matthew Weed, Paul Ferrari, Jun Wang","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2026.1925703","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnhum.2026.1925703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neural speech decoding has demonstrated great potential as an alternative to current brain-computer interface (BCI) spellers, enabling a faster, more natural way of communication for patients who have lost voluntary abilities, including speech. Most neural speech decoding studies have focused on decoding cued speech, in which participants are presented with visual or auditory signals before producing imagined or overt speech. Only a few recent studies have investigated the decoding of spontaneous and intended speech without external cues using neural activity acquired from a full-scalp clinical magnetoencephalography (MEG) system. With recent advances in MEG technology, including optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) and nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center (NV-diamond) magnetometers, MEG is emerging as a next-generation wearable system for practical speech BCIs. However, it remains unclear how many sensors are needed, where to place them, and what sampling frequency is optimal for wearable MEG devices that require cost-effective, computationally efficient operation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we addressed these gaps by using a forward selection algorithm to find an optimal subset of sensors for spontaneous intended and overt speech decoding and by evaluating decoding performance across different frequency bands. Support vector machine and random forest were used as the classifiers in these experiments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results indicate that only a small number of sensors (7-8 on average, with a maximum of fewer than 24) are sufficient to achieve decoding performance comparable to that obtained using the whole scalp (more than 200) sensors. In addition, we observed that the Lower High-Gamma (62-125 Hz) band yielded the best performance in some settings, although not statistically significantly higher than other bands in all settings.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings suggest that future wearable MEG devices may not need the whole-scalp sensor set and should support a sampling rate of at least 250 Hz, while 500 Hz is also encouraged, if possible. In summary, these findings provide practical insights for MEG-based BCIs for communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1925703"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13642280/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149127297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Postural control priorities and effective motor learning: volume II.","authors":"Tadayoshi Asaka, Naoya Hasegawa, Yoshiro Okubo","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2026.1974219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2026.1974219","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1974219"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13642572/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149135866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Euphemisms modulate the neural processing of norm violations.","authors":"Yulia Gorodnicheva, Eliana Monahhova, Amir Bekim, Qiang Shen, Vasily Klucharev","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2026.1917736","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnhum.2026.1917736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Euphemisms are commonly used in media to soften or obscure the severity of unethical or controversial actions. The present study explored the neural correlates underlying the processing of euphemized vignettes portraying norm violations. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) and collected behavioral severity ratings while participants (<i>n</i> = 38) read vignettes describing the same norm-violating events framed with euphemized, non-euphemized or control critical words. Behaviorally, participants rated norm violations as significantly less severe when described with euphemisms. At the neurophysiological level, non-euphemized critical words evoked significantly larger P600 amplitudes than euphemized words, whereas no reliable modulation was observed on the N400 component. Previous ERP studies have linked the N400 to the detection of semantic and normative incongruities, whereas the P600 has been associated with later integrative processes and evaluative reappraisal during language comprehension. These results suggest that euphemisms primarily modulate late-stage evaluative reappraisal and integration of norm violations, rather than early lexico-semantic detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":"20 ","pages":"1917736"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13642805/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149135986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}