Frontiers in Marine Science最新文献

{"title":"Ocean literacy in managing marine protected areas: bridging natural and cultural heritage","authors":"Sílvia Gómez, Anna Garriga, Maria Teresa Bosch, Marta Bosch, Sebastian Villasante, Janire Salazar","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1540163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1540163","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the factors driving the integration of ocean literacy into the management of Marine Protected Areas, highlighting its role as a powerful tool to transform the human–ocean relationship to improve conservation efforts. A survey was completed by 197 visitors in Cap de Creus (Northeastern Catalonia, Spain). The findings show that visitors who were more willing to pay for conservation valued cultural and natural heritage more highly, and held more positive opinions about protection, regardless of their knowledge and despite their lower income and educational level. These results show us that knowledge does not necessarily indicate greater environmental awareness. The need to consider the marine environment as a cultural-natural embedded heritage is highlighted to foster a cultural connection, inspire commitment to its protection and promote conservation that ensures human well-being and health. Finally, some recommendations are offered to improve the integration of OL in MPA policies.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143837169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting metzincins to mitigate jellyfish blooms: a novel approach for conservation","authors":"Xuecun Liu, Xiao Peng, Jingqiang Wang, Shuhui Ju, Qing Sun, Wensai Ji, Xiaoyu Hua, Haiyan Zhang, Juan Höfer, Marina Pozzolini, Shuogui Xu, Xueqi Ma, Liang Xiao","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1563258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1563258","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionThe modification of the marine ecological environment has led to the frequent occurrence of jellyfish blooms, causing global hazards. The budding reproduction of jellyfish polyps is a critical factor in their population size, yet there is limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in this process. This study aims to explore the intrinsic regulatory factors of the budding of jellyfish <jats:italic>Aurelia coerulea</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>A. coerulea</jats:italic>) polyps from the perspective of jellyfish biotoxin and to develop new strategies for the management of jellyfish abundance.MethodsThe main biological toxins of the <jats:italic>A. coerulea</jats:italic> polyp were screened through the integrated analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic data. The broad-spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), was employed to treat polyps for observing its effect on the budding of <jats:italic>A. coerulea</jats:italic> polyps. Through conducting the detection of metzincin proteolytic activity, molecular docking and kinetic analysis, as well as transcriptomic analysis and RT-qPCR verification before and after EDTA treatment of the polyp, the key biological toxins and the mechanisms influencing polyp budding were clarified.ResultsFour types of the metzincin family of metalloproteinases constituted the main biotoxins in the <jats:italic>A. coerulea</jats:italic> polyp. Among them, astacins (NAS) were the predominant metzincins of the <jats:italic>A. coerulea</jats:italic> polyp. We discovered that EDTA significantly inhibited the activity of metzincins and the budding of <jats:italic>A. coerulea</jats:italic> polyps. EDTA was capable of stably binding to the zinc-binding active sites of the four major types of metzincins in the <jats:italic>A. coerulea</jats:italic> polyp and could down-regulate the expression levels of key metzincin molecules and enrich multiple pathways related to development.ConclusionThis study elucidates the effects of metzincins on the budding of jellyfish polyps, providing a potential target for mitigating jellyfish blooms.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small object detection in side-scan sonar images based on SOCA-YOLO and image restoration","authors":"Xiaodong Cui, Jiale Zhang, Lingling Zhang, Qunfei Zhang, Jing Han","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1542832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1542832","url":null,"abstract":"Although side-scan sonar can provide wide and high-resolution views of submarine terrain and objects, it suffers from severe interference due to complex environmental noise, variations in sonar configuration (such as frequency, beam pattern, etc.), and the small scale of targets, leading to a high misdetection rate. These challenges highlight the need for advanced detection models that can effectively address these limitations. Here, this paper introduces an enhanced YOLOv9(You Only Look Once v9) model named SOCA-YOLO, which integrates a Small Object focused Convolution module and an Attention mechanism to improve detection performance to tackle the challenges. The SOCA-YOLO framework first constructs a high-resolution SSS (sidescan sonar image) enhancement pipeline through image restoration techniques to extract fine-grained features of micro-scale targets. Subsequently, the SPDConv (Space-to-Depth Convolution) module is incorporated to optimize the feature extraction network, effectively preserving discriminative characteristics of small targets. Furthermore, the model integrates the standardized CBAM (Convolutional Block Attention Module) attention mechanism, enabling adaptive focus on salient regions of small targets in sonar images, thereby significantly improving detection robustness in complex underwater environments. Finally, the model is verified on a public side-scan sonar image dataset Cylinder2. Experiment results indicate that SOCA-YOLO achieves Precision and Recall at 71.8% and 72.7%, with an mAP50 of 74.3%. It outperforms the current state-of-the-art object detection method, YOLO11, as well as the original YOLOv9. Specifically, our model surpasses YOLO11 and YOLOv9 by 2.3% and 6.5% in terms of mAP50, respectively. Therefore, the SOCA-YOLO model provides a new and effective approach for small underwater object detection in side-scan sonar images.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143837170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved deep learning method and high-resolution reanalysis model-based intelligent marine navigation","authors":"Zeguo Zhang, Liang Cao, Jianchuan Yin","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1495822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1495822","url":null,"abstract":"Large-scale weather forecasting is critical for ensuring maritime safety and optimizing transoceanic voyages. However, sparse meteorological data, incomplete forecasts, and unreliable communication hinder accurate, high-resolution wind system predictions. This study addresses these challenges to enhance dynamic voyage planning and intelligent ship navigation. We propose IPCA-MHA-DSRU-Net, a novel deep learning model integrating incremental principal component analysis (IPCA) with a spatial-temporal depthwise separable U-Net. Key components include: (1) IPCA preprocessing to reduce dimensionality and noise in 2D wind field data; (2) depthwise-separable convolution (DSC) blocks to minimize parameters and computational costs; (3) multi-head attention (MHA) and residual mechanisms to improve spatial-temporal feature extraction and prediction accuracy. The framework is optimized for real-time onboard deployment under communication constraints. The model achieves high accuracy in high-resolution wind predictions, validated through reanalysis datasets. Experiments demonstrated enhanced path planning efficiency and robustness in dynamic oceanic conditions. The IPCA-MHA-DSRU-Net balances computational efficiency and accuracy, making it viable for resource-limited ships. This novel IPCA application provides a promising alternative for preprocessing large-scale meteorological data.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143827603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptome analysis of Ipomoea cairica algicidal mechanism against Phaeocystis globosa","authors":"Dayong Liang, Huanxin Li, Yuxuan Pan, Zihan Liu, Hua Xiang","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1580077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1580077","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Phaeocystis globosa</jats:italic> is a globally distributed harmful algal bloom species that causes severe damage to local environments and economies. The use of the invasive plant <jats:italic>Ipomoea cairica</jats:italic> as an algaecide for <jats:italic>P. globosa</jats:italic> is an environmentally friendly management strategy. Although previous studies have found that <jats:italic>I. cairica</jats:italic> extracts can effectively inhibit <jats:italic>P. globosa</jats:italic> growth, the molecular mechanism of cellular response to this algaecide remains unclear. Therefore, transcriptome differences between 24 and 48 h after treatment with <jats:italic>I. cairica</jats:italic> extracts were investigated to explore the <jats:italic>P. globosa</jats:italic> gene expression changes in response to the algaecide. In this study, control groups were treated with sterile seawater, while experimental groups were exposed to <jats:italic>I. cairica</jats:italic> extracts (final concentration of 1%). The results of physiological experiments showed no difference in the number of solitary cells and colonies at 24 h, but significant decreases at 48 h. Transcriptomic data also showed significant differences in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 24 and 48 h. DEGs were mainly upregulated at 24 h and downregulated at 48 h. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) signaling pathways that respond stress in the external environment were activated throughout the response process. Genes related to the antioxidant enzyme system and autophagy were upregulated at 24 h, which may contribute to the stress response mechanisms of <jats:italic>P. globosa.</jats:italic> Downregulation of photosynthesis-related genes leading to inhibition of the photosynthetic system and thus accelerating the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be responsible for the eventual cell death. In addition, 411 known compounds were identified usingultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Unfortunately, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, a flavonoid, did not have a significant inhibitory effect on <jats:italic>P. globosa.</jats:italic> This study highlights the mechanism of the toxic effect of <jats:italic>I. cairica</jats:italic> extracts on <jats:italic>P. globosa</jats:italic> and provides a theoretical basis for the development of an algaecide targeting <jats:italic>P. globosa.</jats:italic>","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143827606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life stage and seasonal habitat use of the porbeagle Lamna nasus in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean","authors":"Brooke N. Anderson, Neil Hammerschlag, Steven Saul, Jon F. Dodd, Heather D. Bowlby, Yun Kang, Austin J. Gallagher, James A. Sulikowski","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1553509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1553509","url":null,"abstract":"For highly mobile marine species such as pelagic elasmobranchs, the development of effective spatial management requires a comprehensive understanding of movement ecology. Research incorporating movement data across seasons and life stages, including reproductive states, is valuable for informing spatial management, yet is absent for most species. In the Northwest (NW) Atlantic Ocean (hereafter referred to as NW Atlantic), the porbeagle shark <jats:italic>Lamna nasus</jats:italic> is a pelagic species that is overfished, has a live retention ban (Canada) or landings regulations (United States), and is also commonly captured incidentally as bycatch. Research on the spatiotemporal dynamics of NW Atlantic porbeagle habitat use is limited, with all previous research utilizing pop-off satellite archival tags that are prone to large uncertainty in location estimates. This study used higher-accuracy fin-mount satellite tags to identify patterns in habitat use across life stages and seasons for porbeagle sharks tagged off the northeastern coast of the United States. During the summer and fall, the 95% kernel density estimate (referred to as “activity space”) of tagged porbeagles occurred almost exclusively on the continental shelf in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank. Activity space expanded and shifted southwards to include offshore environments during the winter and spring for juveniles, mature non-gravid females, and mature females of unknown reproductive states, while the activity space of mature males and gravid females remained in shelf waters year-round. This finding differs from the previous assumption that southward migrations are linked to reproduction for NW Atlantic porbeagles. Tagged porbeagles were also found to have a relatively small 50% kernel density estimate (referred to as “high occupancy area”) located around Cape Cod, Massachusetts that was well-conserved across life stages and seasons. This relatively static, small high occupancy area has implications for the population’s conservation given the high amount of fishing activity (rod-and-reel, trawl, gillnet) occurring within this region. Given the overlap between porbeagle high occupancy area and fishing activity, as well as the relatively high recapture rate of tagged sharks (10.5%), the coastal waters around Cape Cod, Massachusetts should be considered for spatial management of the NW Atlantic porbeagle.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143827605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limitations of diamondoids in the quantitative evaluation of petroleum cracking in ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs of the Shunbei area, Tarim Basin","authors":"Qianru Wang, Haiping Huang, Jiyuan Sun, Jiajun Huang, Tao Jiang","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1578161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1578161","url":null,"abstract":"Diamondoid hydrocarbons have been widely used to assess the extent of petroleum thermal cracking. In reservoirs subjected to multi-stage petroleum charges, thermal cracking might not occur <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> and, therefore, complicate the accurate evaluation of cracking within a petroleum mixture. The Shunbei area in the Tarim Basin is typical of ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs with multi-stage tectonic movements and petroleum charges where thermal cracking and evaporative fractionation are common. This study takes oil samples from the No.1 and No.5 fault zones in the Shunbei carbonate reservoirs as a case study to investigate the limitations of using diamondoid hydrocarbons for evaluating petroleum thermal cracking in reservoirs where diamondoid-rich gas has intruded. Organic geochemical data reveal that the abundant diamondoids in the No.1 fault zone were allochthonous, while the less abundant diamondoids in the No.5 fault zone are from <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> thermal cracking. These findings suggest that diamondoids may provide misleading indications of oil cracking, as they can be contaminated by allochthonous cracked oils. Therefore, caution should be taken when diamondoid hydrocarbons are applied to evaluate thermal cracking. Novel indicators remain to be proposed to more accurately assess the degrees of in-reservoir oil cracking with petroleum mixing from a secondary, diamondoid-rich charge.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143827602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Connectivity in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone: a review","authors":"Lara Macheriotou, Sven Rossel, Massimiliano Molari, Pedro Martinez Arbizu, Saskia Brix, Magdalini Christodoulou, Pierre-Antoine Dessandier, Ana Hilário, Felix Janssen, Erik Simon-Lledó, Lenaick Menot, Ellen Pape, Gustavo A. Ramírez, Ann Vanreusel","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1547803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1547803","url":null,"abstract":"Despite its remoteness, the deep sea is not spared from the impact of human activities. The emergence of industrial-scale deep-sea mining of polymetallic nodules on the abyssal plains (4-5 km depth) of the Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone in the equatorial Pacific is potentially the most threatening undertaking at present time. A primary aspect that must be comprehensively assessed in order to safeguard these abyssal benthic communities through the designation of marine protected areas and the spatial organization of prospective mining fields is connectivity, i.e., the continuity of species distributions in space and time. In this review we provide the current state of knowledge on connectivity through an examination of published literature focused on several animal groups from all benthic faunal size classes (megafauna, macrofauna, meiofauna) as well as Foraminifera and microbes. We highlight the main challenges associated with assessing connectivity in the deep sea and outline the key parameters required to achieve the idealised connectivity study for fauna and microbes.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143827604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refining features for underwater object detection at the frequency level","authors":"Wenling Wang, Zhibin Yu, Mengxing Huang","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1544839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1544839","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, underwater object detection (UOD) has become a prominent research area in the computer vision community. However, existing UOD approaches are still vulnerable to underwater environments, which mainly include light scattering and color shifting. The blurring problem caused by water scattering on underwater images makes the high-frequency texture edge less obvious, affecting the detection effect of objects in the image. To address this issue, we design a multi-scale high-frequency information enhancement module to enhance the high frequency features extracted by the backbone network and improve the detection effect of the network on underwater objects. Another common issue caused by scattering and color shifting is that it can easily change the low-frequency information in the background of underwater images, leading to performance degradation of the same target in different underwater scenes. Therefore, we have also designed a multi-scale gated channel information optimization module to reduce the scattering and color shifting effects on the channel information of underwater images and adaptively compensate the features for different underwater scenes. We tested the detection performance of our designed method on three typical underwater object detection datasets, RUOD, UDD and UODD. The experimental results proved that our method performed better than existing detection methods on underwater object detection datasets.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of dietary supplementation with Antarctic krill meal on growth performance, biochemical parameters, and antioxidant status in Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) post-smolts","authors":"Hairui Yu, Leyong Yu, Abdur Rahman, Sattanathan Govindharajan, Yuzhuo Zhang, Guoqing Wang, Lingyao Li","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1553629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1553629","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the increasing trend in aquaculture and fisheries production, conventional feed resources, especially protein ingredients, are overburdened, and sometimes their price fluctuations limit quality feed formulations for farmers, thus leading to the exploration of alternative protein feed resources. Antarctic krill meal (AKM) has emerged as a potential candidate ingredient for sustainable and suitable partial replacement of conventional fish meal. A 10-week feeding trial was designed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of AKM on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and serum biochemical indices of coho salmon (<jats:italic>Oncorhynchus kisutch</jats:italic>) post-smolts. In total, 150 post-smolt fish with an average initial weight of 178.17 ± 0.73 g were divided into five groups with three replicates in each group and 10 fish in each replicate. Five experimental diets were formulated by substituting 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% fish meal (protein source) with AKM (protein source), which were designated AKM0 (the control), AKM3, AKM6, AKM9, and AKM12, respectively. The results showed that the addition of AKM to the salmon diet increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER). There was no effect (P &amp;gt; 0.05) on body composition and essential amino acid profile of the meat except for methionine, isoleucine, lysine, and threonine. The liver concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly decreased while the concentration of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased in the AKM supplemented groups compared to the control group. The serum concentrations of ALT and AST decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) while total cholesterol, triglyceride, and total protein content increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in the AKM treatment groups compared to the control. Based on the results of this study, supported by polynomial quadratic regression analyses of WG, SGR, FCR, and PER, we conclude that 6.73%–7.08% AKM is the best possible suitable inclusion level range to partially replace conventional fish meal in the diet of coho salmon post-smolt.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"209 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}