Frontiers in Marine Science最新文献

{"title":"Phenotypic plasticity in the health status of western Mediterranean sardines. Estimation of spawning quantity and quality","authors":"Xènia Frigola-Tepe, Judith Ollé-Vilanova, Quentin Schull, Marta Caballero-Huertas, Jordi Viñas, Marta Muñoz","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1576148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1576148","url":null,"abstract":"The European sardine exhibits drastic changes in body condition, growth, and reproduction outputs with fluctuating environments, leading to trade-offs in life history traits. This study aimed to compare the health status of sardines collected in four areas of the western Mediterranean facing different environmental and anthropogenic pressures (the Gulf of Lion, the northern Catalan coast, the southern Catalan coast, and the Alboran Sea). A decreasing gradient was observed in the somatic condition of sardines from south to north in the western Mediterranean. Sardines from the Gulf of Lion exhibited poor body condition throughout their reproductive cycle and reached relatively small adult sizes. These sardines did not waste energy for growth but favored energy investment in reproduction, which in turn could lead to increased mortality after the spawning season. Moreover, sardines from the Alboran Sea tended to exhibit satisfactory conditions throughout their reproductive cycle, using mesenteric fat almost as a unique energy resource for reproduction investment. These sardines probably invested energy in both reproduction and growth, as energetic resources were abundant. Moreover, they fed intensively during the winter spawning season and maintained high body condition throughout their reproductive cycle, which suggests an income breeding strategy. Along the Catalan coast, sardines followed a capital breeding strategy, as they developed gonads using the energy stored during the primary production blooms of spring. Although they depleted a considerable part of their tissue fat and mesenteric fat contents during the spawning season, they could invest energy in growth. Finally, under the highest levels of relative batch fecundity in December, sardines produced the best egg quality, which could likely ensure greater larval survival and good recruitment.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The dominant control of wind-driven asymmetry and sediment export on carbonate slope around a semi-enclosed atoll in the South China Sea","authors":"Gang Liu, Wanli Chen, Shiguo Wu, Junjin Chen, Yue Sun, Fanchang Zeng, Xuelin Li","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1563511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1563511","url":null,"abstract":"Carbonate slopes and their associated relocated deposits are of significant interest due to their potential as hydrocarbon reservoir. This study investigates the geomorphology and depositional processes of carbonate slopes in the semi-enclosed Xuande Atoll, South China Sea, using high-resolution acoustic data, seismic profiles, and topographic analysis. Our results reveal that the modern morphology of the carbon slope is shaped by depositional and erosive processes that differ markedly between the windward (northeastern) and leeward (southwestern) slopes. The wind-related asymmetric facies distribution on the platform top drives distinct slope geomorphologies. On the windward slope, mass-transport complexes (MTCs) exhibit limited transport distances or remnant deposits, likely due to the influence of coarse and heavy sediments sourced from reef flats, transported as calcidebrites. Additionally, drift sedimentation on the windward slope indicates the impact of contour currents. In contrast, the leeward slope is characterized by gullies and channels, suggesting that fine and light carbonate sediments from the interior platform were transported by wind-driven currents as calciturbidites, cutting the slope. Most MTCs on the leeward slope exhibit long-distance transportation, closely associated with the input of fine and light carbonate sediments from the interior platform. We demonstrate that wind-related asymmetric facies distribution and sediment export are key factors contributing to the pronounced contrast in the windward and leeward slope geomorphologies of Xuande Atoll. The combination of processes results in spatially heterogeneous sedimentation on both the top and slope of the platform, which has significant implications for understanding reservoir heterogeneity and predicting hydrocarbon distribution in ancient carbonate platforms.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial variability of sediment oxygen consumption and benthic nutrient fluxes in the continental shelf of the Southern Yellow Sea during spring","authors":"Ju-Wook Baek, Sung-Han Kim, Kyung-Tae Kim, Jin Young Choi, Hyun-Jeong Jeong, Chang Hwa Lee, Sung-Uk An, Jae Seong Lee","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1535248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1535248","url":null,"abstract":"To understand the factors controlling organic carbon (OC) and nutrient cycling in continental shelf sediments, we estimated total sediment oxygen uptake (TOU) and benthic nutrient flux (BNF) in the Southern Yellow Sea (SYS) during spring. The OC (0.28 to 1.58%), TN (0.03 to 0.22%), C/N ratio (7 to 11), and δ<jats:sup>13</jats:sup>C (–23.81 to –22.23‰) in the surface sediments showed spatial variation. The TOU ranged from 11.9 ± 0.02 to 20.5 ± 0.03 mmol O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> d<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, depending on the spatial distribution of OC content, with higher values in finer sediments. Sediment OC oxidation rates varied between 9.1 and 15.8 mmol C m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> d<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, accounting for 5−87% of primary production in surface waters. The BNFs were comparable with other continental shelves, with dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved inorganic phosphate fluxes contributing 1 to 33% and 2 to 14%, respectively, of the nutrients required for primary production. The findings suggest that sediment OC quantity and quality, influenced by sediment type, are major factors controlling the spatial variation of benthic OC cycles in the SYS. However, the benthic-pelagic coupling in the SYS during spring was weak, primarily because of low sediment OC oxidation and BNF rates. This study highlights the need for further research on temporal variability to fully understand the biogeochemical cycles in the Yellow Sea.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143841797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sonar-based object detection for autonomous underwater vehicles in marine environments","authors":"Zhen Wang, Jianxin Guo, Shanwen Zhang, Yucheng Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1539371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1539371","url":null,"abstract":"Sonar image object detection plays a crucial role in obstacle detection, target recognition, and environmental perception in autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). However, the complex underwater acoustic environment introduces various interferences, such as noise, scattering, and echo, which hinder the effectiveness of existing object detection methods in achieving satisfactory accuracy and robustness. To address these challenges in forward-looking sonar (FLS) images, we propose a novel multi-level feature aggregation network (MLFANet). Specifically, to mitigate the impact of seabed reverberation noise, we designed a low-level feature aggregation module (LFAM), which enhances key low-level image features, such as texture, edges, and contours in the object regions. Given the common presence of shadow interference in sonar images, we introduce the discriminative feature extraction module (DFEM) to suppress redundant features in the shadow regions and emphasize the object region features. To tackle the issue of object scale variation, we designed a multi-scale feature refinement module (MFRM) to improve both classification accuracy and positional precision by refining the feature representations of objects at different scales. Additionally, the CIoU-DFL loss optimization function was constructed to address the class imbalance in sonar data and reduce model computational complexity. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art detectors on the Underwater Acoustic Target Detection (UATD) dataset. Specifically, our approach achieves a mean average precision (mAP) of 81.86%, an improvement of 7.85% compared to the best-performing existing model. These results highlight the superior performance of our method in marine environments.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143841798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of phytoplankton communities in the Baltic Sea: insights from a multidimensional analysis of pigment and spectral data: part II, spectral dataset","authors":"Elisabetta Canuti, Antonella Penna","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1518057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1518057","url":null,"abstract":"The use of hyperspectral satellite missions opens new opportunities for integrated approaches to the study of phytoplankton communities. The Baltic Sea, with its distinct mixture of marine and freshwater characteristics, is a natural laboratory for understanding marine ecosystems. In this study, we analyzed a dataset from the Baltic Sea containing simultaneous phytoplankton pigment concentrations and absorption spectra. We applied spectral derivative analysis and unsupervised machine learning techniques to identify the unique statistical relationships among phytoplankton pigments and inherent optical properties. The statistical analysis of the absorption spectra provides the basis for a predictive model to assess pigment concentrations from optical measurements. Additionally, we compare our results to know assessment methods, such as Gaussian spectral decomposition, that link the spectral analysis with phytoplankton pigment content. This study investigates the potential of statistical, data-driven analytical approaches in the development and validation of models for retrieving phytoplankton community composition. The integration of these findings with existing research contributes to the advancement of remote sensing capabilities for monitoring marine ecosystems in the Baltic Sea.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of the environmental impact assessment provisions under the BBNJ Agreement in high seas marine protected area: challenges and suggestion","authors":"Yong Wang, Xin Pan","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1589936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1589936","url":null,"abstract":"Once the BBNJ Agreement enters into force, its environmental impact assessment (EIA) provisions will apply to high seas marine protected areas (MPAs). This paper examines current treaties and practices within four high seas MPAs and finds that the EIA provisions established by United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) are ambiguous. The BBNJ Agreement, however, reflects a strong commitment to improving EIA laws and practices in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ). Despite this progress, several challenges may arise in implementing the BBNJ Agreement’s EIA provisions in high seas MPAs. These include potential fragmentation when members of the international frameworks or bodies (IFBs) of high seas MPAs do not ratify the agreement, uncertainties surrounding the “not undermine” proviso, and ambiguities in the “due regard” principle. Additionally, the Clearing-House Mechanism (Cl-HM) under the BBNJ Agreement requires further development to cooperate with the institutions of high seas MPAs, and the fragmented EIA standards, subjects and procedures for high seas MPAs complicate the determination of equivalency with those under the BBNJ Agreement. Moreover, the EIA provisions for existing high seas MPAs appear limited. It is worth mentioning that the practices of the EIA in high seas MPAs may not be sufficient. This paper offers several recommendations for the above challenges: encouraging non-Parties to apply the EIA provisions under the BBNJ Agreement, putting forward a possible interpretation or understanding for the “not undermine” proviso and “due regard”, developing the CL-HM through the BBNJ Secretariat, and developing EIA guidelines for high seas MPAs, supported by the Scientific and Technical Body set by the BBNJ Agreement. Furthermore, members of the IFBs of high seas MPAs should enhance their EIA practices to ensure effective application of the BBNJ Agreement’s provisions in the future.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143841799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using a coupled satellite image-numerical model framework to simulate Margalefidinum polykrikoides in the York River estuary","authors":"Xin Yu, Michelle C. Tomlinson, Jian Shen, Yizhen Li, Alexandria G. Hounshell, Gail P. Scott, Kimberly S. Reece","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1561340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1561340","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in satellite remote sensing technology for detecting harmful algal blooms (HABs) make it possible to combine numerical modeling approaches and satellite imagery to track and predict HABs in estuarine and coastal waters. We employed a particle-tracking model using a high-resolution hydrodynamic model capable of simulating algal mixotrophic growth, respiration, and vertical diurnal migration to predict the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of a <jats:italic>Margalefidinium polykrikoides</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>M. polykrikoides</jats:italic>) bloom in the lower York River, VA USA, where HABs have occurred nearly annually over the past decade. Particle release location and density were determined by chlorophyll-a concentrations obtained from Ocean Land Colour Imager (OLCI) satellite imagery collected during August-September 2022. Numerous high-quality satellite images (n=34) available in the two-month bloom period allow for a comprehensive examination of the model framework. Here, we demonstrate the potential of the coupled satellite-model framework to predict short-term bloom movement by comparing model predictions and satellite observations 1-5 days after the particle release date. We also carried out sensitivity tests and found that setting a maximum swimming depth and including sub-surface aggregation depth for phytoplankton vertical migration substantially improved and advanced the model performance. True positive prediction (TPP; an index used to quantify model performance) for bloom 3 days after particle release increases from 50% in base setup to ~70% when including sub-surface aggregation at 2 m and maximum swimming depth of 5 m. Overall, model evaluation results show that a combined numerical modeling and satellite remote sensing approach is an effective way to track HABs in the York River estuary and provides a framework to forecast HAB location and intensity for coastal managers in the lower Chesapeake Bay and other coastal and estuarine waters.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of mesoscale eddies based on improved YOLOv8 model: a case study in the South China Sea","authors":"Jianhao Gao, Feng Zhou, Di Tian, Muping Zhou, Hailong Guo","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1569781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1569781","url":null,"abstract":"Mesoscale eddies play a crucial role in energy transfer and material transport in the ocean. Accurate identification of mesoscale eddies is crucial for a deeper understanding of ocean internal dynamics, the development of marine resources, and the prediction of changes in the marine environment. This study utilizes Absolute Dynamic Topography (ADT) data provided by AVISO and the YOLOv8 algorithm model to investigate the identification of mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea (SCS). Due to its feature analysis and generalization capability, the YOLOv8 can successfully captures some mesoscale eddies undetected by the PET, thus track more mesoscale eddy trajectories. By enhancing the model’s input features and loss function, the YOLOv8 algorithm model has achieved high-precision identification of mesoscale eddies in the SCS with 93.9% Recall and 96.4% AP<jats:sub>0.5</jats:sub>, radius and amplitude average errors kept under 5 km and 0.50 cm. The incorporation of sea surface current field has improved the characteristics of mesoscale eddies, resulting in a smaller bias. However, due to some obscured ADT information, there was a slight increase in the identification errors for eddies’ amplitude and radius. Under typhoon events, the model accurately captures the evolution of mesoscale eddy characteristics, demonstrating high reliability. The model’s high accuracy (90.5% Recall, 93.6% AP<jats:sub>0.5</jats:sub>) for the transfer application in the Arabian Sea. Moreover, its accuracy in the transfer application to high-resolution products is also commendable. After only a few additional training rounds, the model achieves a high level of accuracy (90.0% Recall, 94.9% AP<jats:sub>0.5</jats:sub>), highlighting its robust generalization capabilities and transfer potential. This study suggests that the improved YOLOv8 algorithm enables threshold-free identification of mesoscale eddies with strong prospects for generalization and transfer applications which are expected to provide richer and more accurate mesoscale eddy track data.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of artificial intelligence in fish information identification: a scientometric perspective","authors":"Liguo Ou, Linlin Lu, Weiguo Qian, Bilin Liu","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1575523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1575523","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the growing demand for the sustainable development and conservation of fish stocks, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are essential for supporting scientific fish stock management. Artificial intelligence technology provides an effective solution for the intelligent recognition of fish information. This study used bibliometric analysis to review a sample of 719 scientific articles from the WoSCC (Web of Science Core Collection) database from 2014-2024. The results revealed a significant increase in the number of publications from 2014-2024, with publications mainly from China, the USA (the United States) and other developed countries. The top three impactful journals are Ecological Informatics, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture and the ICES Journal of Marine Science. The most frequent keyword co-occurrence analysis was deep learning, and the best keyword clustering effect was computer vision. The findings indicate that this bibliometric evaluation provides a holistic visualization of the research frontier of AI in fish information identification, and our findings underscore the growing global importance of AI in fish information identification research and highlight publication trends, hotspots, and future research directions in this area. In conclusion, our findings provide valuable insights into the emerging frontiers of AI-based fish information identification.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative stress response in native algae exposed to the invasive species Batophora occidentalis in S’Estany des Peix, Formentera (Balearic Islands)","authors":"Jessica Lombardo, Silvia Tejada, Montserrat Compa, Vicent Forteza, Lorenzo Gil, Samuel Pinya, Antoni Sureda","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1586402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1586402","url":null,"abstract":"Algae represent more than 41% of marine biological invasions worldwide. If non-native algae become an invasive and dominant species, they will inevitably affect the characteristics of the ecosystem. The study aimed to evaluate the potential effect of the recently arrived <jats:italic>Batophora occidentalis</jats:italic> growing over three native algae: <jats:italic>Acetabularia acetabulum</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Dasycladus vermicularis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Caulerpa prolifera</jats:italic> in S’Estany des Peix (Formentera Island, Spain), a shallow saltwater lagoon environment, by means of antioxidant biomarkers. The environmental conditions of the lagoon favoured the extensive progression of <jats:italic>B. occidentalis</jats:italic>, which since 2020 has progressively been spreading to the entire perimeter of the lagoon where it has found a substrate to attach itself to, even epiphytize native algae. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase), the phase II detoxification enzyme glutathione <jats:italic>S</jats:italic>-transferase and levels of malondialdehyde (as an indicator of lipid peroxidation) were evaluated. The results showed significant increases in all monitored biomarkers in the three native algae affected by <jats:italic>B. occidentalis</jats:italic>, with notable elevations in antioxidant enzyme activities and detoxification response. However, MDA levels increased only in <jats:italic>A. acetabulum</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>D. vermicularis</jats:italic>, but not in <jats:italic>C. prolifera</jats:italic>, suggesting that the latter species exhibits greater resistance to lipid peroxidation. These findings indicate that native algae experience biochemical stress, likely induced by competition or environmental changes caused by <jats:italic>B. occidentalis</jats:italic>. In conclusion, the presence of the invasive alga <jats:italic>B. occidentalis</jats:italic> can induce a stressful situation in epiphytized native algae, as evidenced by an increase in oxidative stress biomarkers. Further studies are needed to assess its potential effects on the growth and survival of the affected algae, as well as its ecological impact on the ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":12479,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143837168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}