Forest Policy and Economics最新文献

{"title":"Frame analysis of attitudes towards forest-based bioenergy in Europe: Exploring the criticism to improved dialogue","authors":"Daniel Bergquist ,&nbsp;Elvira Caselunghe ,&nbsp;Gustaf Egnell ,&nbsp;Johnny de Jong","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this study is to investigate the criticism against forest-based bioenergy. It is based on a qualitative study and provides a comprehensive understanding of critical attitudes towards forest-based bioenergy among environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) in Europe. Through semi-structured interviews with 12 representatives from Swedish and European ENGOs a frame analysis was done. The analysis shows how these respondents conceptualize challenges related to forest-based bioenergy, what processes that underpin these views and what concrete solutions the respondents suggest to the risks they perceive. Frames refer to what arguments the respondents use to justify their opinions and conclusions, whereas framing is the process of applying their frames to situations. The analysis also accounts for system boundaries set among the respondents, since that influences their problem definitions and conclusions. The ENGO representatives reported rigorous and profound criticism of forest-based bioenergy and, not the least, of current forestry practices in general. Also, respondents within the same ENGO differed in approach to forest-based bioenergy, which suggests that individual characteristics need consideration for dialogue to be constructive. Lack of trust was identified as one major obstacle for constructive dialogue. Understanding the socio-personal factors and diversity in perspectives behind forest-based bioenergy criticism is crucial for development that is socially acceptable. To this end, policy processes need to involve facilitation and well-designed dialogue processes oriented towards mutual learning, where actors are invited early and allowed to engage in the very problem definition. Crucial is also to maintain continuity among the participants. To get a complete picture of the discourse on forest-based bioenergy a similar analysis of proponents would complement this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 103657"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145396622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conflicts and policy priorities drive differences in the EU Forest strategy implementation: Insights from 15 European countries","authors":"M. Pecurul-Botines ,&nbsp;A. Giurca ,&nbsp;H. Pülzl ,&nbsp;K. Niedzialkowski ,&nbsp;M. Brockhaus ,&nbsp;L. Bouriaud ,&nbsp;V. Brukas ,&nbsp;S. Hajtmarova ,&nbsp;M.A. Hoogstra-Klein ,&nbsp;A. Konczal ,&nbsp;L. Marcinekova ,&nbsp;K. Øistad ,&nbsp;Š. Pezdevšek Malovrh ,&nbsp;N. Pietarinen ,&nbsp;L. Secco ,&nbsp;J.-L. Roux ,&nbsp;B. Wolfslehner ,&nbsp;G. Winkel","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conflicts have arisen between Member States and the European Commission around the European Union Forest Strategy either because of differing opinions on whether forests should be considered as a commodity, as nature to be conserved, or because of disagreements about the EU's competencies vis-à-vis national sovereignty of forests. These conflicts highlight high and diverging stakes in the EU's governance of forest ecosystems. At the national level, impending changes related to EU regulations impact the forest-based sector and its governance, including monitoring and access to finance. Despite not being legally binding, the EU Forest Strategy is significantly influencing national policies within the broader EU political framework. To what extent this new strategy exacerbates existing conflicts or shapes new ones is not well understood. The main objective of this study is to understand whether and how conflicts and different policy prioritization may influence the implementation of this key EU Strategy at the national level. Theoretically, this study draws on Europeanization studies to understand how different forest-related conflicts are connected to attempts to integrate European forest policy at the EU level. Empirically, an analysis of policy documents and interviews with policy experts in 15 European countries was conducted. Our analysis provides a rich overview of the extent to which diverse national policy developments align with the EU Forest Strategy goals and how these developments connect to existing or newly emerging conflicts around the Strategy's implementation. Based on these insights, we suggest potential ways to overcome the challenges and advance forest policy in Europe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 103652"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145359232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conflicting interests in the standard setting process of the PEFC forest certification scheme in Finland","authors":"Tiina Piiroinen,&nbsp;Minna Pappila,&nbsp;Anna Ott","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the revision of the PEFC forest certification standard, a multi-stakeholder process, using the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF). It addresses changes in the standard's ecological criteria and the factors affecting them. Ten members of the standard working group were interviewed, supported by a document review. Three advocacy coalitions—forestry, environmental, and social— were identified, contrasting with prior studies on Finnish forest policy. The forestry coalition outnumbered the other two coalitions in their policy-relevant resources. Decision-making authority and opportunities for equal participation were perceived as weak by the others. It had sufficient resources to invest in strong participation, access to information and skilful leadership. The historical dominance of the forestry coalition when it comes to Finnish forest policy persisted, and the revision process indicated a lack of trust and a divide between coalitions. Dissatisfaction with the ecological criteria led to the withdrawal of the environmental coalition representatives from the standard working group. Changes in the ecological criteria between 2014 and 2022 were minor, despite the urgent need to reverse impairments from previous updates of the standard. The influence of ecological science on the revision was weak. Attempts to weaken criteria on old-growth forests were observed, raising questions about the forestry coalition's commitment to biodiversity protection. The level of environmental, social, and economic sustainability in PEFC standards were largely determined by the forestry coalition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 103641"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145434487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shifting industrial geographies of timber production and processing in the Pacific Northwest","authors":"Mindy S. Crandall ,&nbsp;Liam Resener ,&nbsp;Susan Charnley ,&nbsp;Jeff Vance Martin ,&nbsp;Julia Mycek","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>U.S. laws and policies have implicitly and explicitly sought to use forests to benefit the nation and adjacent rural communities through a social contract, whereby forest harvest supports community stability. However, the forest industry in the Pacific Northwest experienced a supply shock in the 1990s with the reduction in federal harvest and the creation of the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP), which occurred against a backdrop of changing investments across the forest and broader manufacturing industries. This study gathers, queries, and analyzes data from multiple sources to examine how industrial geographies of timber production and processing have shifted over the last 50 years in the region with attention to outcomes in rural areas. We compare harvest, employment, and mills across rural, urban, and urbanizing counties. Steep declines in harvest occurred in rural counties, while gradual declines in numbers of sawmills coincided with location shifts to more urban or urbanizing counties. Rural and urbanizing counties remain more economically reliant on the forestry sector, but the industry today is more connected with the land base in rural areas through harvesting, and more connected with urban areas for processing. We conclude that the story of the Pacific Northwest timber economy is as much, if not more, a story of capitalist political economy as it is one of environmental regulation. Our findings raise questions about the feasibility of the social contract as well as the adequacy of the workforce and infrastructure needed to support urgent wildfire risk reduction activities on federal forestlands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 103588"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mangrove-based carbon market projects: Current trends and future perspectives","authors":"Jorge F. Montenegro ,&nbsp;Midhun Mohan ,&nbsp;Ewane Basil Ewane ,&nbsp;Daniel A. Friess ,&nbsp;Pandi P. Selvam ,&nbsp;Abhilash Dutta Roy ,&nbsp;Aaron Althauser ,&nbsp;Jacob Tidwell ,&nbsp;Julieta Gamboa-Cutz ,&nbsp;Caileigh Shoot ,&nbsp;Michael S. Watt ,&nbsp;Peter I. Macreadie ,&nbsp;Daria Agnieszka Karpowicz ,&nbsp;Nipuni Perera ,&nbsp;Trisha Atwood ,&nbsp;Mark Chatting ,&nbsp;John A. Burt ,&nbsp;Susantha Udagedara ,&nbsp;Ian Hendy ,&nbsp;Carlos López-Martínez ,&nbsp;Daniel M. Alongi","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blue carbon ecosystems are among the largest carbon sinks in the world, with significant potential for carbon sequestration in their biomass, soils and sediments. Blue carbon credits offer companies the opportunity to offset their residual carbon emissions and achieve their carbon neutrality commitments. Mangrove-based carbon market projects (MbCMP) contribute greatly to the global supply of blue carbon credits in the voluntary carbon market (VCM). Thus, the current trends, challenges and opportunities intrinsic to MbCMP development, implementation and management need to be assessed on a global scale. We conducted a comprehensive systematic review and retrieved 260 articles, including 84 peer-reviewed articles and 176 gray literature from Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Google searches, from January 2010 to December 2024. In addition, we explored the databases of carbon certification standard registries to obtain up-to-date information of MbCMP. We present the results and discuss insights grouped into the following categories: (i) geographic distribution and current status of MbCMP, (ii) trends in development and growth, (iii) challenges faced, and (iv) proposed solutions to improve the quality and integrity of MbCMP. The recommendations include: (a) improving transparency and governance, (b) advancing risk management and adaptation, (c) building scientific and technical skills of stakeholders, (d) enhancing capacity building, community engagement and knowledge sharing, (e) strengthening policy support and institutions, (f) upscaling projects, (g) protecting complex and insecure land tenure systems, (h) safeguarding financial resources and equitable sharing of benefits, and (i) increasing accuracy of monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) data. Although significant challenges remain, the reduction in global mangrove loss, driven by recent improvements in conservation, protection and restoration initiatives, provides immense optimism for the growth and sustainability of the MbCMP sector with true benefits in terms of climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 103658"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145423996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using the life satisfaction approach to economically value the health and wellbeing benefits of forest and green space visits in Italy","authors":"Aisling Sealy Phelan ,&nbsp;Gianluca Grilli ,&nbsp;Elena Pisani ,&nbsp;Laura Secco","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite increasing attention and growing evidence of the health benefits of spending time in forests and green spaces (GS), very few studies have attempted to place an economic value on these benefits. The life satisfaction approach represents a promising method of non-market valuation that could capture holistically the health and wellbeing benefits of such environments. Employing primary data from a representative sample of 1400 respondents in Italy, we present value estimates from the life satisfaction approach and the well-established contingent valuation method. We find that visiting forests and GS at least once in the past year is associated with higher life satisfaction. Using the marginal rate of substitution between income and forest/GS visits, our results indicate that an additional €11,171 in annual income would increase life satisfaction by the same amount as visiting forests/GS in the past year. This value is complemented by estimates of stated willingness to pay (WTP) from the same sample using the contingent valuation method. WTP per forest/GS visit is estimated as €18 and aggregate annual values are calculated based on visit frequency. Results from both methods complement each other, providing estimates of both experienced and decision utility, offering more comprehensive information to policy and decision makers. Both methods indicate that forests and green spaces are important contributors to health and wellbeing, associated with significant economic values. This is the first paper to use the life satisfaction approach to value the benefits of forest and GS visits in Italy, making an important contribution to the literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 103640"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of carbon policies on forest carbon sequestration supply at intensive and extensive margins","authors":"Xuemin Zhu ,&nbsp;Yizhu Long ,&nbsp;Han Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diverging perspectives persist concerning the impacts of carbon policies on forest carbon sequestration and their supply dynamics in China. This study develops a double-margin framework to assess the effect of carbon policies. The Faustmann-Hartman model and the land-use share model are first employed to show the mechanisms by which policies affect forest operators decision-making at the extensive (i.e. changes in forest area) and intensive (i.e. changes in rotation age) margins in each province. We then establish multiple scenarios to simulate the responses of forest operators to carbon policies and the functioning of the forest carbon sequestration supply. We find that policy interventions effectively modulate both intensive and extensive carbon sequestration supply through price mechanisms, generating divergent environmental benefits across policy scenarios. The marginal increase in carbon sequestration declines as the carbon price rises. Furthermore, forest carbon sequestration critically contribute to China's emission mitigation, delivering synergistic ecological and economic co-benefits. In the subsidy scenario, maintaining the standard rotation age facilitates a balance between economic and ecological benefits when the carbon price remains below 276.32 CNY/tCO₂; once the carbon price surpasses the threshold of 506.64 CNY/tCO₂, the harvesting of over-mature forests becomes financially sensible. In the carbon tax scenario, a tax exceeding 115.64 CNY/tCO₂ enhances policy effectiveness. The forest carbon sequestration supply curve exhibits a quadratic pattern, revealing optimal carbon prices of 365.42, 457.19, and 1031.38 CNY/tCO₂ for scenarios 1–3. However, the impact of these prices on promoting carbon neutrality is limited.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 103665"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145525732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visitors' experience with conservation areas and their willingness-to-pay for the preservation of old-growth forests","authors":"Michael Getzner ,&nbsp;Anna Kovarovics ,&nbsp;Hanns Kirchmeir ,&nbsp;Larissa Posch ,&nbsp;Claudia Alessandrelli ,&nbsp;Caroline Celis ,&nbsp;Simone Mayrhofer ,&nbsp;Ruth Vanhaecht","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The experience of recreationists is known to influence their willingness-to-pay for conservation. This paper presents key findings from a survey of visitors to three old-growth forests in Austria, Italy and Belgium. The results show that respondents hold preferences for nature conservation in regard to the expansion of old-growth and more naturally managed forests for their recreational purposes. Respondents indicated that they would be willing to pay between €2.1 and €4.1 per person a day to fund conservation management. The questionnaire identified the paths and areas where visitors spent their time in the forest. This approach makes it easier to distinguish between the actual use and the presence of old-growth forest. Visitors who experienced old-growth forests also expressed a higher willingness-to-pay for the conservation of these ecosystems. This is also an important finding for conservation management: While there are differences between socio-economic groups and the three forests, visitors who experienced the old-growth forests had a higher willingness-to-pay of roughly €1 per person a day. These results clearly show that visitors value recreation in old-growth forests, and that conservation management could capitalize on this higher valuation by directing visitors to areas associated with high biodiversity values while protecting sensitive areas and funding conservation activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 103669"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145598791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequencing the political forest: Power, exclusion, and the corporate hijacking of social forestry in Indonesia","authors":"Irfan Saputra,&nbsp;Fatwa Faturachmat,&nbsp;Andi Vika Faradiba Muin,&nbsp;Nurhady Sirimorok,&nbsp;Muhammad Alif K. Sahide","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indonesia's ambitious social forestry (SF) program, designed to empower frontier communities through forest devolution, has paradoxically enabled corporate control in South Sulawesi through processes of “exclusion by inclusion.” Applying the Sequential Power Analysis (SPA)-Exclusion framework, we analyze how power dynamics perpetuate marginalization across three phases. The power background reveals how colonial territorialization, armed conflict, and state-led reforestation disrupted traditional livelihoods, embedding structural dependency. During power delivery, SF proposals were co-opted by market forces, with a corporate-funded Non Govermental-Organization and bureaucrats prioritizing administrative compliance over genuine participation. Post-implementation power adjustment saw elite capture flourish through manipulated profit-sharing and the policing of local community members who tap the pine trees for resin, institutionalizing corporate control via informal clientelism. Drawing on ethnography and policy analysis in two villages, we demonstrate how exclusion evolves while maintaining corporate dominance, from overt regulation and coercion to subtle market manipulation and discursive legitimation. Our findings challenge SF's technocratic assumptions, showing how informal institutions like village-head patronage facilitate exclusion by inclusion, where participatory policies mask persistent corporate control. We argue that without addressing historical power asymmetries, SF risks becoming a vehicle for extraction rather than liberation. The study advances critical political ecology by demonstrating the mutability of exclusion across governance phases through the SPA-Exclusion lens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 103668"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145559684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A global review of agroforestry research and policy directions: Addressing ecological and socioeconomic challenges through systematic review and bibliometric analysis","authors":"Umesh Sharma ,&nbsp;Shilpa Sharma ,&nbsp;Neeraj Sankhyan ,&nbsp;Sunny Sharma ,&nbsp;Sarthak Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forpol.2025.103639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agroforestry is increasingly recognized as a transformative solution to global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and food insecurity. This study integrates systematic review and bibliometric approaches to analyze agroforestry research trends from 1980 to 2024, drawing on 8090 publications from the Scopus database. Using Biblioshiny (bibliometrix R package) and VOSviewer, we identified notable surge in research activity, with 75 % of publications after 2015, reflecting heightened global interest. Thematic and keyword analysis highlights agroforestry's role in carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and climate-smart agriculture as dominant priorities, alongside rising interest in policy integration, economics, and ecosystem services. Geographically, the USA (816), India (800), and Brazil (715) lead in research output, while <em>Agroforestry Systems, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,</em> and <em>Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</em> publish the highest number of articles. Citation network analysis reveals strong international collaborations, particularly among European, North American, and Asian researchers, while contributions from Africa, despite wide geographic participation, remain comparatively limited. Despite progress, challenges persist in policy integration, long-term adoption strategies, and financial incentives for practitioners. Policymakers must ensure secure land and tree tenure, carbon rights, support capacity building, and enhance market access in remote marketing infrastructure to maintain fiscal viability of AFS, as initiated in India through the National Agroforestry Policy (NAP) 2014. Modern technologies like UAVs and integrated policies can revolutionize monitoring and management. Future research should prioritize agroforestry's impact on soil biota and pollinators, and field based carbon sequestration estimates, underscoring its critical role in achieving SDGs and advancing global sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12451,"journal":{"name":"Forest Policy and Economics","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 103639"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}